Professional Documents
Culture Documents
_amR>r
~mb^maVr
B`ËVm nmMdr
8. {ච~mB©... - 22
EoH$m d åhUm.
- g§OrdZr ‘amR>o
{ejH$m§gmR>r … JmUo VmbmgwamV, gm{^Z` åhUyZ XmIdmdo. EImXçm {dXçmWu/{dXçm{W©Zrbm JmUo åhUm¶bm gm§Jmdo. ‘mJyZ
BVa {dXçm϶mªZm åhUm¶bm gm§Jmdo. EH$mM Jmʶmbm {d{dY Mmbr bmdʶmMm à¶ËZ H$am¶bm gm§Jmdo. JQ>mV qH$dm
d¡¶p³VH$ar˶m JmUo VmbmgwamV åhUʶmg àmoËgmhZ Xçmdo.
1
2. ~§Sy>Mr BOma
AJ§, BOma Oam Mma ~moQ>§ H$‘r H$ê$Z Q>mH§$ Admo, gH$mir gH$mir Am{UH$
KmbVrg H$m? H$m¶ ho? OodU ~Zdm¶M§¶,
ZrVmÀ¶m emi§V Om¶M§¶.
‘bm Zm¶ O‘Zma.
2
Zmhr XmXm. ‘bm Ho$dT>m Aä¶mg
gw~o, BOma Oam Mma ~moQ>§
nS>bm¶. AmVm H$m°boOMr
H$mnyZ Q>mH§$ KmbVrg H$m?
doi hmoB©b. Vy AmB©bm
gm§J H$s!
AmB©Zo BOma EH$m H$moZmS>çmV ’o$H$br. ~§Sy> {ha‘wgbm hmoD$Z eoVmH$S>o Jobm.
~§Sy>Mr ~m¶H$mo BOmarMo nm¶ H$mnVo
gH$mirM BOma XþéñV H$am¶ AZ² Xþ‘Sy>Z Q>mHo$ KmbVo.
nm¶Oo hmoVr.
3
~§S>y Mr ~hrU BOmarMo nm¶ H$mnVo. Xþ‘Sy>Z Q>mHo$ KmbVo.
Amnbm ^mD$ {H$Vr am~Vmo!
H$îQ> H$ê$Z ‘bm H$m°boObm
nmR>dVmo. ‘r XmXmM§ BVH§$hr
H$m‘ H$ê$ Z¶o!
4
Am±@@@ gJioOU AmíM¶m©Zo nmhVmV.
5
ñdmܶm¶
à. 1. MMm© H$ê$Z CËVao {bhm.
(A) ~§Sy>Mr BOma bm§~ Pmbr åhUyZ H$mnyZ H$‘r Ho$br. Oa Vr AmIyS> Pmbr AgVr, Va Vr bm§~
H$aʶmgmR>r H$m¶ H$amdo bmJbo AgVo? e³¶ VodT>o gJio ‘mJ© gwMdm.
(Am) BOmarMr MS²>S>r Pmbr, ¶mV MyH$ H$moUmMr?
(B) ~§Sy>À¶m BOmarMo nm¶ Mma ~moQ>o H$mnbo, åhUOo "nm¶' AgUmar BOma gOrd Amho, Ago AmnU
åhUV Zmhr; nU ~mobVmZm AmnU AgoM ~mobVmo. BOmargma»`m {H$VrVar dñVy§Zm doJdoJiçm
Ad¶dm§Mr Zmdo dmnaVmV. ˶m§Mr Zmdo gm§Jm.
à. 2. Imbrb dm³¶m§‘ܶo H§$gmVrb eãXm§n¡H$s ¶mo½¶ eãX dmnê$Z dm³¶o nyU© H$am. ˶m dm³¶m§Mm AW©
{bhm.
(H$mZ, ZmH$, nm¶, hmV, S>moim, Ho$g, nmR>, nmoQ>, Jim, Vm|S>)
(A) MwbrdaÀ¶m Vì¶mMr ................ H$mir^moa Pmbr hmoVr.
(Am) H$nmMm ............... VwQ>bm hmoVm, åhUyZ {XbmdaZo Mhm ½bmgmV AmoVbm.
(B) "hm Zmai ZmgH$m {ZKUma,' ZmaimMm ................ ~KyZ YZìdm åhUmbr.
(B©) ‘wgiYma nmD$g nS>ë¶m‘wio ZXrMo ............... ’w$Jbo hmoVo.
(C) {H$Vrhr Omoa bmdbm Var ~mQ>brMo ............... CKS>oZm.
(D$) MadrVbo XÿY J§OmV AmoVbo, Va Vo J§OmÀ¶m ................. n¶ªV Ambo.
(E) gwB©À¶m ................ Xmoam AmodyZ Ym|Sy>‘m‘m§Zr {ebmB© ‘erZ gwê$ Ho$br.
(Eo) Am§ã¶mÀ¶m H$moB©Mo ............... nm§T>ao hmoB©n¶ªV JUy H$mo¶ MmoIV am{hbm.
(Amo) Amnbo eoH$S>mo ............... ngê$Z C^o Agbobo dS>mMo PmS> dfmªZwdf} gJiçm§Zm gmdbr
XoVo.
(Am¡) ImobrVë`m EH$_od IwMuMm ............. _moS>bm hmoVm, åhUyZ _r O{_Zrda ~gbmo.
"q^Vrbmhr H$mZ AgVmV.' hr åhU AmnU dmnaVmo. "q^Vrbm' H$nm§à‘mUo H$mZ ZgVmV.
q^Vrbm "H$mZ' AgVmV, ho H$moU˶m AWm©Zo dmnabo Amho, Vo {ejH$, nmbH$ ¶m§À¶mer MMm© H$ê$Z
gm§Jm.
darbà‘mUo "˶mÀ¶m n¡embm nm¶ ’w$Q>bo,' Agohr ~mobVmZm AmnU åhUVmo. ¶mgmaIr CXmhaUo
emoYm. ˶m§Mm AW© ‘mhrV H$ê$Z ¿¶m. ~mobʶmV ˶m§Mm dmna H$am.
{ejH$m§gmR>r … `m {MÌH$WoMo ZmQ>çrH$aU {dXçmÏ`mªH$Sy>Z dJm©V gmXa H$ê$Z ¿`mdo. ¶m nmR>mMo A{^dmMZ ¿¶mdo.
¶m nmR>çnwñVH$mVrb Á¶m eãXm§Mo AW© g‘OUma ZmhrV, ˶m eãXm§Mr ¶mXr {dXçm϶mªZm V¶ma H$aʶmg gm§Jmdr.
˶m eãXm§Mo AW© eãXH$moemV emoYyZ ˶m§Mm g§J«h "‘mPm eãXg§J«h' ¶m dhrV H$am¶bm gm§Jmdo.
6
3. dëhdm a§ dëhdm
EoH$m d åhUm.
‘moH$mQ> {ngmQ> dmam Ambm - ¶oD$ Xçm a§, ¶oD$ Xçm a§,
S>m|Ja‘mnmÀ¶m bmQ>m Amë¶m - ¶oD$ Xçm a§, ¶oD$ Xçm a§,
N>mVr A’$mQ> - Pobob bmQ>,
amoIrb dmXi dëhdm a§ - dëhdbr &&2&&
- dg§V ~mnQ>
{ejH$m§gmR>r … JmUo VmbmgwamV, gm{^Z` åhUyZ XmIdmdo. EImXçm {dXçmWu/{dXçm{W©Zrbm JmUo åhUm¶bm gm§Jmdo. BVa
{dXçm϶mªZm ‘mJo åhUm¶bm gm§Jmdo. EH$mM Jmʶmbm {d{dY Mmbr bmdʶmMm à¶ËZ H$am¶bm gm§Jmdo. JQ>mV qH$dm
d¡¶p³VH$ar˶m JmUo VmbmgwamV åhUʶmg àmoËgmhZ Xçmdo.
7
4. gmdanmS>m E³ñàog … H${dVm amD$V
hOma ‘rQ>a YmdʶmV H${dVmMo gwdU©nXH$ Ad¿¶m
goH§$XmZo hþH$bo; nU ˶m àg§Jr H${dVmMr g‘OyV
{VÀ¶m AmB©Zo H$mT>br. AmB©À¶m eãXm§Zr H${dVmbm
{Xbmgm {‘imbm.
Ad¿¶m Mm¡Wr {eH$boë¶m AmB©À¶m g‘§Og
eãXm§Zr H${dVmbm AmOda AZoH$ H$R>rU àg§Jr
AmYma {Xbm Amho. H$îQ>àX AZw^dm§‘wio H${dVmMo
nm¶ H$UIa ~Zbo. Zm{eH$ {OëhmñVar¶ embo¶
H«$sS>m ñnY}V H${dVmZo YmdʶmV àW‘ H«$‘m§H$
{‘idbm; nU H${dVmMo doJionU {VMo dS>rb
XþJ©‘ ^mJmVrb añVo åhUOo ‘mVrMm Ywamim. am‘Xmg Am{U AmB© gw{‘Ìm ¶m§Zm ’$maem Vrd«VoZo
nmʶmgmR>r dUdU H$aUo, hm amoOMm {Xdg. Aem ˶m doir OmUdbo Zmhr. H${dVmÀ¶m nm¶m§‘Yrb
à{VHy$b n[apñWVrV Hw$aHw$a Z H$aVm, hma Z ‘mZVm M‘H$Xma Xm¡S> hoabr Vr à{ejH$ {dO|Ð qgJ ¶m§Zr.
OrdZ OJUo åhUOo EH$ {Xì¶M! Aem IoS>çm- ˶m§Zr H${dVmÀ¶m AmB©d{S>bm§Mr ‘mZ{gH$Vm V¶ma
nmS>çm§‘ܶo JwUdËVm AgVo nU Vr emoYmdr bmJVo. Ho$br Am{U {Vbm Zm{eH$À¶m ^mogbm {‘{bQ>ar
AgmM EH$ S>m|JaXè¶m§Zr doT>bobm Am{Xdmgr ñHy$bÀ¶m ‘¡XmZmda V§ÌewX²Y nX²YVrZo YmdʶmMo YS>o
nmS>m. nmʶmÀ¶m emoYmgmR>r {VWo ‘¡bmoZ²‘¡b ^Q>H§$Vr Xoʶmg gwédmV Ho$br. ~yQ> KmbyZ YmdUo H${dVmbm
H$amdr bmJo. ˶mM Am{Xdmgr nmS>çmda AZdmUr AdKS> dmQ>m¶Mo, H$maU bhmZnUmnmgyZ AZdmUr
nm¶m§Zr MmbUmar, bmHy$S>’$mQ>m Jmoim H$aUmar EH$ YmdʶmMrM {Vbm gd¶ hmoVr. {dO|Ð qgJ ¶m§Zr
‘wbJr. {VZo amîQ´>Hw$b Am{U Am{e¶mB© H«$sS>m ñnY}V {VÀ¶mH$Sy>Z ~yQ> KmbyZ YmdʶmMm gamd {Z¶{‘VnUo
^maVmMm X~X~m {Z‘m©U Ho$bm Am{U Am°qb{nH$ H$ê$Z KoVbm.
ñVamda Pon KoVbr. ¶m Am§VaamîQ´>r¶ YmdnQy>Mo Zmd {hè¶mbm n¡by nmS>ë¶mda ˶mMo VoO A{YH$M
Amho, H${dVm amD$V Am{U ˶m nmS>çmMo Zmd Amho, ’¡$bmdVo, Vgo {VÀ¶m ~m~VrV Pmbo. JwOamV‘Yrb
gmdanmS>m. hm nmS>m Zm{eH$ {OëhçmVrb Ͷ§~Ho$ída Jm§YrZJa ¶oWo Pmboë¶m amîQ´>r¶ nmVirdarb embo¶
Vmbw³¶mV Amho. H${dVmMo ~mbnU {ZgJm©À¶m ñnY}V YmdʶmV am¡ß¶nXH$ {‘idyZ {VZo ¶emMm
gmpÝZܶmV Jobo. {VMr AmOdaMr dmQ>Mmb EH$ XrK© Ama§^ Ho$bm. nwT>o ‘J Zm{eH$ ¶oWo gamd Am{U
gmYZm ~Zbr Amho. hagyb ¶oWo {ejU Aer H$gaV H${dVm H$aV hmoVr.
amîQ´>Hw$b H«$sS>m ñnY}V H$m§ñ¶ Am{U Am{e¶mB© H${dVmMr hr AmoT>mVmU nmhÿZ {dOoÐ qgJ ¶m§Zr {Vbm
H«$sS>m ñnY}V am¡ß¶ d H$m§ñ¶ Aer nXHo$ H${dVmZo AH$amdrgmR>r ^mogbm {‘{bQ>ar H$m°boO‘ܶo àdoe
nQ>H$mdbr. bmJmonmR>À¶m ¶m XmoÝhr ñnYmª‘ܶo {‘idyZ {Xbm. Vr amhUma Hw$R>o? hm H${dVmÀ¶m
^maVmMo Zmd C§M H$aUmar YmdnQy> åhUOoM AmB©d{S>bm§Zm nS>bobm àíZhr {dO|Ð qgJ ¶m§Zr
"gmdanmS>m E³ñàog' - H${dVm amD$V. MrZ‘Yrb gmoS>dbm. 24 Am°³Q>mo~a 2002 nmgyZ nwT>rb
JwAm±JOD$ ¶oWo Pmboë¶m Am{e¶mB© H«$sS>m ñnY}V Xhm nmM df} Vr ˶m§À¶mM Kar am{hbr. ñdV…Mm EH$
8
doJi§M g‘mYmZ dmQ>V§. {Xdg^amV Oo Pmb§, Vo gd©
‘r AmB©bm gm§JVo. ‘m¶m Ìmgm~X²Xb ‘mÌ {Vbm
H$mhr gm§JV Zmhr, H$maU Vo EoHy$Z AmB©bm CJrM
dmB©Q> dmQ>V amhV§.'
H${dVm hidr Amho. à{gX²YrÀ¶m db¶mZo
{VÀ¶m ñd^mdmV H$mhr ’$aH$ nS>bobm Zmhr.
~mnboH$sÀ¶m Zm˶mVrb drUhr {VVH$sM J{har.
"bhmZnUr Amnbo ~moQ> Yê$Z MmbUmè¶m H${dVmÀ¶m
nm¶m§‘ܶo ‘moR>onUr BVHo$ ~i ¶oB©b,' Ago {VÀ¶m
‘wbJm Am{U EH$ ‘wbJr Agboë¶m qgJ Xm§n˶mZo AmB©d{S>bm§Zm H$Yr dmQ>boM ZìhVo. H${dVmÀ¶m
Amnbr Xþgar ‘wbJr åhUyZ H${dVmMm gm§^mi Ho$bm. ¶emMo gd© lo¶ Vo à{ejH$ {dO|Ð qgJ ¶m§Zm XoVmV.
{VÀ¶m YmdʶmÀ¶m JVrH$S>o {dO|Ð qgJ ¶m§Zr bj Ooìhm H${dVm à{VHy$b Am{W©H$ n[apñWVrer PJS>V
nwadbo Am{U Ë`mMr àMrVr åhUOoM H${dVmMo `e. hmoVr, Voìhm {Vbm Am{W©H$ ‘XV {‘imdr åhUyZ Omo
EH$mnmR>monmR> EH$ {dH«$‘ {VÀ¶m Zmdmda PiHy$ Omo ^oQ>ob, ˶m à˶oH$mg {dZ§Vr H$aʶmV {dO|Ð qgJ
bmJbo. ¶m§Zr H$moUVmhr H$‘rnUm dmQy> {Xbm Zmhr. Voìhm
H${dVmÀ¶m ¶em‘wio hagyb, gmdanmS>m ¶m ˶m§Zr H$‘rnUm dmQy> {Xbm AgVm, Va H$Xm{MV
^mJmg Zdr AmoiI {‘imbr. AmO Ho$di amD$V AmO H${dVm ¶m ñWmZmn¶ªV nmohMy eH$br ZgVr.
Hw$Qw>§~mbmM H${dVmMm A{^‘mZ dmQ>Vmo Ago Zmhr, Joë¶m H$mhr dfmªnmgyZ H${dVm Hw$Qw>§~mnmgyZ Xÿa
Va g§nyU© hagyb n[agamMr hrM ^mdZm Amho. amhV Agbr, Var {VZo gdmªMo ào‘ Onbo Amho. KaMo
Zdr {XëbrVrb amîQ´>Hw$b ñnY}V H${dVm gU-g‘ma§^, CËgd ¶m§‘ܶo à˶j gh^mJr hmoVm
qOH$ë¶mMo Omhra hmoVmM hagyb, gmdanmS>m ¶oWo ¶oV Zgë¶mMr I§V H${dVmbm dmQ>Vo. ~§Jiwê$À¶m
OUyH$mhr {XdmirM gmOar Pmbr hmoVr. ñnY}V H«$sS>m H|$ÐmV H${dVmbm {VÀ¶m AmdS>rÀ¶m AOyZ
{dO¶r Pmë¶mZ§Va H${dVm Amnë¶m Jmdr ¶oUma, EH$m JmoîQ>rnmgyZ Xÿa amhmdo bmJo, Vr åhUOo dm§½¶mMr
åhUyZ gH$minmgyZ Omo Vmo ñdmJVmÀ`m H$m_mV Jw§Vbm ^mOr Am{U ZmJbrMr ^mH$ar.
hmoVm. H${dVmMo H$m¡VwH$ H$aʶmgmR>r JmdmoJmdMo bmoH$ H${dVm‘wio gmdanmS>çmMo Zmd AmO gd©Xÿa
hOmam|À`m g§»`oZo CnpñWV Pmbo hmoVo. boH$s^modVr ngabo Amho. H${dVm {VWë¶m ‘wbm‘wbtgmR>r AmXe©
{Z‘m©U Pmbobo db¶, {Vbm gËH$mamgmR>r KoD$Z R>abr Amho.
Omʶmg ¶oUmè¶m Am{bemZ JmS>çm, nÌH$mam§Mm AmO H${dVm ^maVmVrb Aìdb YmdnQy> Amho.
JamS>m ¶m‘wio Amnbr boH$ "bB© ‘moR²>R>r Pmbr¶' ¶mMo nr. Q>r. Cfm ¶m YmdnQy>bm Vr Amnbm AmXe© ‘mZVo.
g‘mYmZ {VÀ`m AmB©À`m S>moiçm§‘ܶo ghO dmMVm Vr Iyn ‘ohZVr Amho. YmdʶmMm gamd Vr ‘ZmnmgyZ
¶oV hmoVo. H${dVm ~§Jiwê$ ¶oWo {deof à{ejUmgmR>r H$aVo. Amnë¶m à{ejH$m§Zr {Xboë¶m N>moQ>çm-‘moR>çm
Jobr AgVmZm amoO {H$‘mZ EH$Xm Var AmB©er gyMZm§Mo H$Q>mjmZo nmbZ H$aVo. H${dVmMo åhUUo
’$moZdê$Z ~mobo. ¶mdê$Z ˶m ‘m¶boH$sMo J{hao ZmVo Amho, "‘ohZV H$aUo Amnë¶m hmVmV AgVo. ‘ohZV
{XgyZ `oVo. hmM CX²{XîQ>mH$S>,o ܶo¶mH$S>o ZoUmam ‘hm‘mJ© Amho.
H${dVm gm§JVo, "AmB©er ~mobë¶mda ‘Zmbm hm ‘hm‘mJ© Amnë¶mbm ¶emH$S>o ZoVmo. Amnbo OrdZ
9
AmnUM KS>dVmo.' Mmby AgVmZmM ¶ed§Vamd MìhmU ‘hmamîQ´> ‘w³V
H$moU˶mhr IoimSy>gmR>r emar[aH$ VgoM {dXçmnrR>m‘wio {VÀ¶m {ejUmVhr I§S> nS>bm Zmhr.
