Professional Documents
Culture Documents
NCM 3113
NURSING CARE MANAGEMENT OF CLIENTS WITH PROBLEMS IN
OXYGENATION, FLUID & ELECTROLYTE, INFECTIOUS, INFLAMMATORY
& IMMUNOLOGIC
RESPONSE, CELLULAR ABERRATION, ACUTE AND CHRONIC
PERIOPERATIVE NURSING
Module 1.1 PREOPERATIVE
Nurse Instructor: Rowena L. Madrid, R.N.
1.A Terminology
Lesson Content:
I. PERIOPERATIVE NURSING
A. What is surgery?
-any procedure performed on the human body that uses instruments to alter tissue or
organ
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Perioperative Nursing
- Connotes the delivery of patient care.in the preoperative , intraoperative and
post opearative periods of the patients surgical experience through the framework of
nursing process. The nurse assess the patient- collecting, organizing, and prioritizing
patient data; establishing nursing diagnosis; identifies desired patient outcome;
develop and implements a plan of care in terms of outcomes achieved by the patient.
Perioperative Phase
P- reoperative phase- begins when the decision to have surgery is made and ends
when the patient is transferred to the OR table.
I- ntraoperative phase- begins when the patient is transferred to the OR table and
ends when the patient is admitted to the PACU (Post Anesthesia Care Unit)
P-ostoperative phase- begins with the admission of the patient to the PACU and
ends when healing is complete.
Types of Surgery
1. Purpose/reasons
a. Degree of urgency – necessity to preserve the client’s life, body part, or
body function.
b. Degree of risk – involved in surgical procedure is affected by the client’s
age, general health, nutritional status, use of medications, and mental
status.
c. Extent of surgery– Simple and radical
2. Purpose
a. Diagnostic- Allows to confirm or establishes diagnosis.
b. CorrectiveCorrective- Excision or removal of diseased body part.
c. ReconstructiveReconstructive-Restore function or appearance to
traumatized or malfunctioning tissues.
d. AblativeAblative – Removes a diseased body parts
e. PalliativePalliative – Relieves or reduces pain or symptoms of a disease; it
does not cure
f. TransplantTransplant – Replaces malfunctioning structures
g. CosmeticCosmetic- Performed to improve personal appearance.
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3. Age – very young and elder clients are greater surgical risks than children
and adult.
4. General health- surgery is least risky when the client’s general health is
good.
5. Nutritional Status – required for normal tissue repair.
Surgical Settings:
A. PRE-OPERATIVE NURSING
Patients Assessment:
1. Nursing History
Eg. Bleeding disorder, cardiovascular dse., respiratory dse, Liver dse, DM,
Renal dse
2. Past medical/surgical History
3. Allergies
4. Smoking and alcohol habits
5. Occupation
6. Emotional health
7. Significant others support
8. Patients and significant others understanding of surgery
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Surgical Risk:
a. obesity
- encoursge wt. reduction
b. Nutritional status
- weigh the patient before surgery
-diet
c. fluid and electrolytes imbalance
- correct any imbalances
d. age
-anticipate lesser dosage of meds.
-anticipate problem from the c. dses
e. Chronic comorbid dses
(eg.cardio vascular dse. DM, Respiratorydse.)
-avoid fluid overload
-assess v/s
-encourage position changes
-monitor blood glucose
f. Alcoholism
-anticipate acute withdrawal symptoms
g. Smoking
- Encourage vitamin intake
-concurrent or prior Pharmacotherapy
-obtain medication history
-stop all medications
-other factors:
- nature of condition
-location of the condition
-magnitude/ urgency of the surgery
-mental attitude of the patient
-caliber of the health care team
Physical Examination
- Must be brief and complete
- Determine the following
Nutritional status
-Assess for obesity wt. loss, malnutrition, metabolic
abnormalities, and the effects of medication on nutrition
Height and weight
Body mass index (BMI)
Serum protein level
Nitrogen balance
Respiratory Status
-Advise pt. to stop smoking 6 mos prior to surgery
-teach breathing and coughing exercises
-if the patient has respiratory infections postpone the
surgery
Cardiovascular status
-if the patient is hypertensive, postpone the surgery
-avoid sudden changes in position, prolonged
immobilization, and overloading hypotension, hypoxia,
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-optimal liver function is essential
-surgery is complicated in patients with;
a. nephritis, acute renal insufficiency, and oliguria
or anuria or acute renal problems
Endocrine status
-patient with DM are prone to hypoglycemia and
hyperglycemia
-perform Complete Blood Glucose before, during, and
after,. Maintain CBG below 300mg/dl.
-Use of corticosteroids places the patient at riskfor
adrenal insuffiency.
