First Maxwell’s Equation

&
Divergence Theorem
Set 3 c
Dr. Zuhair M. Hejaz Set 3 c First Maxwell’s Equation & Del 1
 First Maxwell’s Equation
• Recall the equations derived in the previous set:
1. The definition of divergence

2. The result of applying the

definition to a differential
volume element in RCS.
3. This is the first Maxwell’s eqn.
• Or simply
• It states that: “The electric flux per unit volume
Dr. Zuhair M. Hejaz Set 3 c First Maxwell’s Equation & Del 2
 First Maxwell’s Equation
leaving a very small volume unit is exactly equal
to the volume charge density there”.
• Comparison with Gauss’s law.
(a) Gauss’s law relates the flux leaving any closed surface
to the charge enclosed.
(b) Maxwell’s first eqn. makes the same statement on a
per-unit-volume basis for a very small volume or at a
point  Thus it is called Point form of Gauss’s law.
(c) Maxwell’s first eqn. is described as the differential
form of Gauss’s law or in other words 
Gauss’s law is the integral form of Maxwell’s first eqn.
Dr. Zuhair M. Hejaz Set 3 c First Maxwell’s Equation & Del 3
 Vector Operator
&
Divergence Theorem

Dr. Zuhair M. Hejaz Set 3 c First Maxwell’s Equation & Del 4

 Vector Operator & Divergence Theorem
• Recall: The divergence is an operation on a
vector yielding a scalar. This is similar to the dot
product of two vectors giving a scalar.
• Thus: An operator is invented just to be dotted
with D to give the scalar: 
where the process must be a dot operation, not
a dot product.
• Now: We define the del operator as a vector
operator 

Dr. Zuhair M. Hejaz Set 3 c First Maxwell’s Equation & Del 5

Vector Operator & Divergence Theorem
• Using this dot operator with :

Gives:

• By operating or differentiating form 

Dr. Zuhair M. Hejaz Set 3 c First Maxwell’s Equation & Del 6

 Vector Operator & Divergence Theorem
• This is the divergence of D defined earlier, so we
have:

• The del operator can also be used with any scalar

field such as (will be revisited later in Ch.4)

• In CCS, is still indicating the divergence

of D or
Dr. Zuhair M. Hejaz Set 3 c First Maxwell’s Equation & Del 7
 Summary of
Divergence Theorem

Dr. Zuhair M. Hejaz Set 3 c First Maxwell’s Equation & Del 8

 Summary of Divergence Theorem
Divergence Theorem:
• It applies for any vector field where appropriate
partial derivatives exist.
• Starting from Gauss’s law:
• Let and replace with

• So, we have:
• The first and last terms make up the Divergence
Theorem 
Dr. Zuhair M. Hejaz Set 3 c First Maxwell’s Equation & Del 9
 Summary of Divergence Theorem

• It states that: The integral of the normal

components of any vector field over a closed
surface is equal to the integral of the divergence
of this vector field over the volume enclosed by
the closed surface.
• The fig. illustrates the
divergence theorem 
Dr. Zuhair M. Hejaz Set 3 c First Maxwell’s Equation & Del 10
 Summary of Divergence Theorem- Example 4
• In summary, the divergence of the flux density
throughout a volume leads to the same result as:
determining the net flux crossing the enclosing
surface.
• Example 4: Evaluate both sides of the divergence
theorem for the field and the
rectangular parallelepiped formed by the planes
; ; .
Solution follows only by using the volume
divergence theorem 
Dr. Zuhair M. Hejaz Set 3 c First Maxwell’s Equation & Del 11
 Summary of Divergence Theorem- Example- 4
• Solution:
• Using the divergence theorem, the problem can
easily be solved than using surface integration
face by face:
• The volume integral of the divergence is

• First evaluate

• Then the volume integral becomes:

Dr. Zuhair M. Hejaz Set 3 c First Maxwell’s Equation & Del 12

 You have learned:
• The first Maxwell’s equation and relation to
Gauss’s law.
• The operator and its relation to divergence.
• The relation between the electric flux density D
and the volume charge density  (Gauss’s
law in differential form).
• That the total flux is equivalent to the volume
integral of the divergence (divergence theorem).

Dr. Zuhair M. Hejaz Set 3 c First Maxwell’s Equation & Del 13

 Some Suggested Problems

• Some Suggested Problems from text book:

• 3.23, 3.25, 3.27, 3.29, 3.31

• HW (4): 3.27, 3.29

•
Submission date: The week after concluding
this slide.

Dr. Zuhair M. Hejaz Set 3 c First Maxwell’s Equation & Del 14

 End of Set 3 c
End of Chapter 3

Thank You for Your

Attention
Dr. Zuhair M. Hejaz Set 3 c First Maxwell’s Equation & Del 15