‘mZ{gH$ V§XþéñVrhr ‘hËËdmMr AgVo. H${dVm H${dVm hr {VÀ¶m OrdZàdmgmMr Zm{¶H$m
gamdmV H$YrM H$gya H$aV Zmhr. H${dVmMo BVa Amho.
PJ‘JmQ>r JmoîQ>tH$S>o bjhr ZgVo. IoimMm gamd - g§Vmof gm~io
eãXmW© … XþJ©‘ - Omʶmg H$R>rU. à{VHy$b - H$R>rU. nmS>m - Am{Xdmgr dñVr. AZdmUr - nm`mV
Mnbm/dhmUm ZgUo. X~X~m - Xamam. {Xbmgm - Yra. H$UIa - H$mQ>H$, ‘O~yV. Xm¡S> - niʶmMo
H$g~. ’¡$bmdUo - ngaUo. Xm§n˶ - n{V-nËZr. àMrVr - AZw^d. J{hao ZmVo - ÑT>, KQ²>Q> ZmVo. ZmJbr
- ZmMUr, EH$ àH$maMo Ymݶ. H$gya - MyH$.
ñdmܶm¶
à. 1. EH$m dm³¶mV CËVao {bhm.
(A) H${dVmZo H$moU˶m ñnY}V ^maVmMm X~X~m {Z‘m©U Ho$bm?
(Am) H${dVmbm H$em‘wio {Xbmgm {‘imbm?
(B) H${dVmMo nm¶ H$em‘wio H$UIa ~Zbo?
(B©) H${dVmMo doJionU {dO|Ð qgJ ¶m§Zr Ho$ìhm AmoiIbo?
(C) H${dVm Amnë¶m Ìmgm~X²Xb AmB©bm H$m gm§JV Zmhr?
(D$) H${dVm H$moUË`m YmdnQy>bm AmXe© _mZVo?
(E) H$moU˶mhr IoimSy>gmR>r H$moUVr JmoîQ> ‘hËËdmMr AgVo?
à. 2. XmoZ-VrZ dm³¶m§V CËVao {bhm.
(A) H${dVm amD$Vbm "gmdanmS>m E³ñàog' H$m åhUVmV?
(Am) H${dVm {dO|Ð qgJ ¶m§À¶m Kar H$m amhÿ bmJbr?
(B) hagyb, gmdanmS>m n[agambm H${dVmMm A{^‘mZ H$m dmQ>Vmo?
(B©) Amnbr boH$ Iyn ‘moR>r Pmbr Amho, Ago gw{‘Ìm~mBªZm H$m dmQ>Vo?
(C) H${dVmMo AmB©dS>rb H${dVmÀ¶m ¶emMo lo¶ {dO|Ð qgJ ¶m§Zm H$m XoVmV?
(D$) H${dVmH$Sy>Z Vwåhr H$moUVr àoaUm ¿¶mb?
à. 3. Imbrbà‘mUo à˶¶ bmdyZ ZdrZ eãX {bhm.
CXm., (A) nU - doJionU (B) nUm - H$‘rnUm (C) BH$ - Am{W©H$
(Am) Xma - M‘H$Xma (B©) nUr - bhmZnUr (D$) BV - AI§{S>V
à. 4. Imbrb eãXg‘yhm§Mm dm³¶mV Cn¶moJ H$am.
(A) {Xbmgm {‘iUo. (B) H$UIa ~ZUo. (C) Zm˶mVrb drU J{har AgUo.
(Am) JamS>m nS>Uo. (B©) AmoT>mVmU hmoUo. (D$) dUdU ghZ H$aUo.
à. 5. g‘mZ AWm©Mo eãX {bhm.
(A) ‘m¶ - (B) ~i - (C) H«$sS>m -
(Am) boH$ - (B©) J{hao - (D$) dS>rb -
10
à. 6. Vwåhm§bm d¡¶p³VH$ IoimVrb H$moUVm Ioi A{YH$ AmdS>Vmo? Vmo H$m AmdS>Vmo?
à. 7. Vwåhm§bm ‘¡XmZr Ioi AmdS>VmV, H$s ~¡R>o Ioi? H$s XmoÝhr? Vo Ioi H$m AmdS>VmV Vo WmoS>³¶mV {bhm.
à. 8. Imbrb dm³¶m§Vrb AYmoa{o IV Ho$boë¶m eãXg‘yhm§Mo Zo‘Ho$ AW© H$m¶ hmoVmV Vo Vw‘À¶m eãXm§V gm§Jm.
(A) Vw‘Mr Jëbr/Jmd H$emZo doT>bobo Amho?
(Am) Amnë¶m amÁ¶mVbr AZoH$ ehao YwamZo doT>bobr AmhoV.
(B) AZoH$ ‘moR>r ehao {g‘|Q>À¶m O§Jbm§Zr doT>bobr AmhoV.
(B©) H$m¶m©b¶mV A{ZVm~mB© Zoh‘r ’$m¶btZr doT>boë¶m AgVmV.
à. 9. eara ¶m eãXmnmgyZ "emar[aH$' hm eãX V¶ma Pmbm Amho. Imbrb eãX dmMm d g‘OyZ ¿¶m.
CXçmoJ- Am¡Xçmo{JH$, {ejU- e¡j{UH$, ~wX²Yr- ~m¡X²{YH$, ZrVr- Z¡{VH$, g§ñH¥$Vr- gm§ñH¥${VH$,
^yJmob- ^m¡Jmo{bH$, B{Vhmg- Eo{Vhm{gH$, {dkmZ- d¡km{ZH$.
à. 10. {Xboë¶m ‘wX²Xçm§À¶m AmYmao "H«$sS>m‘hmoËgd ' ¶m {df¶mda AmR> Vo Xhm dm³¶o {bhm.
‘hmoËgdmMm {Xdg, ‘{hZm, H$mi, ñWi, VmbwH$m/{Oëhm/amÁ¶ nmVir, Ioim§Mo àH$ma, gdm©V
OmñV AmdS>bobm Ioi, AmdS>ʶmMr H$maUo, ñnYm© H$em nma nS>ë¶m, ~jrg {dVaU g‘ma§^
nmhVmZm ‘ZmV Ambobo {dMma.
CnH«$‘ … 1. Vwåhm§bm ‘mhrV Agboë¶m YmdnQy>§Mr Zmdo {bhm. ˶m§Zr qOH$boë¶m ñnYm© d nXHo$ ¶m§Mr
‘m{hVr ¿¶m. ˶m§Mr {MÌo O‘dm.
2. Imbrb àH$mao gmaUr V¶ma H$ê$Z dhrV OmñVrV OmñV Zmdo {bhm.
~¡R>o Ioi ‘¡XmZr Ioi
3. amîQ´>Hw$b H«$sS>m ñnYm©, Am{e¶mB© H«$sS>m ñnYm© d Am°qb{nH$ H«$sS>m ñnYm© ¶m§Mr Imbrb
‘wX²Xçm§À¶m AmYmao {ejH$m§H$Sy>Z ‘m{hVr {‘idm. {‘idboë¶m ‘m{hVrda {‘Ìm§er MMm© H$am.
(A) ñnYm© ^adʶmMm H$mbmdYr.
(Am) g‘m{dîQ> H«$sS>m àH$ma.
(B) {dOo˶m IoimSy>g qH$dm g§Kmg {Xbr OmUmar nm[aVmo{fHo$.
4. ¶m ñnYmª‘Yrb H$mhr IoimSy>§Mr {MÌo, dV©‘mZnÌm§Vrb ñnYmªg§X^m©Vrb ~mVå¶m, H$mÌUo,
Ioim§Mr jU{MÌo {‘idyZ ˶m§Mm g§J«h V¶ma H$am.
5. dmMm. MMm© H$am. ‘m{hVr {‘idm.
nmʶmgmR>r dUdU ^Q>H$mdo bmJUo hr Mm§Jbr ~m~ Zmhr. hr EH$ Z¡g{J©H$ AmnËVr> Amho. {‘Ì,
{ejH$, Hw$Qw>~§ mVrb 춳Vr, JmdmVrb bmoH$ ¶m§À¶mer nwT>rb ‘wXX² çm§da MMm© H$am.
(A) Vw‘À¶m JmdmVrb nmʶmÀ¶m gmR>çm§Mo àH$ma.
(Am) Vw‘À¶m JmdmV nmUrQ>§MmB© Agë¶mg ˶mMr H$maUo. nmUrQ>§MmB© Zgë¶mg ˶mMr H$maUo.
(B) H${dVm amD$Và‘mUo à{VHy$b n[apñWVrbm gm‘moao OmD$Z KS>boë¶m EImXçm
춳Vr{df¶r ‘m{hVr {‘idm d {bhm.
11
AmnU g‘OyZ KoD$¶m.
Zm‘
‘mYd Am{U g[aVm emioV {ZKmbo. g[aVmZo nmʶmMr ~mQ>br XßVamV R>odbr AZ² ‘m§Oambm Q>mQ>m
H$ê$Z Vr {ZKmbr.
darb CXmhaUmV ‘mYd, g[aVm hr 춳VtMr Zmdo Ambr AmhoV. nmUr ho ÐdmMo Zmd Amho, Va
~mQ>br, XßVa hr dñVy§Mr Zmdo AmhoV. ‘m§Oa ho àmʶmMo Zmd Amho. ¶m Zmdm§Zm Zm‘ åhUVmV.
AmnU dñVy hm eãX S>moiçmZo {XgUmè¶m, H$ënZoZo OmUUmè¶m nXmWm©bm qH$dm ˶m§À¶m JwUY‘mªZm
CX²XoeyZ dmnaVmo. dñVy ¶m eãXmÀ¶m AWm©‘ܶo gd© àH$maMo nXmW©, àmUr d ˶mÀ¶m A§Jr AgUmao JwUY‘©,
^md-^mdZm ¶m§Mm A§V^m©d hmoVmo.
Imbrb dm³¶m§Vrb AYmoao{IV Ho$bobr Zm‘o dmMm d g‘OyZ ¿¶m.
(A) eã~ra Imbr ~gbm.
(Am) nmD$g H$‘r Pmbm.
(B) Vmo emioV ¶oD$Z gwadmS>oJwéOtZm åhUmbm.
(B©) nm{H$Q>mV n¡go ZìhVo.
(C) ‘wbo ~mJoVrb ’w$bo’$io Ony bmJbr.
(D$) H${dVm amD$V‘wio hagybnmS>çmbm AmZ§X Pmbm.
(eã~ra, nmD$g, emim, gwadmS>oJwéOr, nmH$sQ>, n¡go, ‘wbo, ~mJ, ’w$bo’$io, H${dVm, amD$V,
hagybnmS>m, AmZ§X hr Zm‘o AmhoV.)
darbà‘mUo Zm‘o dmnê$Z nmM dm³¶o {bhm.
¶m nmR>mVrb Zm‘m§Mr ¶mXr H$am.
춳Vr, àmUr, njr, H$sQ>H$, dñVy, nXmW©, ’$io, ’w$bo, Jmdo, ZXçm, JwU ¶m à˶oH$ àH$mamMr Xhm Zmdo
JQ>mV MMm© H$ê$Z {bhm.
Ioi Ioiy¶m.
dJm©Vrb {dXçm϶mªMo XmoZ JQ> H$amdo. EH$m JQ>mZo Zmd gm§Jmdo. gm§{JVboë¶m ZmdmÀ¶m eodQ>À¶m AjamZo
gwê$ hmoUmao Zmd Xþgè¶m JQ>mZo gm§Jmdo. Aem nX²YVrZo Zmdm§À¶m ^|S>çm§Mm Ioi Ioimdm.
CXm., ‘mYd dOZ Z{‘Vm VmarI ImD$ D$g gH©$g....
{ejH$m§gmR>r … {dXçm϶mªZm Zm‘m§Mr {d{dY CXmhaUo Xçmdr. {dXçm϶mªZm Zm‘o gm§Jm¶bm bmdmdr. ˶m§À¶mH$Sy>Z Zm‘mMr
ì¶m»¶m H$ê$Z ¿¶mdr. {d{dY Zm‘m§Mm Cn¶moJ H$ê$Z {dXçm϶mªH$Sy>Z dm³¶o V¶ma H$ê$Z ¿¶mdr. Zmdm§À¶m ^|S>çm§Mm Ioi
¿¶mdm.
12
5. ‘w§½¶m§À¶m OJmV
Amnë¶m earamVyZ {d{eîQ> àH$maMo J§YH$U gmoS>V ¶oV.o
‘w½§ ¶m ho J§YH$U ’$³V AÝZmMm gmR>m {‘imë¶mdaM
"‘w§Jr' hm eãX CÀMmaVmM Amnë¶m S>moiçm§g‘moa gmoS>VmV. BVa doigo Zmhr. ‘J BVa ‘w½§ ¶m {‘í¶m§À¶m
¶oVmV, ˶m gmIaoda Vmd ‘maUmè¶m ‘w§½¶m, ZmhrVa gmhmæ¶mZo ¶m J§YH$Um§Mm ‘mJ H$mT>V AÝZgmR>çmn¶ªV
H$S>H$Sy>Z MmdUmè¶m bmb ‘w§½¶m. ^maVmV ‘w§½¶m§À¶m nmohmoMVmV; åhUyZ Amnë¶mbm ‘w½§ ¶m Zoh‘r
gw‘mao EH$ hOma OmVr AmT>iVmV. am§JZo o Mmbboë¶m {XgVmV.
H$sQ>H$dJm©V gdmªV OmñV CXçmoJr, H$îQ>miy,
{eñV{චd hþema åhUyZ ‘w§½¶m§Mo Zmd gd©àW‘
KoVbo OmVo. ‘w§Jr hm g‘mO{චH$sQ>H$ dgmhV H$ê$Z
amhVmo. EH$m dgmhVr‘ܶo bmIm|À¶m g§»¶oZo ‘w§½¶m
amhVmV. Amnë¶mbm gJiçm ‘w§½¶m gma»¶mM {XgVmV;
nU EImXr ‘w§Jr Amnë¶mM dgmhVr‘Yrb Amho, H$s
à˶oH$ dgmhVrV AZoH$ H$m‘H$ar ‘w§½¶m, EH$
qH$dm H$mhr amUr ‘w§½¶m Am{U H$mhr Za ‘w§½¶m AgVmV. Xþgè¶m dgmhVr‘Yrb Amho, ho ‘w§½¶m§ZmM AmoiIVm
¶oVo. doJdoJiçm dgmhVtÀ¶m ‘w§½¶m§Zm {d{eîQ> Agm
‘w§½¶m EH$‘oH$m§er ~mobV AgVrb H$m? H$em
J§Y AgVmo. ‘w§½¶m {‘í¶m§À¶m gmhmæ¶mZo Vmo J§Y
àH$mao ~mobV AgVrb? EH$m ‘w§Jrbm gmnS>bobm
AÝZmMm gmR>m BVa ‘w§½¶m§Zm H$em àH$mao ‘mhrV AmoiIVmV. am§JoV OmUmè¶m XmoZ ‘w§½¶m EH$‘oH$m§Zm
hmoVmo? Ago ZmZm àíZ Amnë¶mbm nS>VmV. AmnU H$YrH$Yr ^oQ>VmZm {XgVmV ˶m‘mJo hoM H$maU Amho.
EH$‘oH$m§er g§dmX gmYVmo. ‘mUgmà‘mUo ‘w§½¶m EImXo g§H$Q> Amë¶mda ‘w§½¶m bJoM EH$‘oH$m§Zm
Z³H$sM ~mobV ZmhrV. {ZgJm©Zo à˶oH$ gOrdmbm gmdY H$aVmV. ¶mgmR>r ‘w§½¶m doJiçm àH$maMo
g§dmXmH$[aVm {d{eîQ> gmo¶ H$ê$Z {Xbr Amho. J§YH$U ~mhoa gmoS>VmV. ¶m J§YH$Um§Mm gwJmdm
‘w§½¶m§ZmgwX²Ym EH$‘oH$m§er g§dmX gmYʶmgmR>r bmJVmM BVa ‘w§½¶m ˶m ‘w§JrÀ¶m ‘XVrgmR>r Vm~S>Vmo~
{ZgJm©Zo AerM gmo¶ Ho$br Amho. ‘w§½¶m doJdoJiçm YmdV ¶oVmV. ˶m~amo~a gmdYmZVoMm Bemam XoUmao
H$maUm§gmR>r doJdoJiçm amgm¶{ZH$ J§YH$Um§Mm J§YH$UgwX²Ym hdoV gmoS>VmV. ˶mV EImXçm ‘w§Jrbm
Cn¶moJ H$aVmV. {MaS>bo, Va ¶m J§YH$Um§Mm n[aUm‘ A{YH$ Vrd«
EImXçm ‘w§Jrbm AÝZmMm gmR>m gmnS>bm, hmoVmo. Aem doir A{YH$ à‘mUmV ho J§YH$U gmoS>bo
H$s Vr Amnë¶m dgmhVrH$S>o naV ¶oVmZm ˶m ‘mJm©V OmVmV.
g§Xoe nmohmoMdʶmÀ¶m ÑîQ>rZo ‘w§½¶m Amnë¶m
earamMm n¥îR>^mJXoIrb KmgVmV. ˶mVyZ ¶oUmè¶m
AmdmOmÀ¶m gmhmæ¶mZo ˶m Amnë¶m dgmhVr‘Yrb
BVam§Zm g§Xoe XoV AgVmV. {Za{Zamiçm àH$mamZo
‘w§½¶m EH$‘oH$m§er g§dmX gmYVmV.
13
ñdV…Mo Am{U dgmhVrMo g§ajU H$aʶmgmR>r ¶m {dfmMm ‘moR>çm àmʶm§da ’$magm à^md OmUdV
‘w§½¶m Zoh‘r VËna AgVmV. ñdV…À¶m qH$dm Zmhr; na§Vw Aem AZoH$ X§em§nmgyZ hmoUmam Xmh
dgmhVrÀ¶m g§ajUmgmR>r H$mhr ‘w§½¶m H$S>H$Sy>Z ˶m àmʶmbm dgmhVrnmgyZ Xÿa H$aʶmV ¶eñdr
Mmdm KoVmV. H$mhr ‘w§½¶m {dfmar X§e H$aVmV, Va R>aVmo. ¶m ‘w§½¶m§Mm à^md hmUyZ nmS>Umao ˶m§Mo ~aoM
H$mhr {d{eîQ> AmåbmMm ’$dmam eÌyda gmoS>VmV. eÌyXoIrb AmhoV. AWm©VM {ZgJm©Zo {Z‘m©U Ho$boë¶m
ZH$iV EImXçm doiobm bmb ‘w§½¶m§À¶m dgmhVrda AÝZgmIirMm hm EH$ ^mJM Amho, ho Amnë¶mbm
nm¶ nS>ë¶mg H$m¶ hmoVo Vo Vwåhm§bm gm§JʶmMr JaO H$go {dgê$Z Mmbob!
Zmhr. dgmhVrda g§H$Q> AmUUmè¶m ‘moR>çm eÌybm Aem ¶m CXç‘erb, {eñV~X²Y, gm‘m{OH$
gJiçm ‘w§½¶m§Zr {‘iyZ Mmdm KoVbm, H$s ˶mbm OrdZ OJUmè¶m ‘w§½¶m§H$Sy>Z ~aoM H$mhr {eH$ʶmgmaIo
VoWyZ ni H$mT>mdmM bmJVmo. H$mhr OmVtÀ¶m ‘w§½¶m§Zm Amho.
X§e H$aʶmgmR>r gwB©gmaIr ¶moOZm Ho$bobr AgVo.