-patients with thyroid disorder are at risk for
thyrotoxicosisor respiratory failure
Immune status
-determinepresence of allergies
-document any sensitivity to medications and past
adverse reaction to these agents.
-strict asepsis on immunosuppressed surgical patient.
Screening test - depend on the condition of the client and the nature of the surgery. If
test results reveals severe problems the surgery may be cancel until the condition is
stabilized.
Manifestation of fear:
-anxious
-bewilderment
-anger
-tendency o exaggerate
-sad, evasive, tearful, clinging
-inability to concentrate
-short attention span
-failure to carry out simple directions
-dazed
Consider the person`s religious preference and arrange for a visit by a priest /
minister as desired.
INFORMED CONSENT
-is the process in which a health care provider educates a patient about
the risks, benefits, and alternatives of a given procedure or intervention. The patient
must be competent to make a voluntary decision about whether to undergo the
procedure or intervention.J
PURPOSE:
1. To ensure that the client understand the nature of the treatment including
the potential complication and disfigurement.
2. To indicate that the client decision was made without pressure.
3. To protect the client against the unauthorized procedure.
4. To protect the surgeon and hospital against legal action by a client who
claims that an authorized procedure was performed.
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Essential Element of informed consent
The diagnosis and explanation of the condition
A fair explanation of the procedure to be done and used and the
consequences
A description of alternative treatment or procedure
A description of benefits to be expected
The prognosis, if the recommended care, procedure is refused.
Take note:
If the patient is MINOR, a parent or legal guardian should sign.
An emancipated minor, or independently earning a living, he or she may sign.
A minor who is the parent of infant or child who is having the procedure, he or
she may sign for the child
Illiterate, he or she may sign with an X, after which the patients
writes “patient`s mark”.
Unconscious , a responsible relative or guardian may sign
Mentally incapacitated by alcohol or other chemical substance, a responsible
relative or guardian may sign when the urgency of the procedures does not
allow time for the patient to regain mental competence
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Consent to Operation Sample Form
CONSENT TO OPERATION
Patient`s Signature
Witness
Witness
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Republic of the Philippines
City of Cebu
CEBU CITY MEDICAL CENTER
N. Bacalso Avenue, Cebu City
DEPARTMENT OF SURGERY
Date:
Time:
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D. PREOPERATIVE TEACHING
1. Surgical procedure
2. Preoperative routines
3. Intraoperative routines
4. Postoperative routines
5. Pain relief
6. Postoperative
exercises Access Devices
Lung exercises
o Deep breathing
o Coughing
o Incentive spirometry
o Diaphragmatic breathing
Body exercises
o Leg exercises
o turning to sides exercises
o getting out of bed exercises
spiritual preparations for surgery
E. PHYSICAL PREPARATION
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F. PREPARATION ON THE DAY OF SURGERY
1. All personal belongings are identified and secured.
2. Jewelry is usually removed.
3.Dentures are removed, labeled and placed in a denture cup.
4.Pt. to verbally confirm the surgical procedures and the surgical site. This
verification process is documented in the medical record on the preop.
5. Morning bath and mouth care
6. Provide a clean gown
7. Remove hair pins, braid long hair, and cover hair withcap.
8. Remove dentures, foreign materials, colored nailpolish, hearing aids,
glasses and contact lens.
9. Take baseline vital signs before pre-op meds.
10. Check ID band7. Check for special orders: enema , gastric tube, IV line
11. Have client void before pre-operative medications.
12. Continue to support emotionally
13. Accomplish the Pre-op Checklist
Skin Preparation
Abdominal Prep (female)
Shave the area of the abdomen from below the breast down
to the upper third of the thigh including the pubic area.
Laterally shave around the body to the bedline on ethier
sides
Abdominal prep (Male)
Shave the area of the abdomen area from the nipple down to the
upper third of the thighs including pubic area. Laterally shave
around the body to the bedline on either side
Prep for Neck Surgery
Shave the anterior neck extending to just below
the intra ocular border and lower lip back to the
hairline downward to 1-2 above the nipple
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Pre-operative Checklist Form
PRE-OPERATIVE CHECKLIST
Patient:
Sex: Age: Room no.:
PREPARATIONS:
BLADDER EMTIED ( ) ( )
CATHETER ( ) ( )
Gastric TUBE ( ) ( )
CHECKED BY:
Supervisor
DATE/TIME:
Nurse on Duty
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Pre-op. medications
1. Prior to administering – check permits prior to administering
2. Purpose: Allay anxiety
Decrease pharyngeal secretions
Decrease gastric secretion.
Decrease side effects of anesthesia.
Induce amnesia
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1. Inquire from the OR nurse what case is to be scheduled first.
