INTRODUCTION TO AUTOMOTIVE COMPONENTS

AND VEHICLE SYSTEM

ENERGY CONVERSION
• Engines take heat energy and
convert it into mechanical energy.
• Motors take electrical energy and
convert it into mechanical energy.

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• Engine
 Cooling system
 Lubrication system
 Fuel system
 Ignition system
 Intake and exhaust system
 Starting system
 Charging system
• Drive train
• Steering system
• Brake system
• Lighting system
• Suspension and Body
Engine that produces power to move the vehicle.
 Power Train to carry the power
from the engine to the drive wheels.
Suspension system that absorbs the
shock of the tires and wheels meeting
hole and bumps in the road.
 Steering system so the driver
controls the direction of vehicle travel.
Brake system so the driver can slow
and stop the vehicle.
 Lightning system to illuminate the
vehicle during darkness and to provide
it with adequate warning lights..
Body that provides enclosure or
compartments for the engine,
passenger and luggage or cargo.
Basic Parts of the Gasoline Engine
• Cylinder block • Cylinder head
• Piston • Intake valve
• Piston rings • Exhaust valve
• Piston pin • Camshaft
• Connecting rod • Timing gears
• Crankshaft • Spark plug

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 Cylinder Block

• Basic frame of
gasoline engine.
• Contains the cylinder.

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Piston

• A sliding plug that

harnesses the force of
the burning gases in
the cylinder.

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 Piston Rings
• The rings seal the
compression gases
above the piston keep
the oil below the
piston rings.

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Piston Pins

• Also known as the

wrist pin, it connects
the piston to the small
end of the connecting
rod.
• It transfers the force
and allows the rod to
swing back and forth.

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 Connecting Rod

• Connects the piston

and piston pin to the
crankshaft.

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Crankshaft

• Along the piston pin

and connecting rod it
converts the up and
down motion
(reciprocating) of the
engine to spinning
(rotary) motion.

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 Flywheel
• Carries the inertia
when there is no
power stroke.

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Lower End Action

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Cylinder Head

• Forms the top of the

combustion chamber.
• Contains the valves,
the passageways for
the fuel mixture to
move in and out of
the engine.

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 Intake and Exhaust Valves

• Doorway that lets the

gases in and out of the
engine.

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Camshaft

• Through the use of an

eccentric the cam
lobes push the valves
open.
• The valve springs close
them.

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 Timing Gears

• These gears drive the

camshaft from the
crankshaft.

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Spark Plug

• Electric match used to

begin the combustion
process of burning air
and gasoline to create
heat.

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 Engine Related Terms
• TDC (top dead center)
• BDC (bottom dead center)
• Stroke
• Bore
• Revolution
• Compression Ratio
• Displacement
• Cycle

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 Four Stroke gasoline Cycle
• Intake
• Compression
• Power
• Exhaust

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 Intake Stroke

• Intake valve opens.

• Piston moves down, ½
turn of crankshaft.
• A vacuum is created in the
cylinder.
• Atmospheric pressure
pushes the air/fuel
mixture into the cylinder.

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Compression Stroke

• Valves close.
• Piston moves up, ½
turn of crankshaft.
• Air/fuel mixture is
compressed.
• Fuel starts to vaporize
and heat begins to
build.

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 Power Stroke

• Valves remain closed.

• Spark plug fires
igniting fuel mixture.
• Piston moves down, ½
turn of crankshaft.
• Heat is converted to
mechanical energy.

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Exhaust Stroke

• Exhaust valve opens.

• Piston move up,
crankshaft makes ½
turn.
• Exhaust gases are
pushed out polluting
the atmosphere.

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Four Stroke Cycle Animation

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Four stroke diesel engine cycle
 Principle
• Diesel engine does not have a carburettor or
sparking plugs. The sparking plugs are
replaced by an injector through which a pump
forces a very fine spray of fuel
• This type of engine makes practical use of the
heat of compression to effect ignition of the
fuel, it is frequently referred to as a
‘compression ignition’
Cycle of operation
Induction stroke
(Intake stroke)
Compression stroke
Power stroke
Exhaust stroke
Summary diesel 4-stroke
Diesel Animation

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Two-stroke gasoline engine
a. Upward stroke
b. Downward stroke
Summary of two stroke gasoline
engine
Two-stroke diesel engine
• A disadvantage of the simple two-stroke petrol
engine is the low thermal efficiency. This is due
to:
 the incomplete scavenging of the exhaust
gases and

 the unburnt mixture flowing out of the

combustion chamber with the exhaust
gases.
 Cycle of operation
• The cylinder is surrounded by an
air chest or box, which is kept
charged with air under pressure by
an engine-driven blower.
• Ports lead air from the air chest
into the cylinder.
• Movements of the piston control
the flow of air from the chest into
the cylinder.
• Poppet type exhaust valves are located in the
cylinder head.
• They are operated by conventional cams, push
rods, rocker arms, etc., and are closed by springs.
• As the ports are uncovered by the piston:
the incoming air fills the cylinder, and
assists in disposing of the gases past the open exhaust
valves at the top of the cylinder.
 Cycle of operation
a. Upward stroke

Only air is allowed

to pass into the
cylinder while the
inlet ports are
uncovered, at the
same time the
exhaust valves are
open.
•This combination removes exhaust gas
and fills the cylinder with a fresh charge of
air.
•As the piston advances up the cylinder:
the inlet ports are covered,
the exhaust valves are closed and
the air is compressed into the lesser
volume of the combustion chamber
where the air temperature increases to a
point where self-ignition of fuel will
occur.
• Just before the piston reaches the top of its
stroke, fuel is injected into the cylinder and
combustion occurs.

• The heat developed from the compression of

air in the cylinder ignites the fuel and the
expanding gases force the piston downward
on its effective power stroke.
b. Downward stroke
• Before the piston reaches the end of its downward
or power stroke, the exhaust valves open, allowing
the burnt exhaust gases to escape.

• Shortly afterwards the piston uncovers the air inlet

ports, allowing the pressurized air in the air chest
to remove the remaining exhaust gases and charge
the cylinder enabling the whole cycle to start all
over again.
Summary of Two-stroke diesel engine
Two Stroke Animation

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 The Cycle
• How many revolutions of the crankshaft does
it take to complete the four strokes?
• If an engine idles at 500 rpm, how many
power strokes occur per minute?
• How many power strokes per second?
• How about at 5000 rpm or 10,000 rpm?

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