- àH$me {H$gZ Zdmio
X§e H$aVmM àmʶmÀ¶m earamV {df gmoS>bo OmVo.
eãXmW© … dgmhV - amhʶmMo {R>H$mU, dñVr. J§Y - dmg. _mJ H$mT>Uo - emoY KoUo. gwJmdm bmJUo - emoY
bmJUo. VËna AgUo - V`ma AgUo. ni H$mT>Uo - {ZKyZ OmUo. Xmh hmoUo -AmJ hmoUo. hmUyZ nmS>Uo -
{Zî\$i H$aUo, ImoSy>Z H$mT>Uo. CXç‘erb - CXçmoJ{à¶.
ñdmܶm¶
à. 1. EH$m dm³¶mV CËVao {bhm.
(A) H$sQ>H$m§‘ܶo ‘w§JrMo Zmd gd©àW‘ H$m KoVbo OmVo?
(Am) ‘w§½¶m J§YH$U Ho$ìhm gmoS>VmV?
(B) ‘w§½¶m Zoh‘r H$emgmR>r VËna AgVmV?
à. 2. ‘w§½¶m ñdV…Mo d dgmhVrMo g§ajU H$go H$aVmV?
à. 3. dm³¶mV Cn¶moJ H$am.
‘mJ H$mT>Uo, gmdY H$aUo, ’$dmam gmoS>Uo, VËna AgUo, ni H$mT>Uo, Xmh hmoUo, hmUyZ nmS>Uo.
à. 4. Vw‘À¶m eãXm§V CËVao {bhm.
(A) ‘mUgm§Zm X§e H$aUmao ‘w§½¶m§à‘mUo Xþgao H$sQ>H$ H$moUVo? ˶m§À¶m X§emMm ‘mUgm§da H$m¶
n[aUm‘ hmoVmo?
(Am) "AÝZgmIir' åhUOo H$m¶? {ejH$m§H$Sy>Z ‘m{hVr {‘idm d Vw‘À¶m eãXm§V {bhm.
(B) ‘w§½¶m§à‘mUo AÝZgmR>m H$aUmao Am{U AÝZgmR>m Z H$aUmao H$sQ>H$ d àmUr ¶m§Mr Zmdo {bhm.
J«§Wmb¶mV OmD$Z nwñVH$m§VyZ ‘m{hVr {‘idm.
à. 5. ¶m nmR>mV Ambobo ‘w§½¶m§Mo H$moUVo JwU Vwåhm§bm AmdS>bo Vo gm§Jm.
à. 6. ‘w§½¶m§darb H${dVm emoYm d dJm©V åhUyZ XmIdm.
à. 7. "‘w§Jr' ¶m eãXmMr doJdoJir ê$no ¶m nmR>mV Ambobr AmhoV. Vr emoYm d {bhm. ¶mà‘mUo EImXçm
eãXmMr doJdoJir ê$no {bhm.
{ejH$m§gmR>r … {dXçm϶mªH$Sy>Z nmR>mMo àH$Q> dmMZ d ‘yH$dmMZ H$ê$Z ¿¶mdo.
14
CnH«$‘ … 1. doJdoJio àmUr, njr doJdoJiçm H$maUm§gmR>r EH$‘oH$m§er g§dmX gmYVmV. g§dmX gmYʶmgmR>r
Vo H$m¶ H$m¶ H$aVmV ¶mMo n[agamV {ZarjU H$am. Vwåhr Ho$bobo {ZarjU dJm©V gm§Jm.
2. nmM H$sQ>H$m§Mr {MÌo {‘idm. Vr dhrV {MH$Q>dm. à˶oH$ H$sQ>H$m{df¶r Mma-nmM dm³¶m§V
‘m{hVr {bhm.
3. ‘mUgo EH$‘oH$m§Zm g§Xoe nmR>dʶmgmR>r H$moUH$moUVr ‘mܶ‘o dmnaVmV, ¶m{df¶r ‘m{hVr {‘idm.
JQ>mV EH$‘oH$m§Zm gm§Jm.
Imbrb dm³¶m§Vrb Zm‘o AmoiIm d gm§Jm.
(A) ~§Sy>Mr BOma Mma ~moQ>o bm§~ Pmbr.
(Am) AmB©Zo BOma EH$m H$moZmS>çmV ’o$H$br.
(B) ‘mUgm§à‘mUo ‘w§½¶m Z³H$sM ~mobV ZmhrV.
(B©) AmO H${dVm ^maVmVrb Aìdb YmdnQy> Amho.
Imbrb dm³¶m§Vrb [aH$må¶m OmJr ¶mo½¶ Zm‘o Kmbm.
(A) .......... ‘mYdbm åhUmbr.
(Am) Am§ã¶mÀ¶m PmS>mda .......... bQ>H$V hmo˶m.
(B) KgaJw§S>r Ioim¶bm Amåhr .......... Jobmo.
(B©) .......... {df¶ ‘bm Iyn AmdS>Vmo.
(C) amîQ´>nVtMo ^mfU EoHy$Z .......... ‘§Ì‘w½Y Pmbm.
(D$) ‘hmJmB© dmT>ë¶mZo .......... ‘hmJë¶m.
Ioi Ioiy¶m.
EH$_oH$m§er ~mobVmZm AmnU eãXm§Mm dmna H$aVmo. H$YrH$Yr eãXm§Mm dmna Z H$aVm EH$_oH$m§er ~mobVmo,
Voìhm AmnU earamÀ¶m doJdoJiçm Ad`dm§Mm Cn`moJ H$aVmo. H$Yr EH$mM Ad`dmMm Cn`moJ H$aVmo, Va
H$Yr XmoZ-VrZ Ad`dm§Mm Cn`moJ H$aVmo.
CXm., _bm Iyn ^yH$ bmJbr Amho, ho gm§JVmZm AmnU Amnë`m hmVmMr ~moQ>o EH$Ì H$ê$Z Vm|S>mOdi ZoVmo
d Xþgam hmV Amnë`m nmoQ>mda R>odVmo, Agm AmnU ‘yH$ A{^Z¶ H$aVmo.
Imbrb dmŠ`o dmMm d Ë`m§Vrb Ame` Z ~mobVm ì`ŠV H$am.
1. Jßn ~g. 6. AmB© Pmonbr.
2. {bhr. 7. b§JS>r Kmb.
3. MwH$bmo. 8. ‘bm bmSy> AmdS>V Zmhr.
4. ZH$mo. 9. hmo¶.
5. ’o$H$. 10. nmUr hd§¶.
{ejH$m§Zr dJm©Vrb {dXçm϶mªMo XmoZ JQ> H$amdo. EH$m JQ>mVrb _wbmZo dmŠ` gm§Jmdo d Xþgè`m JQ>mVrb
_wbmZo Ë`m dmŠ`mÀ`m Ame`mZwgma H¥$Vr H$amdr. hm ‘yH$m{^Z¶mMm Ioi ¿`mdm.
15
6. ‘mhoa
eãXmW© … {MH$U ‘mVr - {MH$Q>nUm Agbobr ‘mVr. OmV§ - Ymݶ XiʶmMo XJS>mMo gmYZ.
gmoOr - Amobga Jhÿ XiyZ Mmibobo nrR/adm>. eobm - A§Jmda nm§Kam¶Mo ^aOar dñÌ. Z§Xr - gOdbobm
WmoamS> ~¡b.
16
ñdmܶm¶
à. 1. EH$m dm³¶mV CËVao {bhm.
(A) H${dVoV H$moU˶m ZXrMm CëboI Ho$bobm Amho?
(Am) ¶m ZXrH$mR>À¶m ‘mVrMm àH$ma H$moUVm?
(B) H${dVoVrb ñÌr gmoOrMo bmSy> H$emV ~m§YUma Amho?
(B©) H${dVoVrb ñÌr gmoOrMo bmSy> KoD$Z H$moR>o OmUma Amho?
à. 2. H$m¶ Vo {bhm.
(A) AmoQ>m ~m§YʶmgmR>r Cn¶w³V ‘mVr ..............
(Am) bmSy> ~m§YʶmgmR>r Cn¶w³V nrR> ..............
(B) ~{hUrgmR>r ^mD$ AmUUma Agbobo dmhZ ..............
à. 3. {MH$U‘mVr ~KyZ H${dVoVrb ‘mhoadm{eUrbm EH$mVyZ EH$ H$ënZm gwMV Joë¶m. ˶m H$ënZm Vw‘À¶m
eãXm§V H«$‘mZo gm§Jm.
CnH«$‘ … 1. Vw‘À¶m n[agamVrb ‘mVrMo doJdoJio Z‘wZo Jmoim H$am. à˶oH$ Z‘wݶmMo d¡{eîQ>ç d Cn¶moJ
‘mhrV H$ê$Z ¿¶m. dJm©V gm§Jm.
2. ZmJn§M‘rMr JmUr, ZdamÌrVrb ^m|S>ë¶mMr JmUr Aem Jmʶm§Mm g§Jh« H$am.
Ioiy¶m eãXm§er.
"Z§Xr' ¶m eãXmVrb "Z' ¶m Ajamdarb AZwñdma {b{hVmZm, dmMVmZm {dgabm, Va "ZXr' hm doJim eãX
V¶ma hmoVmo. ¶m eãXmMm AW© ‘yi eãXmnojm doJim hmoVmo.
Z§Xr - ZXr Aem àH$maÀ¶m eãXm§À¶m nmM OmoS>çm {bhm. ˶m§Vrb eãXm§Mo AW© gm§Jm.
ho H$ê$Z nmhm.
{MH$U‘mVrnmgyZ Vw‘À¶m AmdS>rMr IoiUr, {H$ëbm ~Zdm. ¶mgmR>r Vwåhr Ho$boë¶m H¥$Vr H«$‘mZo gm§Jm.
AmnU g‘OyZ KoD$¶m.
gd©Zm‘
gwYra hþema ‘wbJm Amho. gwYraÀ¶m ~{hUrMo Zmd gw‘Z Amho. gwYra gw‘Zbm "gw‘m' åhUVmo. gw‘Z
gwYrabm "XmXm' åhUVo. gwYra Am{U gw‘Z EH$mM emioV {eH$VmV. gwYra Am{U gw‘Z ¶m§À¶mV H$YrM
^m§S>Uo hmoV ZmhrV. gwYra ‘moR>m Agë¶mZo gwYra gw‘ZMr H$miOr KoVmo.
darb n[aÀN>oXmV gwYra Am{U gw‘Z ¶m ^md§S>m§Mo dU©Z Ambobo Amho. gwYra d gw‘Z ¶m eãXm§EodOr
Xþgao eãX dmnê$Z V¶ma Ho$bobm nwT>rb n[aÀN>oX dmMm.
gwYra hþema ‘wbJm Amho. ˶mÀ¶m ~{hUrMo Zmd gw‘Z Amho. Vmo {Vbm "gw‘m' åhUVmo. Vr ˶mbm
"XmXm' åhUVo. Vo EH$mM emioV {eH$VmV. ˶m§À¶mV H$YrM ^m§S>Uo hmoV ZmhrV. Vmo ‘moR>m Agë¶mZo Vmo {VMr
H$miOr KoVmo.
gwYra Am{U gw‘Z ¶m Zm‘m§EodOr AmnU ¶oWo "˶mÀ¶m, Vmo, {Vbm, Vr, ˶mbm, Vo, ˶m§À¶mV, Vmo,
{VMr' Ago eãX dmnabo AmhoV. ¶m eãXm§Zm gd©Zm_ åhUVmV.
17
7. Aaʶ{bnr
àmUr nmhʶmgmR>r AmnU H$YrH$Yr O§JbmV am§Jmoir KmVë¶mgma»¶m gw§Xa {XgVmV. ˶m nmhVmZm
Iyn ^Q>H$Vmo; nU EImXçm doir EH$hr àmUr ‘Zmbm AmZ§X hmoVmo.
Amnë¶mbm {XgV Zmhr Am{U AmnU ZmamO hmoVmo, dmK dm {~~Q>çmÀ¶m nmdbm§Mm R>gm nmhm¶bm
{Zame hmoVmo. O§JbmV Oar àmUr {Xgbo ZmhrV, Var {‘imë¶mZ§Va A{YH$ AmZ§X hmoVmo. dmKmÀ¶m
˶m§À¶m ImUmIwUm gd©Ì {dIwaboë¶m AgVmV. ˶m nmdbm§Mo R>go BVa àmʶm§nojm doJio AgVmV. dmK
ImUmIwUm åhUOo dݶ àmʶm§Mr Aaʶ{bnr hmo¶. nm¶m§Mm AmdmO hmoD$ Z¶o, ¶mgmR>r nmbmnmMmoiçmVyZ
dݶ Ord O§JbmV R>aboë¶m nmD$bdmQ>odê$Z MmbUo Q>miVmo. Vmo nmD$bdmQ>odê$Z, ZXrZmë¶m§À¶m
¶o-Om H$aVmV. ˶m nmD$bdmQ>m§Mo {ZarjU H$amdo. nmÌm§VyZ, dmiydê$Z MmbVmo. Aem nmD$bdmQ>m
˶mV Vwåhm§bm dݶ Ordm§À¶m nmdbm§Mo R>go C‘Q>bobo Vnmgmì¶m. ZXrZmë¶m§Vë`m Amoë`m dmiyV, ‘mVrV
{XgVrb. nmUdR>çmda JobmV, Va VoWrb Amoë¶m dmKmMo R>go AmT>iVmV, ˶mdê$Z Vo dmKmMo joÌ
‘mVrVhr AZoH$ dݶ Ordm§À¶m nmdbm§Mo R>go Vwåhm§g Amho ho Amnë¶mbm H$iVo. à˶oH$ dmKmÀ¶m nm¶m§À¶m
nmhm¶bm {‘iVrb. R>go VmOo d ñnîQ> AgVrb, Va R>em§V ’$aH$ AmT>iVmo. dmKmÀ¶m nm¶mMm A§JR>m
H$moUVm àmUr nmD$bdmQ>odê$Z Jobm AWdm {H$Vr n§OmÀ¶m daÀ¶m ~mOyg AgVmo. ˶m‘wio A§JR>çmMm
doimnydu nmʶmda ¶oD$Z Jobm ¶mMr ‘m{hVr {‘iVo. R>gm ‘mVrV C‘Q>V Zmhr. ’$³V ˶mMm Vidm d Mma
à˶oH$ OmVrÀ¶m àmʶm§À¶m nm¶m§Mo R>go doJdoJio ~moQ>m§Mm R>gm ‘mVrV C‘Q>Vmo. ˶mMo H$a§JirH$Sy>Z
AgVmV. AJXr gH$mir Za‘ O{‘Zrdarb YwirV {Vgao ~moQ> ‘moR>o AgVo. dmKmÀ¶m nmdbm§À¶m
˶m§À¶m nm¶m§Mo R>go ñnîQ> {XgVmV. {Xdg OgOgm R>em§dê$Z dmKm§Mr JUVr Ho$br OmVo. MmbVmZm Vmo
nwT>o gaH$Vmo, VgVgo BVa àmʶm§À¶m dX©irZo, ‘mJMm nm¶ ~amo~a nwT>À¶m nmdbmÀ¶m R>emda
dmhUmè¶m dmè¶mZo Ago R>go nwgQ> hmoV OmVmV. Q>mH$Vmo. ˶m‘wio nwT>À¶m nmdbmMm R>gm nwgbm
nmUdR>çmdarb Amoë¶m ‘mVrV AZoH$ nú¶m§À¶m OmVmo; åhUyZ {eaJUVr H$aVmZm dmK d {~~Q>çmÀ¶m
nmD$bIwUm AmT>iVmV. hçm gmè¶m nmD$bIwUm ‘mJÀ¶m nm¶m§Mo R>go KoVmV.
18
dmKmÀ¶m R>emdê$Z Vmo dmKmMm Amho H$m MmbVmZm ˶m§Mm ‘mJMm nm¶ nwT>À¶m nm¶mÀ¶m
dm{KUrMm Amho, hohr AmoiIVm ¶oVo. dmK-dm{KUrMo R>emda nS>V AgVmo. ˶m‘wio EH$M R>gm C‘Q>bobm
nwT>Mo nm¶ Mm¡H$moZr AgVmV; na§Vw ˶m§À¶m ‘mJÀ¶m {XgVmo; na§Vw niVmZm ‘mJrb d nwT>rb XmoÝhr nm¶m§Mo
n§Om§V ’$aH$ AgVmo. dmKmMm n§Om Mm¡H$moZr AgVmo. R>go {XgVmV. ˶mdê$Z Vmo MmbV Jobm, H$s niV
˶mMr bm§~r-é§Xr gmaIr AgVo; na§Vw dm{KUrÀ¶m Jobm Vo H$iVo. XmoÝhr nm¶m§À¶m R>em§‘Yrb A§Va
‘mJÀ¶m nm¶mMm Vidm Am¶VmH¥$Vr AgVmo. é§Xrnojm OodT>o H$‘r VodT>m Vmo doJmV niV Jobm Ago g‘Omdo.
˶mMr bm§~r OmñV AgVo. dݶ àmʶm§À¶m R>em§Mo {ZarjU H$aUo ‘Ooera AgVo
Za-‘mXrÀ¶m nmdbm§Mo R>go OdiOdi {Xgë¶mg ˶mV doi H$gm OmVmo Vo g‘OV Zmhr.
Vo XmoKo ~amo~a hmoVo, Ago g‘Om¶bm haH$V Zmhr. H$mhr àmUr R>amdrH$ {R>H$mUrM {dîR>m Q>mH$VmV.
Á¶m àmʶm§À¶m nm¶m§À¶m Z»¶m ~mhoa Amboë¶m {dîR>oMm AmH$ma, a§J ¶m§dê$Z Vo àmUr MQ>H$Z
AgVmV, ˶m§À¶m n§OmÀ¶m R>emV ~moQ>m§~amo~a Z»¶mhr AmoiIVm ¶oVmV.
C‘Q>boë¶m {XgVmV. H$mhr àmʶm§À¶m {dîR>oV {eH$ma Ho$boë¶m
VagmMm R>gm VrZ B§M bm§~ AgVmo. O§Jbr àmʶm§Mo Z nMbobo ^mJ- Ogo Ho$g, ZIo d hmS>o
Hw$ͶmMm R>gm gw~H$ {XgVmo. ˶mÀ¶m n§OmMm Vidm d AmT>iyZ ¶oVmV. ˶m {ZarjUmdê$Z Vr {eH$ma
Mma ~moQ>o Z»¶m§gh ‘mVrV C‘Q>bb o r {XgVmV. Mmahr H$moU˶m àmʶmMr Agob ho AmoiIVm ¶oVo.
~moQ>mV§ A§Va AgVo. Vidm d ~moQ>o ¶mVhr A§Va AgVo. O§JbmVyZ {’$aVmZm Amnë¶mbm AZoH$ AmdmO
AñdbmÀ¶m nm¶mMm R>gm ‘mUgmÀ¶m nm¶mÀ¶m EoH$y ¶oVmV. C§M C§M JdVmVyZ nmʶmH$S>o ¶oUmao qhò
R>emgmaIm {XgVmo. ~moQ>m~amo~a ˶mÀ¶m nmMhr bm§~ àmUr nmhÿZ njr ‘moR>çmZo AmdmO H$aV C§M CS>VmV,
Z»¶m R>emV C‘Q>boë¶m AgVmV. Va {eH$ma hmoUmao àmUr- Ogo h[aU, gm§~a d H$midrQ>
‘moR>çm AmdmOmV AmoaS>V Ymo³¶mMr gyMZm XoVmV.