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2. Proceed to the Surgical ward and notify the Nurse in charge if the patient is
ready for OR
3. Check the following:
a. consent form properly filled up
b. pre- op checklist, including the area of skin prep.
c. patients ID tag
Surgical Nurse:
1. Observe pre-op medications and chart (observe the 5R`s)
2. Observe the following strictly after administering pre-op meds
Stay with the patient at all times
Never allow the patient to stand or walk
Accompany the patient on his to Operating Room with the following:
o Patients chart and laboratory results
o X-Ray Plate
o IV infusion set, IV fluids, available blood of patients blood type screen
and cross matched
Important:
1. Endorsement start from the clinical case where the patient information located,
2. Read the doctors order where the schedule for the said procedure indicated,
3. Checked the signed consent with anesthesia consent and pre op checklist,
4. Endorse if there is pending laboratory
5. Make sure that patient blood in the blood bank was screen and crossmatched.
Learning Activities:
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SCENARO:
A case of 20 years old, female, complaint of right lower quadrant pain. Mefenamic
acid was taken but pain did not subside. Pain scale 10/10 thus seek consultation and
advise admission. Assessment done in Emergency Room suspect of Appendicitis
possible rupture, plan for appendectomy. V/s taken T: 37.8 degree Centigrade, PR:
98b/min, RR: 30breath/min, Bp: 110/80mmhg, Oxygen Saturation of 96%. . WT- 126
lbs. Labs: CBC, Blood typing, HbA1c, ECG and Xray taken at ER.
Labs taken at Emeregency room: CBC, U/A, Stool exam, ECG and X-ray.
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Republic of the Philippines
City of Cebu
CEBU CITY MEDICAL CENTER
A PHIC ACCREDITED HEALTH CARE PROVIDER
N. Bacalso Avenue corner Panganiban St. Cebu City, Philippines 6000
DOCTOR`S ORDER
Name of Patient:: Jocelyn Mae Salvador Area & bed no. FSW2 Case no.
068802
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Reference:
Smeltzer, S.C., et al. (2008). Brunner and Suddarth’s Textbook of Medical Surgical
Nursing (11th Ed.) Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins.
Rauta, S., Salanterä, S., Nivalainen, J., & Junttila, K. (2013). Validation of the core
elements of perioperative nursing. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 22(9-10), 1391-1399.
Lindwall, L., & Von Post, I. (2008). Habits in perioperative nursing culture. Nursing
ethics, 15(5), 670-681.
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Republic of the Philippines
City of Cebu
CEBU CITY MEDICAL CENTER
A PHIC ACCREDITED HEALTH CARE PROVIDER
N. Bacalso Avenue corner Panganiban St. Cebu City, Philippines 6000
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Republic of the Philippines
City of Cebu
CEBU CITY MEDICAL CENTER
A PHIC ACCREDITED HEALTH CARE PROVIDER
N. Bacalso Avenue corner Panganiban St. Cebu City, Philippines 6000
TPR SHEET
Name of Patient: Area & Bed No.: Case
No.:
DATE
PR TEM AM PM AM PM AM PM AM PM
RR P 12 4 8 12 4 8 12 4 8 12 4 8
oC
12 4 8 12 4 8 12 4 8 12 4 8
200 43
180 42
170 41
160 40
150 39
140 38
130 37
120 36
110 35
100 34
90 33
80 32
70 31
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60 30
50
40
30
20
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MEDICATION SHEET
Name of Patient: Area & Bed No.: Case
No.:
Allergies:
Medication
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NURSE`S NAME AND SIGNATURE
NURSE`S 6-2 NURSE`S 2-10 NURSE`S 10-6
SIGNATURE SIGNATURE SIGNATURE
NURSE`S
DATE TIME BOTTLE TYPE INFUSION/BLOOD RATE REMARKS NAME AND
NO. OF COMPONENT SIGNATURE
FLUID
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Republic of the Philippines
City of Cebu
CEBU CITY MEDICAL CENTER
A PHIC ACCREDITED HEALTH CARE PROVIDER
N. Bacalso Avenue corner Panganiban St. Cebu City, Philippines 6000
INTAKE OUTPUT
DAT TIM PARENTER ORA OTHER TOTA URIN DRAINAG TOTA STOO
E E AL L S L E E L L
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Republic of the Philippines
City of Cebu
CEBU CITY MEDICAL CENTER
A PHIC ACCREDITED HEALTH CARE PROVIDER
N. Bacalso Avenue corner Panganiban St. Cebu City, Philippines 6000
Level of
DATE TIME Temp PR RR BP SPO2 Conciousness
(oC) (bpm) (cpm) (mmhg) (%) (GCS)
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