Iya Agboë¶m àmʶm§Mo R>gohr nmUdR>çmda,
‘mVrV nmhm¶bm {‘iVmV. Amobga ‘mVrV dm dݶ àmʶm§À¶m nmdbm§Mo R>go, {eH$ma H$aʶmMr
H$moaS>çm ‘mVrV R>go Mm§Jbo {XgVmV. {MIbmV Imob nX²YV, {dîR>m d PmS>m-PwS>nm§darb ˶m§À¶m
nm¶ éVV Agë¶mZo R>go nyU©nUo {XgV ZmhrV. Z»¶m§À¶m IwUm, XmVm§À¶m IwUm, ˶m§Mo {d{dY
AmdmO ¶m§dê$Z ˶m§Mr Amnë¶mbm AmoiI hmoVo. hr
Jì¶mÀ¶m Iwam§Mm R>gm ‘moR>m AgVmo. Vmo ghm EH$ àH$maMr Aaʶ{bnrM hmo`.
B§M ^aVmo. nmird Jwam§À¶m IwamgmaIm {XgVmo.
O§JbdmMZmMm Amnë¶mbm N>§X bmJbm, H$s
haUmÀ¶m Iwam§Mm R>gm bhmZ AgVmo. ˶mÀ¶m S>moiçm§Zr, H$mZm§Zr, ZmH$mZo AmnU àmʶm§À¶m AZoH$
Iwam§À¶m XmoZ AY©dVw©imH$ma ^mJmÀ¶m IwUm Odi JmoîQ>r OmUVmo. àmʶm§Mo AmdmO, nm¶m§Mo R>go, dmg
Odi {XgVmV. gm§~a, ~mamqeJm, ~m¡qeJm, qMH$mam Amnë¶mbm àmʶm§À¶m OJmer EH$ê$n H$aVmV.
d H$midrQ> ¶m§À¶m Iwam§Mo R>go H$‘r-OmñV AmH$mam§Mo AmoT>m, ZXrH$mR>, ‘miamZ, S>m|JaXè¶m, Amohi,
AgVmV. ^oH$amÀ¶m IwamMm R>gm AdKm EH$ Vo gìdm PmS>oPwS>no ¶m gJiçm§er OdirH$ {Z‘m©U hmoVo.
B§M AgVmo. Hw$R>bohr O§Jb Amnë¶mbm H§$Q>midmUo dmQ>V Zmhr,
EH§$XarV dݶ àmʶm§À¶m R>em§dê$Z Amnë¶mbm H$maU O§JbdmMZmMm AZw^d Amnë¶mbm ZdrZdr
àmʶm§Mr ~arM ‘m{hVr {‘iVo. ˶mdê$Z àmUr ‘m{hVr Am{U doJiçmM ñdê$nmMm AmZ§X {‘idyZ
H$moU˶m {Xeobm Jobm Vo H$iVo. H$mhr àmʶm§À¶m XoVmo.
R>em§dê$Z Vmo Za hmoVm H$s ‘mXr hmoVr, Vo g‘OVo. - gwaoeM§Ð dmaKS>o
19
eãXmW© … nmUdR>m - O§JbmVrb àmUr nmUr {nʶmgmR>r OoWo ¶oVmV Vo {R>H$mU, nmUr ^aʶmMo gmd©O{ZH$
{R>H$mU. {eaJUVr - ‘moOXmX.
ñdmܶm¶
à. 1. EH$m dm³¶mV CËVao {bhm.
(A) Aaʶ{bnr åhUOo H$m¶?
(Am) dmKm§Mr JUVr H$emdê$Z Ho$br OmVo?
(B) O§JbmV H$moUVo àmUr YmoŠ`mMr gyMZm XoVmV?
à. 2. Imbrb àíZm§Mr VrZ-Mma dm³¶m§V CËVao {bhm.
(A) "dmKmMo joÌ' H$emdê$Z AmoiIVm ¶oVo?
(Am) dmK-dm{KUrÀ¶m R>em§‘ܶo H$m¶ ’$aH$ AgVmo?
(B) {eH$ma Pmbobm àmUr H$moUVm hmoVm, ho H$emdê$Z AmoiIVm ¶oVo?
à. 3. Vw‘À¶m eãXm§V {bhm.
Vw_À`m Kar, eoOmar H$moUH$moUVo àmUr AmhoV, Vo H$go MmbVmV, Vo H$m` ImVmV VgoM doJdoJiçm
àg§Jr Ë`m§Zr Ho$boë`m H¥$VtMo d AmdmOm§Mo {ZarjU H$am. Vw_Mo AZw^d {bhm.
CnH«$‘ … 1. Vw‘À¶m n[agamVrb nmM àmʶm§À¶m nmdbm§Mo qH$dm nmdbm§À¶m R>em§Mo {ZarjU H$am. R>em§dê$Z
ho àmUr Vwåhr H$go AmoiIbo Vo {‘Ìm§Zm gm§Jm.
2. Imbrb àH$maMo R>go ¿¶m. ˶m§Mo {ZarjU H$am. R>em§Vrb gmaIonUm, doJionUm gm§Jm.
(A) Vw‘À¶m XmoÝhr hmVm§À¶m ~moQ>m§Mo R>go H$mJXmda ¿¶m. ˶m§Mo {ZarjU H$am. nmM-nmM
‘wbm§Mo JQ> H$am. à˶oH$mÀ¶m hmVmÀ¶m d nm¶mÀ¶m ~moQ>m§Mo R>go H$mJXmda ¿¶m. {ZarjU
H$am d ’$aH$ gm§Jm.
(Am) ^|S>r d H$m§Xm ¶m§Mo H$mn ¿¶m. Vo a§JmV ~wS>dm. ˶m§Mo H$mJXmda R>go ¿¶m. ˶m§nmgyZ
{MÌo ~Zdm.
3. njr {ZarjUmdarb nwñVHo$ {‘idm d dmMm.
4. {Zaja 춳VtZm ghr H$aVm ¶oV Zmhr. Aem doir ˶m§À¶m S>mì¶m hmVmÀ¶m A§JR>çmMm R>gm
KoVbm OmVmo; nU H$YrH$Yr gmja 춳VtÀ¶mhr ~moQ>m§Mo R>go KoVbo OmVmV. H$moUH$moU˶m
H$m‘m§gmR>r 춳VtÀ¶m ~moQ>m§Mo R>go KoVbo OmVmV ¶mMr {ejH$, AmB©dS>rb ¶m§À¶mH$Sy>Z
‘m{hVr ¿¶m.
nm¶m§Zm a§J bmdyZ, nm¶m§Mo R>go H$go H$mT>bobo AmhoV Vo nmhm.
20
Ioiy¶m eãXm§er.
‘yi eãX R>gm. ¶m eãXmMo gm‘mݶê$n hmoVmZm "g' Mm "e' hmoVmo. CXm., R>emdê$Z, R>emV, R>em§Mm
B˶mXr. ¶mà‘mUo n¡gm, åh¡g ¶m eãXm§Mr gm‘mݶê$no {bhm.
¶m nmR>mV nmbmnmMmoim, PmS>oPwS>no, ZXrZmbo ho OmoS>eãX Ambo AmhoV. ¶mgmaIo Vwåhm§bm ‘mhrV
Agbobo AmUIr OmoS>eãX {bhm.
"‘Om' ¶m eãXmbm "era' eãX bmJyZ "‘Ooera' hm eãX V¶ma Pmbm Amho. ¶mgmaIo AmUIr eãX emoYm.
˶m§Mm g§J«h H$am.
dmMm.
gw^mf emioV Ambm. g‘moaM ˶mbm ˶mMm {‘Ì g‘ra {Xgbm. gw^mfbm Iyn AmZ§X Pmbm.
Vmo åhUmbm, ""{‘Ìm, H$m¶ ao, H$gm Amhog? ~a§ dmQ>V§¶ Zm Vwbm? Vy ZìhVmg Va ‘bm H$a‘V
ZìhV§..... .'' gw^mf ~mobV hmoVm. ~mobVmZm Vmo AJXr aS>dobm Pmbm hmoVm. g‘raZo ˶mÀ¶m Im§Xçmda hmV
R>odbm d ˶mZo gm§Jm¶bm gwédmV Ho$br.
darb n[aÀN>oXmV AYmoao{IV Ho$bobr gd©Zm‘o H$moUmgmR>r dmnabr AmhoV, Vo ˶m eãXm§g‘moa {bhm.
CXm., ˶mbm - gw^mfgmR>r.
(A) ˶mMm - (B) Vwbm - (C) ‘bm - (E) ˶mÀ¶m -
(Am) Vmo - (B©) Vy - (D$) Vmo - (Eo) ˶mZo -
Imbr H$mhr dm³¶o {Xbr AmhoV. ˶m§Vrb Zm‘o AmoiIyZ ˶m§gmR>r ¶mo½¶ Vr gd©Zm‘o dmnam.
(A) hgrZm Iyn hþema Amho. ........... amoO emioV OmVo.
(Am) njr CS>V CS>V bm§~ Jobo. ........... {XgoZmgo Pmbo.
(B) ~mB© ‘wbm§Zm ImD$ dmQ>V hmo˶m. ........... ‘wbm§er Jßnm ‘maV hmo˶m.
(B©) ^mD$ KamV Jobm. ........... H$mhr gwMoZm.
Imbrb dm³¶m§Vrb gd©Zm‘o AYmoao{IV H$am.
(A) Vo ~mOmamV Jobo.
(Am) Vwbm ˶m§Zr hmH$m ‘maë¶m.
(B) Amåhr OodV hmoVmo.
(B©) ˶mMm AmdmO JmoS> Amho.
(C) ‘r ñdV… PmSy>Z KoVbo.
(D$) AmnU àH$ën nyU© H$ê$¶m.
¶m nmR>mVrb gd©Zm‘o emoYm d {bhm.
21
8. {ච~mB©...
{X. 5/9/2021
{ච~mB©,
‘bm Q>rìhrda AmXe© {ejH$ nwañH$ma {dVaUmMr ~mV‘r {Xgbr Am{U ˶mV
M³H$ Vwåhr {XgbmV! ‘r Va AmZ§XmZ§ CS>mboM. hmH$m ‘mê$Z AmB©, ~m~m, AmOmo~m§Zm
~mobmdb§; nU VodT>çmV ~mV‘r g§nbr. Odinmg XrS> dfmªZr Vwåhr ‘bm {XgbmV.
Iyn ‘ñV dmQ>b§. Vw‘Mr, emioMr, {VgarVë¶m {‘Ì‘¡{ÌUtMr Iyn AmR>dU Ambr.
‘r Vwåhm§bm ‘mo~mB©b bmdy bmJbo, Va "H$ìhaoO joÌmÀ¶m ~mhoa' Mr Q>on dmOy bmJbr.
AmOmo~m åhUmbo, ""AJ§, ¶m ‘mo~mB©bM§ H$mhr Ia§ Zmhr, ˶mnojm nÌ {bhr ~mBªZm.
H$m¶‘ AmR>dUrV amhrb ˶m§À¶m.'' ‘J H$m¶, bJoM ho nÌ {bhm¶bm ~gbo.
nwañH$mamMr ~mV‘r nmhÿZ Iyn AmZ§X Pmbm. Vwåhr Amåhm§bm n{hë¶mnmgyZ
AmdS>m¶À¶m ho Z³H$s. Vwåhr {eH$dboë¶m H${dVm, ñZohg§‘obZm‘ܶo ~gdbob§ ZmQ>H$
ho gJi§ AmR>db§. ghbrÀ¶m doir Vwåhr KoVbobo ^ÝZmQ> Ioi Va ‘r BH$S>À¶m
emioVë¶m ‘wbm§Zm gm§{JVbo. ˶m§Zm EH$X‘ ^mar dmQ>b§. ‘bm {VgarV hmoVo VoìhmMr
AmR>dU ¶oV amhVoM.
nmMdrV Amë¶mnmgyZ ‘r emioV EH$Q>r MmbV OmD$ bmJbo¶. _bm EH$X‘
‘moR²>R>r Pmë¶mgmaI§ dmQ>V§. Aä¶mghr ^anya H$aVo Am{U Vwåhr åhUm¶À¶m ˶mà‘mUo
IoiVohr ^anya. amoO g§Ü¶mH$mir IoiʶmgmR>r Odinmg XmoZ Vmg ‘¡XmZmdaM
AgVo.
Q>rìhrdarb ~mV‘r‘ܶo Vwåhr EH$X‘ N>mZM dmQ>V hmoVmV. Vwåhr H$em AmhmV?
Vw‘À¶m Kam~mhoaMm Jwb‘moha AmVm {H$Vr ‘moR>m Pmbm¶? ˶mbm ’w$b§ ¶oD$ bmJbr
H$m? "AmR>dU H$mT>br' åhUyZ emioV gJiçm§Zm gm§Jm. ñdmVr, O¶ Am{U gb‘mbm
gm§Jm, H$s ‘r ¶m emioVnU ’w$br-Jmoiçm§Mm Ioi gJiçm§Zm {eH$dbm¶. Vmo Ioi
Amåhr ‘Yë¶m gwQ²>Q>rV IoiV AgVmo.
Vw‘À¶m nÌmMr dmQ> nmhrZ. Vw‘Mo nÌ {‘imë¶mda ‘r emioV gJiçm§Zm
XmIdrZ.
Vw‘Mr,
‘mPm nËVm … D${‘©bm
D${‘©bm ‘mZo
‘w. nmo. Vm. Xmnmobr,
{O. aËZm{Jar.
{nZ - 415712.
22
ñdmܶm¶
à. 1. EH$m dm³¶mV CËVao {bhm.
(A) nÌ {b{hUmè¶m ‘wbrMo Zmd H$m¶ Amho?
(Am) nÌ {b{hUmè¶m ‘wbrMo Zmd Vwåhr H$emdê$Z AmoiIbo?
(B) D${‘©bm AmZ§XmZo H$m CS>mbr?
(B©) D${‘©bm gܶm H$moU˶m dJm©V {eH$V Amho?
(C) D${‘©bmZo H$moU˶m dJm©À¶m AmR>dUr nÌmVyZ H$idë¶m AmhoV?
(D$) D${‘©bmMo ~mBªÀ¶m Kar ¶oUo-OmUo hmoVo, ho H$moU˶m dm³¶mdê$Z H$iVo?
à. 2. Imbrb àíZm§Mr Mma-nmM dm³¶m§V CËVao {bhm.
(A) D${‘©bmÀ¶m AmOmo~m§Zr H$moUVm gëbm {Xbm? H$m {Xbm?
(Am) nmMdrV Amë¶mnmgyZ D${‘©bmÀ¶m H$moUH$moU˶m JmoîQ>tV ~Xb Pmbm?
(B) D${‘©bmZo nÌmV H$moUH$moU˶m JmoîQ>tMm CëboI Ho$bm Amho?
à. 3. Vw‘À¶m eãXm§V CËVao {bhm.
(A) Vwåhr Q>rìhrdaMo H$moUH$moUVo H$m¶©H«$‘ ~KVm?
(Am) Q>rìhrdaMo H$moUVo H$m¶©H«$‘ Vwåhm§bm ~Km¶bm AmdS>VmV? H$m AmdS>VmV?
(B) Vw‘À¶m KamVrb ‘moR>r ‘mUgo Vwåhm§bm H$moUVo H$m¶©H$« ‘ ~Km¶bm gm§JVmV? ˶m‘mJrb H$maUo gm§Jm.
(B©) Xÿa amhV Agboë¶m 춳VtZm Vw‘Mo {dMma, ^mdZm, ‘V H$idm¶Mo Agob, ˶m§Zm H$mhr
{dMmam¶Mo Agob, Va Vwåhr H$moUH$moUVr ‘mܶ‘o dmnaVm?
CnH«$‘ … 1. ~mBªZr D${‘©bmMo nÌ dmMyZ H$m¶ CËVa nmR>dbo Agob, ¶mMr H$ënZm H$am d Vgo nÌ {bhm.
2. {Vgar {eH$boë¶m emioVrb H$moUH$moU˶m JmoîQ>r Iyn AmdS>ë¶m, ho D${‘©bmZo nÌmVyZ H$idbo.
Vgo Vw‘À¶m emioVrb H$moUH$moU˶m JmoîQ>r Vwåhm§bm Iyn AmdS>VmV, ho Vw‘À¶m ‘m‘mbm nÌ
{bhÿZ H$idm.
3. ~mB© Am{U D${‘©bm EH$‘oH$s¨er ’$moZda ~mobV AmhoV, Aer H$ënZm H$ê$Z ˶m§À¶mVrb g§dmX dJm©V
gmXa H$am.
Ioiy¶m eãXm§er.
‘r Va AmZ§XmZo CS>mboM. ¶emZo ˶mÀ¶m S>mo³¶mV hdm Jobr. Jdm©Mm ’w$Jm ’w$Q>bm Ago AmnU ~mobVmo.
"CS>Uo', "hdm OmUo', "’w$Jm ’w$Q>Uo' ¶m {H«$¶m§Mm eãXe… AW© ¶oWo A[^àoV Zmhr. Vem {H«$¶m à˶j KS>Vhr
ZmhrV, nU ‘ZmVbm ^md 춳V hmoVmo. Ago AZoH$ eãXà¶moJ amoOÀ¶m ~mobʶmV AmnU ghO H$aVmo. Aem
eãXà¶moJm§Mr ¶mXr H$am. {‘Ì‘¡{ÌUter Jßnm ‘maVmZm ˶mVrb J§‘V AZw^dm.
emoY KoD$¶m.
‘m{hVr KoʶmgmR>r qH$dm XoʶmgmR>r AZoH$ gmYZo AmhoV. nwT>rb nmZmdarb Mm¡H$Q>rV H$mhr gmYZo {Xbr
AmhoV. ˶m§Vrb H$mhr gmYZo EH$V’$s© d H$mhr gmYZo XþV’$s© ‘m{hVrMr XodmUKodmU H$aVmV. ˶m§Mr ‘m{hVr
{‘idm. EH$V’$s© ‘m{hVrMr XodmUKodmU H$aUmè¶m gmYZm§nwT>o Aer IyU H$am. Va XþV’$s© ‘m{hVrMr
XodmUKodmU H$aUmè¶m gmYZm§nwT>o Aer IyU H$am. ¶m gmYZm§Mo EH$V’$s© d XþV’$s© gmYZo Ago
dJuH$aU H$am.
23
CXm., {MR²>R>r
’°$³g ‘mo~mB©b dV©‘mZnÌ ‘wbmIV
nÌ Am§VaOmb ‘mo~mB©b g§Xoe Om{hamV
’$moZ ao{S>Amo g§^mfU
MMm© Xÿa{MÌdmUr ^mfU
Imbrb g§dmX dmMm. gd©Zm‘m§Zm AYmoao{IV H$am.
ZrVm … AmO AmnU PmoH$m Ioiy¶m.
‘§Xma … XmXm, Vy nU Mb Zm!
XmXm … ‘r Zmhr ¶oUma. ‘w½Ymbm Zo.
‘§Xma … Vr Am{U Am˶m ~mOmamV Joë¶m AmhoV.
XmXm … ˶m Amë¶m H$s Vwåhr Ioim.
ZrVm … Amåhr Zmhr IoiUma Vy Amë¶m{edm¶!
Imbrb dmŠ` dmMm. ˶mImbrb dmŠ`m§V "{nedr' EodOr `mo½` gd©Zm_o dmnê$Z dmŠ`o {bhm.
{nedr Iyn gw§Xa hmoVr.
(A) {nedrMm a§J Jwbm~r hmoVm.
(Am) {nedrV Iyn dñVy R>odVm `oV hmoË`m.
(B) {nedrbm H$mMm, _Ur bmdbobo hmoVo.
(B©) {nedr _mÂ`m _¡{ÌUtZm Iyn AmdS>br.
Imbrb dm³¶m§Vrb Jmiboë¶m OmJr H§$gmVrb ¶mo½¶ gd©Zm‘o {bhm.
(A) ........... ~mOmamVyZ ^mOr AmUy¶m.
(Vwåhr, AmnU, Amåhr)
(Am) AmB©Zo Oodm¶bm .......... Ho$bo Amho?
(H$moUr, H$moU, H$m¶)
(B) H$U© XmZeya hmoVm. .......... XaamoO XmZ Xçm¶Mm.
(Vmo, Vr, ˶m)
(B©) VmB©Zo .......... ‘¡{ÌUtgmR>r ñd¶§nmH$ Ho$bm.
({VÀ¶m, ˶mÀ¶m, ˶m§À¶m)
(C) AmO .......... Iyn ‘Om Ho$br.
(AmnU, ñdV…, Amåhr)
(D$) a‘oeZo .......... {‘Ìm§Zm dmT>{Xdgmbm ~mobdbo.
(˶mÀ¶m, {VÀ¶m, ˶m§À¶m)
24
9. OZmB©
XþnmaMr ‘moQ> Wm§~br Ver OZmB© CgmÀ¶m am¢ H$ê$Z AmdmO H$mZmda ¶oD$ bmJbm. "AJ§~mB©,
’$S>mVyZ ~mhoa Ambr. nmʶmMr Xma§ ‘moSy>Z H§$~a {d‘mZ!' åhUyZ {VZ§ da ~{KVb§, nU da H$mhrM
Yabr hmoVr. nmë¶mZ§ H$mnbob§ A§J gma§ ^J^JV ZìhV§! ZwgV§ H$moaS>§ Am^mi ngab§ hmoV§.
hmoV§. Ho$ìhm KamV OmD$Z nS>rZ, Ag§ {Vbm Pmb§ {Zi§^moa Am^mi. {MQ>nmIê$gwX²Ym ZìhV§
hmoV§; nU WoQ> dñVrda Z OmVm dmQ> dmH$S>r H$ê$Z Am{U am¢ am¢ am¢ Agm AmdmO VodT>m H$mZmda ¶oV
Vr e|Jm§À¶m dmdamV {eabr. AmO gmo‘dma. XmoZ hmoVm. Hw$R>yZ AmdmO ¶oVmo¶ ho H$ioZm Am{U P|Sy>
dob CnQy>Z ¿¶mdoV. nmoa§hr Mma e|Jm ImVrb Am{U ’w$Q>ë¶mJV Pmbm. C^§ amhm¶bm ZH$mo åhUyZ JS>~S>rZ§
Amnë¶mhr nmoQ>mbm Oam AmYma hmoB©b, åhUyZ dob CnQ>m¶bm Imbr dmH$br Am{U {d‘mZ g‘moê$Z
bJmbJm Vr e|Jm§À¶m dmdamV Ambr {Z ^wbë¶mJV A§Jmda Amë¶mMm ^mg Pmbm! Imbr Ho$bobr ‘mZ
~KV C^r am{hbr. da H$ê$Z ~KVr, Va g‘moaÀ¶m Mma H$mH$arMo dob
J°g~ËVrÀ¶m àH$memV {hadmJma emby PmJ‘mJ CbWonmbWo hmoV hmoVo. ^wB©‘wJmÀ¶m Amè¶m da CMbV
H$amdm Vg§ Vo dmda M‘H$V hmoV§. da D$Z Agb§ Var hmo˶m Am{U nm¶mImbMr O‘rZ hmXam XoV hmoVr.
Imbr Jma dmQ>V hmoV§. e|Jm§Zm Ambobr {ndir ’w$b§ am¢ am¢ am¢ Agm AmdmO Odi ¶oV hmoVm Am{U
dob~wQ²>Q>rJV {XgV hmoVr. {haì¶m-{ndiçm aoe‘r S>moiçm§Zr ~{KVb§ Va H$miçm {R>n³¶m§Mr EH$ Mma
Ym½¶m§Mm EH$ é‘mbM Imbr {dUbm hmoVm. am̧{Xdg dmd Vwir A§Jmda YmdyZ ¶oV hmoVr! "AJ§~mB©, gmn!'
Km‘ JmiyZ Amnë¶m hmVm§Zr H$mT>boë¶m ˶m åhUyZ OZmB© PQ>³¶mZ§ ‘mJo {’$abr Am{U O{‘Zrbm
H${eXçmH$S>o ~KV OZmB© WmoS>m doi C^r am{hbr nm¶ Z Q>oH$Vm dma§ gwQ>md§ Ver niV gwQ>br. ‘mJo Z
Am{U EH$mEH$s EH$ {d‘mZ Mmbë¶mMm AmdmO ~KVm WoQ> dñVrda ¶oD$Z WS>H$br. Ym~§ XUmUyZ
H$mZmda ¶oD$ bmJbm. ^a XþnmaMr doi Am{U am¢ am¢ Job§ hmoV§. {VÀ¶m {OdmV Ord ZìhVm. nmoQ>mV Km~am
{ejH$m§gmR>r … {dXçm϶mªH$Sy>Z JQ>mJQ>mZo àH$Q> dmMZ H$ê$Z ¿¶mdo. JQ>mVrb à˶oH$ {dXçm϶m©bm EH$-EH$ KQ>Zm H«$‘mZo
gm§Jm¶bm bmdmdr. nyU© H$Wm {dXçm϶mªZm gm§Jm¶bm bmdmdr.
25
nS>bm hmoVm. A§J gma§ Km‘mZ§ W~W~b§ hmoV§. "H$m ~m~m, Am‘Mr nmR> KoVbr¶g? H$emnm¶r
Vm|S>mdmQ>o eãX ’w$Q>V ZìhVm. dmMmM Joë¶mJV Pmbr ä¶m Xmdm¶ bmJbmB©g? Am‘À¶m amZmV dñVrbm
hmoVr. hmVnm¶ WaWaV hmoVo. D$a YmS>²YmS>² H$arV èhmBbmB©g, Va Am‘Mr amIZ H$aerb H$m ä¶m
hmoVm. dñVr H$er JmR>br hoM {Vbm g‘OV ZìhV§. Xmderb? VyM amIZ H$am¶ nm¶Oog. H$g§ H$g§
dñVr JmR>br ho Var Ia§ H$m, åhUyZ S>moiçm§Zr Vr Mmbb§¶ Vo Vy ~KVmog Ýhd§? H$em VèhoZ§ {Xdg
^modVr ~KV hmoVr. ‘ZmMr ImÌr H$ê$Z KoV hmoVr H§$R>m¶ bmJbmo¶, ho H$m¶ Vwbm åhmB©V ÝhmB©? ~m~m,
Am{U AmOy~mOyMo gmao ^mD$~§X Jmoim hmoD$Z ¶oV hmoV.o bB© Ord d¡VmJbm¶ ‘mPm! dñVrbm h¡g Am‘À¶m.
~KVm ~KVm gmar dñVr Jmoim hmoD$Z Ambr. bB© ÝhmB© WmoS>r Var Vwbm H$iH$i ¶m¶ nm¶Oo.
H$mbdm CS>mbm. "H$m¶ Pmb§ Am¶o?' åhUyZ nmoa§ Hw$UmM§ nmR>~i hm¶ H$m gm§J ~Ky Amåhm§bm?
nXambm Yê$Z {dMmê$ bmJbr. O‘m Pmbobr gmar ‘m¶m{edm¶ H$moZ ’w$S>§ hmoD$Z H$aZma hm¶ H$m
‘mUg§ Vm|S>mH$S>o ~KV am{hbr. AmVm H$m¶ gm§Jm¶M§? Am‘À¶m KamV? ‘J ~mB©‘mZgmbm BZmH$maUr Vamg
D$a AOyZ YS>YS>V hmoVm. H$mZm§Vbm AmdmO OmV XoU§ ho VwP§ H$m‘ Ýhm¶! ‘m¶m dmQ>§bm Vy OmD$Zog.
ZìhVm. H$mhr ~mobU§M gwXaV ZìhV§ Am{U H$g§ hçoÀ¶mnamg H$m¶ Vwbm ‘r AmVm Á¶mñV gm§JV
gm§Jm¶M§? Vmoda MwbV gmgamhr CRy>Z Ambm Am{U ÝhmB©. ... gm§Jm¶M§ Vo Vwbm g@@Ji§ gm§{JVb§¶.
{dMmê$ bmJbm, ""H$m¶ Pmb§ OZm? CZmMr Aer AmVm {Zdm§V Oam PmS>mImbr ~gyZ ^mH$ar ImVmo,
AmaS>V, niV H$m Ambrg?'' Vda Amnbm Hw$R>§Var JnJma {ZKyZ Om H$gm. ‘mPr
Ymn bmJbobm D$a {Vbm YS> ~moby XoV ZìhVm. ^mH$ar ImD$Z Pmbr åh§Oo ‘r Ow§Xim H$mnm¶bm
KS>bm àg§J H$gm~gm {VZ§ dU©Z Ho$bm Am{U bmJZma ~J! Ag§ ~gyZ H$g§ ^mJ§b? {Xdg
bmoH$m§À¶m Vm|S>mH$S>o ~KV Vr JßnM ~gyZ am{hbr. Vo ~wSy>ñVda ‘bm gJi§ amZ ‘moH$i§ H$am¶ nm¶Oo. ho
EoHy$Z gmar dñVr ä¶më¶mJV Pmbr. ä¶mM nS>b§. ~J, AmVm eodQ>M§ Vwbm hmV OmoS>Vmo, ‘r ‘am¶bmM
Amnë¶m amZmV EH$ ^wO§J Amho. n§Yam-drg EH$a Ambmo¶ ! H$m¶ H$am¶M§ Vo VwP§ Vy R>ard... ImD$ ‘r
amZ qhS>Vmo¶, Ag§ Amnë¶m dmS>dS>bm§H$Sy>Z ^mH$a AmVm?'
^mD$~§Xm§Zrhr EoH$b§ hmoV§. EoHy$Z gJiçm§Zm ‘mhrV nadmZJr KoVë¶mJV H$ê$Z OZmB© {VWZ§ hbbr.
hmoV§; nU Joë¶m Xhm dfmªV ˶mM§ Zmd H$Yr {ZKmb§ ~m§YmÀ¶m EH$m PmS>mImbr gmdbrbm ¶oD$Z ~gbr.
ZìhV§. H$Yr Hw$UmMr JmR>^oQ> ZìhVr. EH$Xm, XmoZXm ’$S>³¶mVbr ^mH$ar H$mTy>Z hmVmda KoVbr Am{U
˶mMr H$mV VodT>r amZmV AmT>ibr hmoVr, ˶mda amZmH$S>§ ~KV {Zdm§V Kmg ‘moSy> bmJbr. {VWo XmoZ
˶mMm H$Yr Xÿ‘ ZìhVm. H¡$H$ df} ˶mMm {dga KQ>H$m ~gyZ {VZ§ gmd{MËVmZ§ OodU Ho$b§. XmoÝhr
nS>ë¶mJVM Pmbm hmoVm. ˶mda AmO OZmB©bm Xe©Z ^mH$ar VodT>çm nmoQ>mV KmVë¶m. g§J§ AmUë¶mb§
{Xb§ hmoV§. dñVr gmar Mnmnë¶mJV Pmbr hmoVr. Vm§ã¶m^a nmUr ߶mbr. S>a©H$Z XmoZ T>oH$a Ambo Am{U
OZmB©À¶m nmoQ>mV Va IS²>S>mM nS>bm. Jmoim Pmbobo ‘J Vr CR>br. AmS>dm nXa ~m§YyZ amZmV {eabr.
^mD$~§X {ZKyZ Jobo Am{U EoH$bobm AmdmO H$mZmV hmVmV {dim KoVbm Am{U ‘ZJQ>mgmaIr YmQ>§ ^am^am
Kw‘V am{hbm. EH$ {d‘mZ gmaI§ {’$aV am{hb§. Imbr O{‘Zrbm bmoiU KoD$ bmJbr.
Varhr KamV ~gyZ ^mJUma ZìhV§. {OdmMm YS>m H$ê$Z - e§H$a nmQ>rb
OZmB© eoVmda OmV am{hbr. EH$ {Xdg "Vmo' g‘moa ¶oD$Z
R>mH$ë¶mda ‘mÌ {VZ§ ˶mbmM ~Omdb§-
26
eãXmW© … nmʶmMr Xmao ‘moS>Uo - nmQ>mMm àdmh ~XbUo. P|Sy> ’w$Q>Uo - ^rVrnmoQ>r Vm|S>mbm ’o$g ¶oUo.
Amar - ^wB©‘wJmMr O{‘Zrda ngabobr dob. dmd - hmVmZo ‘moOʶmMo ‘mn. Vwir - VwiB©. Xÿ‘ - nËVm.
hçoÀ¶mnamg - hçmnojm. gmd{MËVmZ§ - em§VnUo. YmQ>§ - Ádmar-~mOarMo H$Urg H$mnyZ am{hbobm ^mJ.
ñdmܶm¶
à. 1. EH$m dmŠ`mV CËVao {bhm.
(A) OZmB© CgmÀ¶m ’$S>mV H$moUVo H$m_ H$aV hmoVr?
(Am) e|Jm§À`m dmdamVyZ OmVmZm Ambobm AmdmO EoHy$Z OZmB©bm H$m¶ dmQ>bo?
(B) OZmB© H$m Km~ê$Z Jobr?
(B©) OZmB©bm eoVmV H$m Omdo bmJUma hmoVo?
à. 2. Imbrb dm³àMmam§Mm dmŠ`mV Cn`moJ H$am.
am̧{Xdg Km_ JmiUo, Ym~o XUmUUo, nmoQ>mV Km~am nS>Uo, nm`mImbMr O‘rZ hmXaUo.
à. 3. nmR>mV Amboë¶m JmoîQ>tMo boIH$mZo {d{eîQ> eãXm§V dU©Z Ho$bo Amho. ˶m§À¶m OmoS>çm Owidm.
"A' JQ> "~' JQ>
(1) e|Jm§Mo dmda (A) H$miçm {R>n³¶m§Mr Mma dmd Vwir
(2) e|Jm§Zm Ambobr {ndir ’w$bo (Am) {hadmJma emby
(3) gmn (B) {haì¶m-{ndiçm aoe‘r Ym½¶m§Mm é‘mb
(4) OodU H$ê$Z nmoQ> ^abo (B©) ‘ZJQ>mgmaIr YmQ>§
(5) OmS> YmQ>§ (C) S>a©H$Z XmoZ T>oH$a Ambo.
à. 4. Vw‘À¶m {ZarjUmdê$Z Imbrb JmoîQ>tMo dU©Z {bhm.
(A) nmdgmiçmV AmH$memV O‘bobo T>J - ...................................
(Am) nmD$g CKS>ë¶mZ§Va Vmaoda AmoirZo ~gbobo njr - ...................................
(B) ’w$bm§À¶m eoVmVrb ’w$bbobr ’w$bPmS>o - ...................................
(B©) JwéOtZr ’$içmda gw§Xa Ajam§V {b{hboë¶m Amoir - ...................................
à. 5. Vwåhm§bm AmdS>boë¶m nmR>mVrb XmoZ Amoir {bhm.
à. 6. {Xboë¶m n¶m©¶m§VyZ ¶mo½¶ n¶m©¶ {ZdS>m d dm³¶o nyU© H$am.
(A) OZmB©Mo A§J ^J^JV hmoVo, H$maU .......
(A) {VZo Iyn H$m‘ Ho$bo hmoVo.
(Am) CgmÀ¶m nmë¶mZ§ {VMo A§J H$mnbo hmoVo.
(B) {Vbm Pmon Ambr hmoVr.
(Am) OZmB© dmdamVyZ niV gwQ>br, H$maU .......
(A) {Vbm AmH$memV {d‘mZ {Xgbo.
(Am) {VÀ¶m A§Jmda gmn YmdyZ Ambm.
(B) {VMo H$m‘ g§nbo.
27
à. 7. ¶m H$WoMm gmam§e Vw‘À¶m ^mfoV {bhm.
à. 8. nmR>mV Ambobo ^wO§JmMo dU©Z Vwåhr dmMbo Amho. EImXr Jm` qH$dm ~¡b Vw_À`m g_moê$Z OmoamV
niV `oV Amho, Aer H$ënZm H$ê$Z Ë`mMo dU©Z Vw_À`m eãXm§V {bhm.
Xrnm {ha‘wgë¶m Mohè¶mZo Kar Ambr. {VMm nS>bobm Moham nmhÿZ AmB© ñdV…erM
åhUmbr, "Xrnm Zoh‘r hgV‘wI AgVo. AmO H$m¶ Pmb§ Agob? {dMmam¶bm nm{hOo.'
AmB© åhUmbr, ""AJ§ Xrnm, VwP§ Hw$Umer {~Zgb§¶ H$m? hëbr VwPr ‘¡ÌrU JrVm
Vw¶m~amo~a {XgV Zmhr.''
Xrnm åhUmbr, ""AmB©, ‘r JrVmÀ¶m ~mobʶmH$S>o H$mZmS>moim H$am¶M§ R>adb§ Amho. A{V
Pmb§ {Z hgy Amb§, Ag§M dmJVo gܶm Vr. A{V {VW§ ‘mVr, ho {Vbm H$g§ g‘OV Zmhr?
Á¶mbm ˶mbm CnXoemMo S>mog nmOV AgVo. A{V ehmUm ˶mMm ~¡b [aH$m‘m, Ag§ {VÀ¶m
nmR>r‘mJo gJio åhUVmV. Z‘Zmbm KS>m^a Vob Kmbm¶Mr {VMr gd¶ Vwbm ‘mhrVM Amho.
AmB©, hëbr gJiçm ‘¡{ÌUr {VÀ¶mnmgyZ Mma hmV bm§~M amhVmV. JrVmbm doirM gmdY
Ho$b§ nm{hOo. H$mhr Pmb§ Var JrVm ‘mPr OrdíM H§$R>íM ‘¡ÌrU Amho. {VÀ¶mgmR>r Ord
VwQ>Vmo ‘mPm. {Vbm H$moUr Zmd§ R>odbr, Va ‘m¶m {OdmMr Kmb‘ob hmoVo.''
28
10. a§J OmXþMo noQ>r‘Ybo
- nX²{‘Zr {~Zrdmbo
eãXmW© … {ZP©a - Pam. gaem - ZrQ>ZoQ>³¶m, CËV‘. AbJV - hiwdma. Jmadob - ’w$bm§Mr EH$ dob.
{ejH$m§gmR>r … H${dVoV Ambobo nwT>rb eãX {dXçmÏ`mªH$Sy>Z dmMyZ ¿`mdo. OmXþMo, KaHw$b, nm§T>è¶mVw{Z, Vm§~wg, nwT>{V,
A^mir. H${dVoV Jo¶VogmR>r ho eãX Ago {b{hbo AmhoV; na§Vw ‘OHw$amV {b{hVmZm OmXÿMo, KaHy$b, nm§T>è¶mVwZr,
Vm§~yg, nwT>Vr, Am^mir Ago {bhmdo, ho {dXçmÏ`mªZm g_OyZ gm§Jmdo.
29
ñdmܶm¶
à. 1. EH$m dm³¶mV CËVao {bhm.
(A) {hado amKy H$moR>o CS>V AmhoV?
(Am) {ZP©a H$moRy>Z d H$go dmhVmV?
(B) {MÌmVrb q^Vr H$em V¶ma hmoVmV?
(B©) nmD$bdmQ>odê$Z H$moU ¶oVo?
à. 2. Imbrb àíZm§Mr CËVao {bhm.
(A) B§ÐYZwî¶mVrb a§Jm§Zm "OmXÿÀ¶m noQ>rVrb a§J' Ago H$m åhQ>bo Amho?
(Am) H${dVoV {Xboë¶m à˶oH$ a§JmÀ¶m à˶oH$s nmM-nmM JmoîQ>tMr Zmdo {bhm.
à. 3. Imbrb eãXm§Mo g‘mZmWu eãX {bhm.
(A) Am^mi (Am) {ZP©a (B) amKy (B©) Ka (C) dob
à. 4. Vwåhm§bm H$moU˶m a§JmMo H$nS>o OmñV AmdS>VmV? Vo H$m AmdS>VmV Vo gm§Jm.
à. 5. H${dVoV gm§{JVboë¶m {MÌmà‘mUo {MÌ H$mT>m. H${dVoV gwMdë¶mà‘mUo a§Jm§Mm dmna H$ê$Z Vo {MÌ a§Jdm.
à. 6. Vw‘À¶m ñdV…À¶m KamMo {MÌ H$mT>m. KamMo dU©Z H$aUmar H${dVm H$am.
CnH«$‘ … 1. nmD$g nSy>Z Jo>ë¶mZ§Va H$YrH$Yr AmH$memV B§ÐYZwî¶ {XgVo. ˶mMo {ZarjU H$am. ˶mMo {MÌ
H$mT>m d a§Jdm.
2. gH$mir, Xþnmar d gm¶§H$mir AmH$memMo {ZarjU H$am. ˶mdoir AmH$memV {XgUmè¶m T>Jm§Mo
a§J d AmH$ma bjmV R>odm. nm{hboë¶m Ñí¶mMo dU©Z dJm©V H$am.
3. n[agamVrb Kao, dZñnVr, nmIao, àmUr ¶m§Mo {ZarjU H$am. VoWo H$moUH$moUVo a§J dmnabo
AmhoV Vo nmhm. OmñV à‘mUmV dmnaë¶m OmUmè¶m XmoZ-VrZ a§Jm§Mr Zmdo {bhm.
4. n[agamVrb Kam§À¶m {IS>³¶m, Xmao ¶m§Mo {ZarjU H$am. ˶m V¶ma H$aʶmgmR>r H$moUH$moU˶m
dñVy dmnaë¶m AmhoV, ˶m§Zm H$moUH$moUVo a§J {Xbobo AmhoV ¶mMr ‘m{hVr {‘idm. dJm©V
gm§Jm.
Ioiy¶m eãXm§er.
H${dVoV "{IS>³¶mXmao' hm eãX Ambm Amho. ¶mMm AW© "{IS>³¶m d Xmao' Agm hmoVmo. ¶mgmaIo AmUIr
eãX emoYm d {bhm.
H${dVoV "gIogmo~Vr' hm OmoS>eãX Ambm Amho. gIo Am{U gmo~Vr XmoÝhr eãXm§Mm AW© EH$M Amho.
¶mgmaIo eãX ‘mhrV H$ê$Z ¿¶m.
30
ho H$ê$Z nmhm.
1. Vw‘À¶m AmdS>rÀ¶m dñVy dmnê$Z KamMr à{VH¥$Vr V¶ma H$am. KamÀ¶m doJdoJiçm ^mJm§Zm Vw‘À¶m
AmdS>rMo a§J Xçm.
2. dmMm d H¥$Vr H$ê$Z nmhm.
a§J OmXwMo noQ>r‘Ybo B§ÐYZyMo AgVr, n[aKmn¶ªV g‘mZ A§Vamda gmV aofm H$mT>m, åhUOo
nm§T>è¶mVw{Z {ZKVr gmVr, nwÝhm nm§T>ao hmoVr. Jmobmda gmV gmaIo ^mJ {XgVrb. à˶oH$ ^mJmbm
H${dVoVrb ¶m Amoir Vwåhr dmMë¶m. ˶mMm EH$ a§J ¶mà‘mUo Vm§~S>m, Zm[a¨Jr, {ndim, {hadm,
nS>Vmim KoʶmgmR>r EH$ N>moQ>mgm à¶moJ H$am. {Zim, nmadm Am{U Om§^im Ago a§J Xçm.
EH$ nwR²>R>m ¿¶m. ˶m nwR²>R>çmda Xhm go‘r AmVm {Iim qH$dm Vma hmVmV Yê$Z nwR²>R>m
{ÌÁ¶oMm Jmob H$mnm. ˶mÀ¶m ‘ܶ^mJr {N>Ð nmS>m. Jmob {’$adm. JmobmMr JVr H$‘r AgVo, Voìhm
˶m {N>ÐmV EH$ bm§~Q> AmH$mamMm {Iim qH$dm {d{dY a§J AmoiIy ¶oVmV. OmñV JVr {Xë¶mda
gai Vma Kmbm. OoUoH$ê$Z hm Jmob ˶m^modVr H$m¶ hmoVo, ¶mMo {ZarjU H$am d gm§Jm.
JmobmH$ma {’$ê$ eHo$b. JmobmÀ¶m H|$ÐmnmgyZ
Vm§ Zm
Om§ {n
nm {h
{Z
‘m{hVr {‘idy¶m.
¶m a§Jm§Zm àW‘ loUrMo a§J qH$dm àm¶‘ar ¶m a§Jm§Zm X²{dVr¶ loUrMo a§J qH$dm
H$bg© åhUVmV. goH§$S>ar H$bg© åhUVmV.
àW‘ loUrMo H$moUVohr XmoZ a§J ¶mo½¶ à‘mUmV {‘gië¶mZo X²{dVr¶ loUrMm a§J V¶ma hmoVmo.
X²{dVr¶ loUrMo H$moUVohr XmoZ a§J ¶mo½¶ à‘mUmV {‘gië¶mZo V¥Vr¶ loUrMm a§J V¶ma hmoVmo.
31
11. H$R>rU g‘¶ ¶oVm...
gmam àH$ma nm{hbm Am{U ‘moQ>agm¶H$b añ˶mÀ¶m
H$S>obm bmdyZ Vo JmS>rH$S>o Ymdbo. n{hë¶m§Xm ~¡bm§Mm
H¥$îUmH$mR>r dgbobo amOmnya ho EH$ Jmd. gmIa Ji’$mg gmoS>dyZ Vo JmS>rdmZmH$S>o dibo. JmS>rdmZ
H$maImݶm‘wio ¶m n[agamV ‘moR>çm à‘mUmV D$g OI‘r ‘wbrbm CMbyZ KoD$Z "gHy$...gHy$...'
{nH$dbm OmVmo. CgmMr dmhVyH$ ~¡bJmS>rVyZ Ho$br åhUV JmS>r^modVr ì¶mHy$i hmoD$Z {’$aV am{hbm;
OmVo. H$maImݶmn¶ªV H$ÀMo-n³Ho$ añVo AmhoV. nU ˶mÀ¶m ~m¶H$moMm R>md{R>H$mUm bmJV ZìhVm.
EH$m‘mJyZ EH$ CgmÀ¶m JmS>çm H$maImݶmH$S>o OmVmV. ‘moQ>agm¶H$bdê$Z Amboë¶m EH$m VéU
‘wbmZo àg§JmdYmZ gmYyZ ~mBH$bm {H$H$
‘mabr Am{U emiH$ar ‘wbm§Mo nmT>o EoHy$
¶oV hmoVo ˶m {Xeobm ~mBH$ nidbr.
emioÀ¶m nm¶arer ~mBH$ bmdyZ WoQ>
dJm©V JwéOtÀ¶m g‘moa hmV OmoSy>Z C^m
am{hbm d åhUmbm, ""ga... añ˶mda
CgmMr JmS>r nbQ>r Pmbr AZ² IS²>S>çmV
nS>br Amho Am{U EH$ ~mB© Imbr X~yZ
Jobr Amho. ˶m ~mB©Mm Ord dmMdm¶bm
EHo${Xder ~¡b WH$ë¶m‘wio EH$ ~¡bJmS>r BVa hdm. ‘wbm§Zr {VÀ¶m A§Jmdarb CgmMo ~m§Yo CMbbo
~¡bJmS>çm§À¶m ~arM ‘mJo am{hbr hmoVr. ‘w§S>mgo Var Vr ~mB© dmMob. bdH$a Mbm! ßbrO...''
Jw§S>mibobm JmS>rdmZ JmS>r hmH$V hmoVm. JmS>rda {ejH$m§Zr bJoM gyMZm Ho$br, ""‘wbm§Zmo,
˶mMr gmV-AmR> dfmªMr ‘wbJr d ~mOybmM ˶mMr Amnë¶m emioÀ¶m ~mhoa AnKmV Pmbm Amho.
~m¶H$mo ~gbobr hmoVr. {VH$S>o bdH$a Mbm. emioÀ¶m ~mhoa nS>m.''
Vr ~¡bJmS>r ~§Ymè¶mbJVÀ¶m CVmambm bmJbr. Vw’$mZ Amë¶mà‘mUo dJm©Vbo gmao {dXçmWu ^am^am
añ˶mÀ¶m ~mOybm ImoXboë¶m ‘moR>çm IS²>S>çmOdi dJm©~mhoa Ambo. gd© {dXçm϶mªZm KoD$Z {ejH$
¶oVmM AmdmO Pmbm. ~¡bJmS>rMo EH$ MmH$ {ZIiyZ KQ>ZmñWimH$S>o Jobo.
~mOybm nS>bo. CgmZo ^abobr JmS>r EH$m ~mOybm nbQ>r Pmboë¶m JmS>rOdi ¶oVmM XmoÝhrH$S>rb
H$bë¶m‘wio JmS>rdmZmMr ~m¶H$mo ˶m IS²>S>çmV dmhZo AS>dʶmgmR>r Mma-Mma ‘wbm§Zr añ˶mda
nS>br. dê$Z CgmMo ~m§Yo {VÀ¶m A§Jmda nSy> bmJbo. AmS>dr gmIir Ho$br Am{U ~mH$sÀ¶m§Zr {ejH$m§À¶m
JmS>rda ~gbobr ‘wbJr EH$sH$S>o ’o$H$br Jobr. ‘mJ©Xe©ZmZo XmoaI§S> ~m§YyZ JmS>r gai Ho$br.
JmS>rdmZ ~¡bm§Mm H$mgam Yê$Z YS>nS>V H$gm~gm H$mhr ‘wbo ^am^am D$g Cngy bmJbr. CgmÀ¶m
O{‘Zrda Ambm; nU JmS>r CbQ>br Am{U ~¡bm§À¶m {T>Jmè¶mImbr JmS>rdmZmMr ~m¶H$mo {ZnMrV nS>br
Jiçmbm EH$mEH$s ’$mg ~gbm. Vmo IS²>S>m Va CgmZo hmoVr. gdmªÀ¶m H$miOmV Yñg Pmbo, H$maU {VMm
nyU©V… PmH$bm Jobm. ídmghr JwX‘abm hmoVm.
Vo XmoZ VéU, {ejH$ Am{U JmS>rdmZ ¶m§Zr
Zo‘Ho$ ¶mM doir XmoZ ñWm{ZH$ VéU ~mBH$dê$Z
‘moR>çm H$îQ>mZo {Vbm IS²>S>çmVyZ ~mhoa H$mT>bo
H$maImݶmH$S>o Omʶmg {ZKmbo hmoVo. ˶m§Zr hm
32
Am{U añ˶mÀ¶m H$S>obm EH$m PmS>mImbr AmUbo. é‘mb P|S>çmgmaIm hmbdV nwT>o {ZKmbm. g‘moê$Z
JmS>rdmZmMr ‘wbJr em°H$ ~gë¶mgmaIr ^oXaboë¶m ¶oUmar dmhZo ~mOybm hmoV hmoVr. OI‘r ‘m¶boH$s,
ZOaoZo AmB©H$S>o nmhVM am{hbr. {dXçm{W©Ztn¡H$s JmS>rdmZ, EH$ VéU, {ejH$ Am{U Mma {dXçmWu
H$mhtZr ˶m ~mB©À¶m hmVmnm¶m§Mo Vido Kmgbo, Va KoD$Z Vr JmS>r J«m‘rU é½Umb¶mH$S>o {ZKmbr.
EH$m ‘wbrZo Vm|S>mX²dmao H¥${Ì‘ ídmgmoÀN>²dmg gwê$ BH$S>o AnKmV Pmë¶mMr ~mV‘r H$iVmM nwT>o
H$aʶmMm à¶ËZ Mmbdbm. ~è¶mM à¶ËZm§Z§Va Joboë¶m ~¡bJmS>çm§daMo H$mhr JmS>rdmZ ‘mJo Ambo.
Vr WmoS>r hmbMmb H$aVmZm {Xgbr, Ver "E... ˶m§Zr Vr nbQ>r Pmbobr JmS>r ~¡bm§gh hiyhiy
Am¶mo@@!' åhUyZ {VÀ¶m ‘wbrZo {Vbm {‘R>r ‘mabr. ‘mJu bmdbr. H$mhr JmS>rdmZ é½Umb¶mV nmohmoMbo.
gJiçm§Zm hm¶go dmQ>bo. ‘wbm§Mohr S>moio nmUmdbo. ˶m XmoZ VéUm§Zr H$maImݶmÀ¶m A{YH$mè¶m§Zm
˶m gdmªZm ˶m ~mB©‘ܶo Amnmnbr AmB© {Xgbr ’$moZ H$ê$Z H$idë¶mZo Vohr é½Umb¶mV nmohmoMbo.
Agmdr. H$O©, CgZdmarZo AJmoXaM IMboë¶m JmS>rdmZmbm
H$miOr dmQ>V hmoVr. H$maImݶmMo
A{YH$mar ˶mÀ¶m OI‘r Hw$Qw>§~mbm
Yra XoD$Z åhUmbo, ""Km~ê$ ZH$m....
Vw‘À¶m ‘XVrbm {H$Vr bmoH$ AmboV
nmhm.'' JmS>rdmZ Jmo§Yibm hmoVm.
˶mÀ¶m nmR>rda hmV R>odV {ejH$
åhUmbo, ""Vw‘Mr ~m¶H$mo {Od§V Amho
hrM bmI ‘mobmMr JmoîQ>. H$miOr
H$ê$ ZH$m, ˶m bdH$a ~è¶m hmoVrb.''
H$maImݶmMo A{YH$mar åhUmbo,
""XdmImݶmÀ¶m IMm©Mo Amåhr nmhÿ.
BV³¶mV emioVyZ AmUIr H$mhr ‘wbm§Zm KoD$Z Vw¶m H$m‘mMohr nmhÿ. Vwbm AmUIr
‘w»¶mܶmnH$ ñdV… ˶m {R>H$mUr Ambo. ˶m§À¶m H$mhr hdo Agë¶mg gm§J.'' Y³H$m ~gboë¶m
‘mJ©Xe©ZmImbr EH$m {dXçm϶m©Zo H$mngmÀ¶m ˶m JmS>rdmZmbm hþ§XHo$ AmdaVm AmdaoZmV.
~moiçm§Zr Am¶moS>rZ bmdyZ ˶m ~mB©À¶m OI‘m ñdÀN> A{YH$mè¶mÀ¶m AmídmgZmZo ^mamdyZ OmD$Z ˶mZo
Ho$ë¶m. OI‘r ‘wbrÀ¶m H$nmimda Ambobo a³V nwgyZ A{YH$mè¶mMo, JwéOtMo nm¶ Yê$Z Aly§Zm dmQ>
OI‘oda nQ²>Q>r ~m§Ybr. JmS>rdmZmMr ~m¶H$mo doXZm§Zr ‘moH$ir H$ê$Z {Xbr.
{dìhiV hmoVr. H$Xm{MV ˶m ~mB©À¶m hmVmMo hmS> Á¶m XmoZ VéUm§Zr ‘XV Ho$br, Vo nÌH$ma
’°«$³Ma Pmbo Agmdo. hmoVo. ˶m§Zr AnKmVmMr g{dñVa ~mV‘r ’$moQ>mogh
BV³¶mV EH$ gw‘moJmS>r añ˶mZo Ambr. d¥ËVnÌmVyZ à{gX²Y Ho$br. {dXçm϶mªZr Ho$boë¶m
{dXçm϶mªZr Vr Wm§~dbr. {VÀ¶mVbo àdmgr AmnËVr ì¶dñWmnZm~X²Xb gJiçm§Zr ˶m§Mo H$m¡VwH$
Imbr CVabo Am{U àg§JmMo Jm§^r¶© OmUyZ ˶m§Zr Ho$bo. AZoH$ ‘mݶdam§Zr emiobm A{^Z§XZmMr nÌo
Amnbr JmS>r A±ã¶wbÝgà‘mUo dmnam¶bm {Xbr. nmR>dbr.
˶m VéUmÀ¶m ‘moQ>agm¶H$bda EH$ {dXçmWu ‘mJo - ‘Zmoha ^mogbo
~gbm Am{U ˶m gw‘moJmS>rÀ¶m nwT>o bmb a§JmMm
33
eãXmW© … ‘w§S>mgo - S>mo³¶mbm ~m§Ym¶Mo nmJmoQ>o. ì¶mHy$i hmoUo - H$mgmdrg hmoUo. CgmMo ~m§Yo - CgmÀ¶m
‘moiçm. nbQ>r hmoUo - CbQ>Uo. XmoaI§S> - OmS> Xmoa. {ZnMrV nS>Uo - hmbMmb Z hmoVm nSy>Z amhUo.
H$miOmV Yñg hmoUo - Iyn Km~aUo. ^oXaUo - ^rVrZo Km~aUo. hm¶go dmQ>Uo - g‘mYmZ dmQ>Uo, g§H$Q>mVyZ
gwQ>ë¶mgmaIo dmQ>Uo.
ñdmܶm¶
à. 1. H$m Vo gm§Jm.
(A) n{hë¶m§Xm ~¡bm§Mm Ji’$mg gmoS>dyZ ‘J Vo VéU JmS>rdmZmH$S>o dibo.
(Am) JmS>rdmZ ì¶mHy$i hmoD$Z JmS>r^modVr {’$aV hmoVm.
(B) ‘moQ>agm¶H$bdê$Z Ambobm EH$ VéU emioV OmD$Z JwéOtZm ^oQ>bm.
(B©) JmS>rdmZmMr ‘wbJr AmB©H$S>o ^oXaboë¶m ZOaoZo nmhV hmoVr.
à. 2. VrZ-Mma dm³¶m§V CËVao {bhm.
(A) JmS>rdmZmMr ~m¶H$mo CgmÀ¶m {T>Jmè¶mImbr X~br Jobr, ho ˶m XmoZ VéUm§Zr H$go AmoiIbo
Agob?
(Am) {ejH$ {dXçm϶mªZm KoD$Z bJoM KQ>ZmñWimH$S>o H$m {ZKmbo?
(B) JmS>rdmZmbm hþ§XHo$ H$m AmdaV ZìhVo?
à. 3. ¶m nmR>mVrb Imbrbn¡H$s H$moUmMr ^y{‘H$m Vwåhm§bm gdmªV OmñV ‘hËËdmMr dmQ>br? H$m Vo gm§Jm.
(A) nÌH$ma (Am) {ejH$ Am{U ˶m§Mo {dXçmWu (B) ‘w»¶mܶmnH$ (B©) H$maImݶmMo A{YH$mar.
à. 4. dm³¶mV Cn¶moJ H$am.
àg§JmdYmZ amIUo, H$miOmV Yñg hmoUo, ^oXaboë¶m ZOaoZo nmhUo, hm¶go dmQ>Uo, S>moio nmUmdUo,
àg§JmMo Jm§^r¶© OmUUo, ‘mJu bmdUo, {ZnMrV nS>Uo.
à. 5. nmR>mVrb {déX²YmWu eãXm§À¶m OmoS>çm emoYm d {bhm.
à. 6. ¶m nmR>mVrb KQ>ZogmaIr EImXr KQ>Zm Vwåhr nm{hbr Agob qH$dm EoH$br Agob, Va ˶m KQ>ZoMo
dU©Z H$am.
à. 7. Imbrb eãXm§Zm n¶m©¶r ‘amR>r eãX {bhm.
~mBH$, ßbrO, em°H$ ~gUo, ’«°$³Ma, A±ã¶wbÝg.
CnH«$‘ … Vw‘À¶m JmdmOdiÀ¶m gmIa H$maImݶmg {ejH$m§gmo~V ^oQ> Xçm.
VoWrb n[aga {’$ê$Z Imbrb JmoîQ>tMo {ZarjU H$am. ‘m{hVr {‘idm.
(A) eoVmVrb D$gVmoS>Ur.
(Am) CgmÀ¶m ‘moiçm qH$dm ~m§Yo ~m§YUo.
(B) CgmÀ¶m ‘moiçm JmS>rV ^aUo.
(B©) H$maImݶmn¶ªV CgmMr dmhVyH$ H$aUo.
(C) CgmMo Jmin H$aUo d H$maImݶmVrb BVa H$m‘o.
(D$) H$maImݶmÀ¶m n[agamVrb D$gVmoS> d dmhVyH$ H$aUmè¶m ‘Owam§Mr dñVr.
34
Imbrb g§dmX dmMm. AYmoao{IV Ho$boë¶m eãXm§H$S>o {deof bj Xçm.
~§Sy>
… gwQ²>Q>rV ‘r ‘m‘mH$S>o Jobmo hmoVmo.
bVm … Amåhr Zmhr Jobmo Hw$R>ohr!
~§Sy>
… ‘J Vy gwQ²>Q>rV H$m¶ Ho$b§g?
bVm … ‘m¶mH$S>o Iyn nwñVH§$ AmhoV.
{‘Zy… {Vbm dmMm¶bm AmdS>V§.
bVm … Vwbm Zmhr H$m AmdS>V?
{‘Zy… ‘bm nU AmdS>V§ Zm!
~§Sy>
… JwéOtZr Amnë¶mbm dmMZmM§ ‘hËËd gm§{JVb§¶.
bVm … Vo nQ>b§¶ Amåhm§bm.
{‘Zy… AmnU gmao dmMy¶m.
bVm … Mm§Jbo dmMH$ ~Zy¶m.
(1) H$moUVo gd©Zm‘ H$moU˶m Zm‘mgmR>r Ambo Amho Vo AmoiIm. {bhm.
Ogo … ‘r - ~§Sy> ñdV…gmR>r dmnaVmo.
(2) ¶m nmR>mVrb gd©Zm‘o emoYm d {bhm.
emoY KoD$¶m.
Imbrb gyMZm ’$bH$ dmMm. Imbrb gyMZm H$moR>o-H$moR>o AgVmV Vo gm§Jm. Vw‘À¶m emioÀ¶m n[agamV
H$moUH$moU˶m gyMZm§Mo ’$bH$ bmdVm ¶oVrb, Vo {‘Ìm§er MMm© H$ê$Z R>adm. Vgo gyMZm ’$bH$ V¶ma H$am.
hm ImgJr añVm Amho. ¶oWo H$Mam Q>mHy$ Z¶o. ¶oWo Om{hamVr bmdy Z¶oV.
¶oWo Ww§Hy$ Z¶o. ¶oWo dmhZo bmdy Z¶oV. ho {nʶmMo nmUr Amho.
35
12. ‘mirU Jmd … EH$ KQ>Zm
nwUo {OëhçmVrb S>m|Jam‘ܶo dgbobo ‘mirU Jmd. 30 Owb¡ 2014 `m {Xder
àM§S> nmdgm_wio XaS> H$mogiyZ ho Jmd JmS>bo Jobo. ˶mV ‘Zwî¶hmZr Pmbr. ¶m ~mV‘rZo ‘hmamîQ´>M
Zìho, Va gJim Xoe hihibm. `m KQ>Zog§X^m©Vrb dV©‘mZnÌm§Vrb ~mVå¶m§À¶m erf©H$m§Mr hr H$mÌUo.
36
{dMma H$am. emoY ¿¶m.
1. ¶m KQ>Zo‘mJo H$moUH$moUVr H$maUo AgVrb, Ago H$moUH$moU˶m AS>MUr {Z‘m©U hmoV AgVrb?
Vwåhm§bm dmQ>Vo? {dMma H$am d {bhm.
2. Zmgm hr g§ñWm H$moR>o Amho, Vr H$m¶ H$m‘ H$aVo, 4. XþK©Q>ZmJ«ñVm§Zm H$moUH$moU˶m ñdê$nmV ‘XV
¶mMr {ejH$m§À¶m ‘XVrZo ‘m{hVr {‘idm. H$aVm ¶oB©b Vo {bhm.
3. Aem àH$maMr XþK©Q>Zm KS>ë¶mda ˶m {R>H$mUr
CnH«$‘ … 1. Vw‘À¶m n[agamVrb, JmdmVrb KSy>Z Joboë¶m AmnËH$mbrZ KQ>Zm§{df¶r ‘m{hVr {‘idm.
2. {ejH$m§À¶m ‘XVrZo Eo{Vhm{gH$ H$mimVrb EImXçm KQ>ZoMr ‘m{hVr {‘idm.
CXm., ‘moh|OmoXS>mo, hS>ßnm g§ñH¥$Vr, {H$ëbmarMm ^yH§$n.
3. AmnËH$mbrZ àg§Jr Vw‘À¶m JmdmVyZ ‘XV Jmoim Ho$br OmV Agob, Va ˶m{df¶r ‘m{hVr
{‘idm.
4. Z¡g{J©H$ AmnËVr d ‘mZd{Z{‘©V AmnËVr ¶m§{df¶r {ejH$m§À¶m ‘XVrZo ‘m{hVr {‘idm.
5. PmS>o, àmUr, 춳Vr ¶m§À¶m Zmdm§dê$Z Jmdm§Mr Zmdo nS>VmV. {‘Ì‘¡{ÌUter MMm© H$ê$Z Aem
Zmdm§Mr ¶mXr H$am.
6. Z¡g{J©H$ AmnËVtg§~§{YV ~mVå¶m§Mr H$mÌUo dV©‘mZnÌm§VyZ H$mTy>Z dhrV {MH$Q>dm.
37
13. gU EH$ {XZ!
eãXmW© … ~mqeJ - ~¡bmÀ¶m H$nmimda ~m§YʶmMo H$mJXmMo qH$dm ~oJS>mMo Am^yfU, H$mhr {R>H$mUr b½ZmV
Zdam-ZdarÀ¶m H$nmimbm ~m§YVmV. EoZoXma - bhmZ bhmZ Amago bmdyZ Ho$bobr emo{^d§V gOmdQ>.
XþbXþbUo - hmbUo. dqeS> - ~¡bm§À¶m nmR>rdarb C§M ^mJ. Im|S> - VéU ~¡b, Jmoèhm. AdIi - Mni.
AmgyS> - Mm~yH$. YZr - ‘mbH$. dogU - ~¡bmÀ¶m ZmH$mVyZ KmVbobr Xmoar.
38
ñdmܶm¶
à. 1. EH$m dm³¶mV CËVao {bhm.
(A) ~¡bm§À¶m H$nmimda H$m¶ ~m§Ybo Amho?
(Am) AdIi H$moU Amho?
(B) ~¡bm§À¶m JiçmV H$m¶ Amho?
(B©) PwbrImbr H$m¶ Agob Ago H$drbm dmQ>Vo?
(C) df©^a ~¡b H$m¶ H$aVmV?
à. 2. XmoZ-VrZ dm³¶m§V CËVao {bhm.
(A) ¶m gUmbm ~¡bm§Zm H$go gOdVmV?
(Am) ~¡bnmoiçmÀ¶m {Xder ~¡bm§Zm H$go {‘adV ZoVmV?
(B) ~¡bmbm dogU H$m KmVbobr AgVo?
(B©) "gU EH$ {XZ' Ago H$dr H$m åhUVmo?
à. 3. Imbrb gUm§À¶m gOmdQ>rbm H$moUH$moU˶m dñVy dmnaVmV?
(A) JUoemoËgd (Am) {Xdmir (B) {¼g‘g
à. 4. OmoS>çm Owidm.
"A' JQ> "~' JQ>
(A) a§Jdbobr (1) Jm|S>o
(Am) emo{^d§V (2) Im|S>o
(B) XþbXþbUmar (3) qeJo
(B©) AdIi (4) dqeS>o
à. 5. ~¡bnmoiçmÀ¶m gUmMm {Xdg g§në¶mda ~¡bmbm H$m¶ dmQ>V Agob, ¶m{df¶r H$ënZm H$ê$Z
WmoS>³¶mV {bhm.
CnH«$‘ … 1. Vw‘À¶m AmOmo~m§er, d{S>bm§er ~¡bnmoiçm{df¶r Jßnm ‘mam. ˶m§À¶m bhmZnUr hm gU Vo
H$gm gmOam H$am¶Mo ˶mMr ‘m{hVr ¿¶m.
2. Vw‘À¶m JmdmV, n[agamV ~¡bm§Zm, nmiboë¶m Hw$Ͷm§Zm d ‘m§Oam§Zm ào‘mZo Zmdo XoVmV. Aem
Zmdm§Mr ‘m{hVr {‘idm. dJm©V gm§Jm.
3. ~¡bm§Mo doJdoJio àH$ma AgVmV. CXm., bmb H§$Ymar ~¡b, {Iëbmar ~¡b. ¶m àH$mam§{df¶r
‘m{hVr {‘idm.
4. gU, àmUr, njr ¶m§À¶mda AmYm[aV H${dVm {‘idm. {‘idboë¶m H${dVm EH$Ì H$am. ˶m
H${dVm§Mm H$mì¶JwÀN> V¶ma H$am Am{U ˶mMo dJm©V dmMZ H$am.
ho H$ê$Z nmhm.
‘mVrMo ~¡b ~ZdyZ ˶m§Zm a§J Xçm d gOdm.
39
‘m{hVr {‘idy¶m.
Amnbm Xoe eoVràYmZ Amho. Amnbr g§ñH¥$Vr H¥$fr g§ñH¥$Vr Amho. Amnbo gU-g_ma§^hr H¥$frer
{ZJ{S>V AmhoV. eoVH$ar D$Z-nmD$g, dmam ¶m§Mr ndm© Z H$aVm eoVmV H$m~mS>H$îQ> H$aVmo, Voìhm Hw$R>o eoVmV
nrH$ ¶oVo. ˶mbm eoVmV AZoH$ àH$maMr H$m‘o AgVmV. CXm., Zm§JaUr, noaUr, H$moinUr dJ¡ao.
AbrH$S>À¶m H$mimV {dkmZ d V§ÌkmZmVrb àJVr‘wio eoVrVrb H$m‘mV ZdZdrZ ¶§Ìm§Mm dmna gwê$
Pmbm Amho. ~¡bm§Mr H$m‘o ¶§Ìo H$ê$ bmJbr AmhoV. AmYw{ZH$ V§ÌkmZmZo eoVrVrb H$m‘o PQ>nQ> hmoD$ bmJbr
AmhoV. ˶m‘wio ~¡b H$aV Agbobr eoVrVrb H$m‘ohr H$‘r Pmbr AmhoV. Jmdm-Jmdm§Vrb ~¡bm§Mr g§»¶m
amoS>mdbr Amho. Jmo~aJ°g, O¡{dH$ IVm§Mm dmna ¶m§Mo à‘mUhr H$‘r Pmbo Amho.
JmdmoJmdr CËgmhmV ~¡bnmoiçmMm gU gmOam hmoV hmoVm; nU AmVm ˶mMo à‘mU H$‘r hmoV Mmbbo
Amho. nydu à˶oH$ eoVH$è¶mH$S>o JmoR>m Agm¶Mm. ˶mV AZoH$ OZmdao Agm¶Mr; nU AmVm {H$VrVar eoVH$ar
Ho$di ‘mVrMo ~¡b AmUyZ ~¡bnmoim gmOam H$aVmV. hm gU doJdoJiçm ^mJm§V doJdoJiçm _{hÝ`m§V gmOam
Ho$bm OmVmo. ~¡bnmoim gUmg H$mhr ^mJmV "~|Xÿa' Ago åhUVmV.
nè`m H$m` ~mobë`m?
Xÿa W§S> à«XoemVrb nd©VmÀ¶m nm`Ï`mer EH$m JwhoV gmV nè`m amhm`À`m. {S>g|~aÀ¶m ‘{hݶmV {VWo ~\©$
nS>m¶Mm. ~\$m©V ^Q>Hy$Z, IoiyZ Pmb§, H$s amÌr nè`m Ë`m§À`m JwhoVë`m XþbB©V {eê$Z JwSy>n Pmonr Om`À`m.
AemM EH$m amÌr Ë`m Pmonë`m AZ² gH$mir CRy>Z ~mhoa Amë`m. JwhoVë`m nè`m ~mobÊ`mV EH$mhÿZ EH$
nQ>mB©V hmoË`m.
n{hbr nar … gH$mi Pmbr. _r XþbB©VyZ ~mhoa nS>bo.
Xþgar nar … gH$mi Pmbr. _r C~Xma XþbB©VyZ ~mhoa nS>bo.
{Vgar nar … gH$mi Pmbr. _r _D$_D$, C~Xma XþbB©VyZ ~mhoa nS>bo.
Mm¡Wr nar … gH$mi Pmbr. _r ñdÀN>, _D$_D$, C~Xma XþbB©VyZ ~mhoa nS>bo.
nmMdr nar … gH$mi Pmbr. _r...., ñdÀN>, _D$_D$, C~Xma XþbB©VyZ ~mhoa nS>bo.
ghmdr nar … gH$mi Pmbr. _r ...., ...., ñdÀN>, _D$_D$, C~Xma XþbB©VyZ ~mhoa nS>bo.
gmVdr nar … gH$mi Pmbr. _r ...., ...., ...., ñdÀN>, _D$_D$, C~Xma XþbB©VyZ ~mhoa nS>bo.
nmMdr, ghmdr Am{U gmVdr nar Zo_H§$ H$m` åhUmbr Agob? Ë`m§Zm Ë`m§À`m XþbB©~X²Xb H$m`
{deof _m{hVr gm§Jm`Mr Agob? H§$gmVrb eãXm§_YyZ `mo½` eãX dmnê$Z Ë`m§Mr dmŠ`o nyU© H$am.
(Jw~Jw~rV, IaIarV, ‘I‘br, hbŠ`m \w$bŠ`m, a§Jr~oa§Jr, gwJ§Yr, OwZmQ>, {Pa{_arV)
Imbrb _wbm§Zm H$m` H$m` AmdS>V§ Vo {Xb§`. Ë`m dñVy/nXmWmª{df`r {deof _m{hVr XoÊ`mgmR>r
H$moUH$moUVo eãX dmnaVm `oVrb, ¶mMr MMm© H$ê$Z VŠVm nyU© H$am.
Zmd AmdS>Umar JmoîQ>/nXmW© {deof _m{hVr XoUmao eãX
A{_Vm noê$ JmoS>, {hadm, {nH$bobm, ........
aOZr nmD$g ~wa~wa, .....
{O`m AmBñH«$s_ W§S>Jma, ......
amOgr e|JXmUo ..................
{XZoe ZXrH$mR> ..................
40
14. amîQ´>g§V VwH$S>moOr_hmamO
{Xbo. VwH$S>moOrZo ˶m§Zm Jwê$ ‘mZbo.
VwH$S>moOr Mm¡Xm dfmªMo AgVmZmM ˶m§Zr Ka
gmoS>bo d Vo am‘Q>oH$À¶m O§JbmV ^Q>Hy$ bmJbo.
VoWo H§$X‘wim§da JwOamU H$aV ˶m§Zr hR>¶moJmMm
Aä¶mg Ho$bm. ˶mZ§Va M§Ðnya {OëhçmVrb
Am{XdmgtMo nmS>o d ^Q>³¶m§Mr nmbo Yw§S>miV Vo
{’$abo d VoWrb Jar~ ‘mUgm§‘ܶo a‘bo. Ioi,
e¶©Vt‘ܶo nmohUo, YmdUo, KmoS>çmda-~¡bJmS>çmda
{Z¶§ÌU gmYUo, JmUo aMUo, dmXç dmOdUo, ‘moR>çm
T>mobm§À¶m Vmbmda ZmMUo Aer {d{dY H$m¡eë¶o
˶m§Zr AmË‘gmV Ho$br. qhXr, CXÿ© d ‘amR>rVrb
gw‘mao ZìdX dfmªnyduMr hr JmoîQ>. O¶nyaH$S>Mm ñdV…MrM H$dZo Vo I§{OarÀ¶m Vmbmda ~o^mZ hmoD$Z
EH$ amOm M§ÐnyaOdiÀ¶m VmS>mo~m AaʶmV JmV AgV. EoH$Umao VëbrZ hmoD$Z VmgZ²Vmg S>mobV
{eH$margmR>r Ambm hmoVm. VoWrb EH$m JwhoÀ¶m AgV. ˶m§À¶m ¶m AmJiçm JwUg§nXo‘wio bmoH$
Vm|S>mer EH$ ‘wbJm ܶmZ bmdyZ ~gbm hmoVm. ˶m§Zm "Xod~m~m' åhUy bmJbo.
amOm ˶m ‘wbmbm O§JbmVrb àmʶm§{df¶r {dMmê$ Amnbm Xoe nmaV§Í`mV hmoVm. ˶m doiÀ¶m
bmJbm. Vmo MwUMwUrV ‘wbJm amOmbm åhUmbm, ""ho ^maVr¶ ñdmV§Í¶ MidirV 1930 gmbMm O§Jb
gwIr Ord AmZ§XmZ§ O§JbmV Zm§XV AmhoV. Vwåhr g˶mJ«h à{gX²Y Amho. ˶m doir ¶m Xod~m~m§Zr
˶m§Zm H$m hmo R>ma H$aVm?'' g˶mJ«hr VéUm§À¶m {e{~am§‘ܶo OmD$Z I§{Oar
˶mda amOm {ZéËVa Pmbm. Vmo {dMma H$ê$ ^OZm§X²dmao ˶m§À¶m ‘ZmV ñdamÁ¶ {‘idʶmMr
bmJbm. ˶mbm ñdV…Mr MyH$ H$iyZ Ambr. ˶mZo àoaUm OmJdbr. PmS>r‘§S>imVrb "VoOñdr VéU
enW KoVbr- "¶mnwT>o ‘r H$moU˶mhr àmʶmMr {eH$ma g§KQ>Zm' d {dX^m©Vrb "AmaVr ‘§S>io' ¶m godm^mdr
H$aUma Zmhr.' g§KQ>Zm§X²dmao ñdXoer d J«m‘moXçmoJ ¶m§Mm àMma
AmnU {eH$ma H$aVmo ¶mMm A{^‘mZ ~miJUmè¶m Ho$bm. Jm§YrOtZr "N>moS>mo ^maV'Mr KmofUm Ho$br.
amOmbm Á¶m C‘Xçm ‘wbmZo AqhgoMr enW ¿¶m¶bm Jm§YrOtÀ¶m ¶m MidirV VwH$S>moOr AZw`m`m§gh
bmdbr ˶m ‘wbmMo Zmd hmoVo, "‘m{UH$.' nwT>o Vmo gh^mJr Pmbo. Ë`m§Zm Vwé§Jdmghr ^moJmdm bmJbm.
"amîQ´>g§V VwH$S>moOr‘hmamO' ¶m ZmdmZo à{gX²Yrg gZ 1947 À¶m ñdamÁ¶àmßVrZ§Va ^maVr¶
Ambm. àOmgËVmH$mV {d{dY g§ñWmZo {dbrZ H$aʶmMo H$m¶©
‘m{UH$À¶m d{S>bm§Mo Zmd ~§S>moOr B§Jio R>mHy$a gdmªV ‘hËËdmMo hmoVo. "ñdV§Ì ^maV' C^maʶmÀ¶m
d ˶mÀ¶m AmB©Mo Zmd ‘§Owim. Vmo bhmZ AgVmZm ¶m H$m¶m©V VwH$S>moOtÀ¶m lr JwéXod godm‘§S>imZo
˶mÀ¶m AmB©Zo ˶mbm Amnë¶m AOmoir daIoS>bm h¡Xam~mX ñQ>Qo > d H$moëhmnya g§ñWmZ {dbrZ H$aʶmV
Zobo. {VZo ˶mbm AmS>H$moOr‘hmamOm§À¶m gmpÝZܶmV gh^mJ KoVbm.
R>odbo. ‘hmamOm§Zr ˶mbm "VwH$S>çm' ho Zdo Zmd lr JwéXod godm‘§S>i doJdoJiçm Jmdr gßVmh,
41
MmVw‘m©g H$m¶©H«$‘ Am¶mo{OV H$aV Ago. ˶mX²dmao nwT>o OnmZ‘ܶo "{dídem§Vr n[afX' d "OmJ{VH$
˶m§Zr ñdÀN>Vm, ì¶gZ‘w³Vr, Amamo½¶ g§ajU, Y‘©n[afX' Am¶mo{OV H$aʶmV Ambr hmoVr. ˶m§À¶m
J«m‘moXçmoJ g§dY©Z, g§V g§‘obZ Ago CnH«$‘ CX²KmQ>ZmH$[aVm amîQ´>g§V VwH$S>moOr‘hmamOm§Zm {Z‘§{ÌV
am~dbo. ‘hmamOm§Zr gm‘wXm{¶H$ gh^moOZmV gdmªZm H$aʶmV Ambo. ¶m n[afXm§‘ܶo ^JdmZ ~wX²Ym§À¶m
gh^mJr H$ê$Z Y‘©, OmV, n§W ¶mVrb {df‘Vm H$‘r n§Merb VËËdm§Mr _m{hVr XoD$Z amîQ´>g§Vm§Zr
H$aʶmMm à¶ËZ Ho$bm. n[afXoÀ¶m A{YdoeZmMo CX²KmQ>Z Ho$bo. VoWo AR>am
n§T>anyaÀ¶m {dR²>R>b ‘§{XamV gdmªZm àdoe Xoem§Mr OmJ{VH$ Y‘©g§KQ>Zm J{R>V H$aʶmV Ambr.
{‘imdm åhUyZ gmZoJwéOtZr CnmofU Ho$bo. amîQ´>g§V {VMo gëbmJma åhUyZ ˶m§Zr CËH¥$îQ> H$m¶© Ho$bo.
VwH$S>moOr‘hmamOm§Zr AZoH$ bmoH$m§À¶m ghçm {‘idyZ Aem gmè¶m CnH«$‘m§‘ܶo Jw§Vbo AgVmZmM ˶m§Zr
˶m CnmofUmbm g‘W©Z {‘idyZ {Xbo. qhXr d ‘amR>rV AZoH$ JXç-nXç nwñVHo$ {bhÿZ
AmMm¶© {dZmo~m ^mdo ¶m§Zr ^yXmZ Midi gwê$ àH$m{eV Ho$br. "J«m‘JrVm' hm ˶m gmè¶m nwñVH$m§Mm
Ho$br. ‘hmamOm§Zr ˶m MidirV ^mJ KoVbm Am{U ‘wHw$Q>‘Ur hmo¶.
^yXmZmgmR>r O‘rZ {‘idyZ {Xbr. ˶m§Mo ho ‘hmZ H$m¶© VwH$S>moOr_hmamOm§Mo H$m`© nwT>o AZoH$ godm‘§S>im§Zr
nmhÿZ ^maVmMo n{hbo amîQ´>nVr S>m.° amO|ÐàgmX ¶m§Zr Mmby R>odbo Amho.
g§V VwH$S>mO o r‘hmamOm§Zm amîQ´>nVr ^dZmV Am‘§{ÌV - gwXm‘ gmdaH$a
Ho$bo Am{U "amîQ´>gV§ ' ¶m nXdrZo ˶m§Mm Jm¡ad Ho$bm.
eãXmW© … {ZéËVa hmoUo - CËVa Z gwMUo. Aqhgm - H$moUmbmhr BOm Z H$aUo. hR>¶moJ - ¶moJmMm EH$ àH$ma.
nmbo - {’$añVr bmoH$m§Mr V§~yà‘mUo C^mabobr H$mnS>mMr Kao. Y§wS>miUo - emoYUo. H$dZ - nXç aMZoMm
àH$ma. I§{Oar - EH$ àH$maMo dmXç. g‘W©Z - nmR>~i, nmqR>~m.
ñdmܶm¶
à. 1. EH$m dm³¶mV CËVao {bhm.
(A) {eH$marbm Joboë¶m amOmZo H$moUVr enW KoVbr?
(Am) VwH$S>moOr‘hmamO H$moUH$moU˶m ^mfm§Vrb H$dZo ~o^mZ hmoD$Z JmV AgV?
(B) VwH$S>moOr‘hmamO ¶m§Zr H$moUVm J«§W {b{hbm?
à. 2. H$m Vo {bhm.
(A) amOmZo {eH$ma H$aʶmMo gmoS>bo.
(Am) M§Ðnya {OëhçmVrb bmoH$ VwH$S>moOr‘hmamOm§Zm "Xod~m~m' åhUV.
(B) amîQ´>nVr S>m°. amO|ÐàgmX ¶m§Zr VwH$S>moOr‘hmamOm§Mm "amîQ´>g§V' nXdrZo Jm¡ad Ho$bm.
à. 3. Vw‘À¶m eãXm§V CËVao gm§Jm.
(A) lr JwéXod godm‘§S>imZo H$moUH$moUVo CnH«$‘ am~dbo?
(Am) gmZoJwéOtÀ¶m CnmofUmbm g‘W©Z XoʶmgmR>r amîQ´>g§V VwH$S>moOr‘hmamOm§Zr H$m¶ Ho$bo?
(B) amîQ´>g§V VwH$S>moOr‘hmamOm§Zr OnmZ XoemV OmD$Z H$moUVo H$m¶© Ho$bo?
CnH«$‘ … "J«m‘JrVm' hm J«§W {‘idyZ dmMm. ˶mVrb Vwåhm§bm AmdS>boë¶m Amoì¶m n[anmR>mV dmMyZ XmIdm.
˶m Amoì¶m emioÀ¶m "gm‘mݶkmZ' ’$bH$mda {bhm.
42
15. Amnë¶m g‘ñ¶m - Amnbo Cnm¶
{ejH$m§gmR>r … nmR>mVrb n[aÀN>Xo m§Mo d dmMZmgmR>r {Xboë¶m CVmè¶mMo {dXçm϶mªH$Sy>Z àH$Q> dmMZ, ‘yH$dmMZ H$ê$Z ¿¶mdo.
47
17. nwñVHo$
48
ñdmܶm¶
à. 1. Imbrb àíZm§Mr CËVao {bhm.
(A) nwñVHo$ H$moUmH$moUmÀ¶m JmoîQ>r gm§JVmV, Ago H${dVoV åhQ>bo Amho?
(Am) nwñVHo$ Vw‘À¶mOdi H$m amhÿ BpÀN>VmV?
(B) AmnU nwñVH$m§À¶m {dídmV Om¶bm hdo, Ago H$drbm H$m dmQ>Vo?
à. 2. "nwñVHo$' ¶m H${dVoVrb Imbrb JmoîQ>r H$m¶ H$aVmV, Vo {bhm.
CXm., nmIa§ - {Md{MdVmV.
(A) AmIa§ (Am) {ZP©a
à. 3. H${dVoÀ¶m Amoir nyU© H$am.
(A) nwñVH§$ gm§JVmV ................ (B) nwñVH$m§V nmIa§ ...................
.................................... ....................................
.................................... ....................................
................... ^yVH$mim˦m. ......................... EoH$dVmV.
49
CnH«$‘ … 1. Vw‘À¶m dJm©Vrb {‘Ìm§À¶m XßVamVrb nwñVHo$ nmhm. H$moUmMr H$moUVr nwñVHo$ Mm§Jë¶m AdñWoV
AmhoV d H$moUmMr Iam~ Pmbobr AmhoV Vo nmhm. nwñVHo$ Mm§Jë¶m AdñWoV H$m am{hbr d
Iam~ H$m Pmbr ¶m{df¶r ˶m {‘Ìm§er MMm© H$am.
2. emioVrb d JmdmVrb dmMZmb¶, nwñVH$m§Mo XþH$mZ, nXnWmdarb nwñVH$m§Mo XþH$mZ, JmdmVrb
EImXçm nwñVH$ào‘r 춳VrÀ¶m KamVrb nwñVH$m§Mm g§J«h ¶m§n¡H$s Vwåhm§bm e³¶ Agob ˶m
{R>H$mUr Om Am{U VoWo H$moUH$moU˶m àH$maMr nwñVHo$ AmhoV ¶mMr ‘m{hVr {‘idm. dJm©V
gm§Jm.
‘m{hVr {‘idy¶m.
nydu, AmO Am{U CXçm (nwT>o)
nwñVHo$ åhUOo ‘m{hVrMm I{OZm. nwñVHo$ ZdZdrZ JmoîQ>tMr ‘m{hVr XoVmV, Amnbo kmZ dmT>dVmV,
ZdrZ eãXm§Mr AmoiI H$ê$Z XoVmV. nwñVHo$ AmnUm§g {dMma H$am¶bm bmdVmV. Amnë¶m {dMmam§Zm {Xem
XoVmV. kmZm~amo~aM Amnbo ‘Zmoa§OZ H$aVmV. nwñVHo$ Amnë¶mbm gmo~V H$aVmV. KamV EH$Q>o AmhmV, doi
OmV Zmhr, H§$Q>mim Ambm¶, Amnë¶mgmo~V ~mobm¶bm H$moUr Zmhr, Va H$mT>m nwñVHo$ AZ² H$am gwédmV
dmMm¶bm. ~Km, doi H$gm ‘OoV OmB©b. Ho$di JmoîQ>tMrM nwñVHo$ AgVmV Ago Zmhr. Wmoa 춳VtMr M[aÌo,
àdmgdU©Zo, H$Wmg§J«h, H$mì¶g§J«h, ZmQ>Ho$, H$mX§~è¶m, Eo{Vhm{gH$, d¡km{ZH$ d {ZgJm©er g§~§{YV AgUmar
AZoH$ nwñVHo$ AgVmV.
nydu nwñVHo$ ZìhVr. N>nmB©¶§ÌmMm emoY bmJbobm ZìhVm. Voìhmhr ‘mUgo EH$‘oH$m§Zm g§Xoe, {Zamon
nmR>dVM AgV. Amnbo {dMma, AmR>dUr {bhÿZ R>odV AgV. Voo {Zamon, g§Xoe, {dMma, AmR>dUr ^yO©nÌm§da,
PmS>m§À¶m gmbtda {bhrV AgV. H$mnS>mMm, YmVyMmXoIrb {b{hʶmgmR>r Cn¶moJ H$aV AgV. H$mhr
{R>H$mUr XJS>mdahr H$moê$Z {b{hbobo Amho. ˶mbm {ebmboI åhUVmV. ˶mZ§Va H$mJXmMm emoY bmJbm.
AmnU H$mJXmda {bhÿ bmJbmo. N>nmB©¶§ÌmÀ¶m ‘XVrZo {b{hbobo N>mny bmJbmo. ˶m§Zm nwñVHo$ åhUy bmJbmo.
{b{IV g§J«hm§Zm ’$³V nwñVHo$ åhUVmV Ago Zmhr Va H$mhtZm J«§W, nmoWr Agohr åhUVmV.
AmVm AmnU g§JUH$mdahr nwñVH$ nmhVmo. g§JUH$mdarb nwñVH$mbm "B©-nwñVH$' åhUVmV. nyduMr
N>mnrb nwñVHo$ d AmOMr "B©- nwñVHo$' hm nwñVH$m§À¶m ñdê$nmV hmoV Mmbbobm ~Xb Amho.
50
18. H$mam{Jar
dS>rb‘mUgm§À¶m hmVmImbr Agë¶mda ‘J
H$Yr‘Yr Am‘MmnU hmV H$moUV§ Var EH$ H$m‘
‘bm AmR>dV§, bhmZnUr ‘r Zoh‘r Am‘À¶m H$am¶bm didim¶Mm.
AOmoiKamÀ¶m eoOmaÀ¶m Hw§$^madmS>çmV Om¶Mr. Am‘À¶m eoOmar {OZJamM§ Ka. {VW§ nmVi
{VW§ EH$m {’$a˶m MmH$mda ‘mVrMm Jmoim R>odbm, Jwbm~r a§JrV Mwa‘wè¶m H$mJXmV Jw§S>mibobm, gmoZoar
H$s Hw§$^mamÀ¶m hmVmÀ¶m MnimB©Z§ bhmZ-‘moR>r ZjrVbm AZ² {OJmZ§ MH$MH$Voë¶m e|S>rMm Zmai
‘mVrMr ^m§S>r V¶ma ìhm¶Mr! ’$ma J§‘V dmQ>m¶Mr V¶ma Pmbm, H$s ~KVmZm VhmZ^yH$ hanyZ Om¶Mr.
~KVmZm. bmH$S>r Mm¡H$moZmVë¶m H$mS>çm§Zr Owidbobr XmamdaMr
Am‘À¶m Kar ˶m doir ‘mVrMrM ^m§S>r PJ‘JVr VmoaU§ AZ² b½ZmÀ¶m damVrVë¶m ZjÌ‘mbm
Agm¶Mr g¢nmH$mbm. ‘moJm, S>oam, KQ>, Vai, nm{hë¶m åhUOo VmgZ²Vmg ~KV amhmd§g§ dmQ>m¶M§.
qQ>JmUr, JmS>Jr Agb§ haKS>r bmJUma§ H$m¶ {OZJam§Mm ‘m‘m bB© H$g~r ‘mUyg. nmiʶmdaÀ¶m
H$m¶ Agm¶M§. eoJS>çm, MwbrnU ‘mVrÀ¶mM Ioiʶm§gmR>r amKy‘¡Zm Va Aem H$am¶Mm, H$s Iè¶m-
~Zm¶À¶m. Ioim¶bm ~w§Sy>H$br, nwOm¶bm ~¡b AZ² ImoQ>çmVbr ’$gJV ìhmdr! Ioiʶmda M‘M‘Umè¶m
JUnVr, ‘wIdQ>o, ZjrMr H$‘mZ Agb§ ~a§Mg§ {VW§ M§ÐMm§Xʶm§Mr emo^m Va Aer ^wbdUmar, H$s H$m¶
V¶ma ìhm¶M§. gm§Jmd§!
ho H$ê$Z nmhm.
Owݶm, ’$mQ>³¶m H$nS>çm§nmgyZ Xmoar, nm¶nwgUr V¶ma H$am. ˶m§Mo dJm©V àXe©Z ^adm.
‘m{hVr {‘idy¶m.
nyduÀ¶m H$mim‘ܶo åhUOo Vw‘À¶m AmOrAmOmo~m§À¶m H$mimV Zìho, Va ˶m§À¶m AmOrAmOmo~m§À¶m
H$mimV IoS>çm§Vrb n[apñWVr H$er hmoVr, ˶mMo dU©Z "H$mam{Jar' ¶m nmR>mV Ambo Amho. Vwåhm§bm hm nmR>
dmMyZ AmíM¶© dmQ>bo Agob. Amnë¶mM JmdmV Amnë¶m JaOoÀ¶m dñVy {‘iVmV. ˶mgmR>r ehamV Omdo
bmJV Zmhr; nU ho ì¶dgm¶ H$aUmao bmoH$ ˶m H$mir ’$ma ‘moR>o ì¶mdgm{¶H$ ZgV. ˶m ì¶dgm¶mMo ˶m§Zr
emñÌewX²Y gdmªJrU à{ejUhr KoVbobo Zgm¶Mo, Varhr IoS>r ñd¶§nyU© hmoVr.
Á¶m Kar Omo ì¶dgm¶ Ho$bm Om¶Mm, Vmo ì¶dgm¶ KamVrb gXñ¶m§Zm KamVM {eH$dbm Om¶Mm.
Amnë¶m ì¶dgm¶mVrb kmZ, H$m¡eë¶o nwT>À¶m {nT>rn¶ªV nmohMdÊ`mMo H$m_ KamVM Ho$bo Om`Mo. ˶mMo
{ejU BVaÌ Hw$R>ohr {‘iV Zgo.
JmdmVrb Aem ì¶dgm¶m§Zm gmYo, KaJwVr ì¶dgm¶ Z g‘OVm, AmVm ˶mH$S>o bj nwadbo OmD$ bmJbo
Amho. Vwåhm§bm Oo Mm§Jbo ¶oVo, Á¶mMr Vwåhm§bm AmdS> Amho, ˶m AmdS>rZwgma, Vw‘À¶m BÀN>oZwgma Vwåhr
ì¶dgm¶ {ZdSy> eH$Vm. ˶mMo emñÌewX²Y à{ejU VÁk 춳VtH$Sy>Z KoD$ eH$Vm. ˶mgmR>r Vwåhr Vw‘À¶m
AmdS>rMo joÌ H$moUVo Amho ho {ZpíMV H$ê$ eH$Vm. CXm., _mVrnmgyZ ~Zdë`m OmUmè`m {d{dY dñVy,
{edUH$m_ d H$nS>çm§darb H$bmHw$ga, Ho$eH$V©Z, Mnbm-~yQ> ~ZdUo, bmH$S>mnmgyZ ’${Z©Ma, emo^oÀ¶m
dñVy ~ZdUo, ImXçnXmW© ~ZdUo Ago doJdoJio à{ejU KoD$Z AmnU ì¶dgm¶ H$ê$ eH$Vmo.
¶§Ìo, Hw$eb H$mamJra Am{U ^anya ‘ohZV ¶m§‘wio Amnbm ì¶dgm¶ AmnU ^a^amQ>rbm AmUy eH$Vmo.
bmoH$m§À¶m JaOm, ‘mJʶm bjmV KoD$Z AmnU Amnë¶m ì¶dgm¶mV ’o$a~Xb H$ê$ eH$Vmo. Amnë`mbm Oo
H$m_ AmdS>V§ Vo H$m_ CËV_arVrZo H$ê$Z AmnU Ë`mV `eñdr hmoD$ eH$Vmo.
Imbrb dm³¶m§Vrb [aH$må¶m OmJr H§$gmVrb ¶mo½¶ {deofUo {bhm.
(Q>dQ>drV, {Zioema, Zdm, nÝZmgmdm, C§M)
1. {h‘mb¶ .............. nd©V Amho.
2. ~mJoV .............. ’w$bo AmhoV.
3. H$mb ~m~m§Mm .............. dmT>{Xdg hmoVm.
4. g‘wÐmMo nmUr .............. {XgV hmoVo.
5. VmB©Zo ~mimbm .............. gXam KmVbm.
54
19. dmgê$
EoH$m. åhUm. dmMm.
AmoT>mi dmgê$ amZr Ambo {’$ê$,
H$inmMm Koê$ gmoSy>{Z¶m.
H$mZm‘ܶo dmao ^ê${Z¶m ݶmao,
’o$a Yar {’$ao amZmo‘mi.
‘moH$mQ> ‘moH$mQ> A’$mQ> A’$mQ>,
dmQ>ob Vr dmQ> Ymdy bmJo.
{dgê$Zr ^mZ, ^yH$ {Z VhmZ,
nm¶m§Imbr amZ Kmbr gmao.
WHy${Z¶m Iyn gaVm hþê$n,
AmR>do H$in V¶mbmJr.
{’$ê$ OmVm ‘mJo Xÿa OmD$ bmJo,
AmUIrM ^mJo ^Q>H$V.
nS>Vm A§Ymê$ bmJbo h§~ê$,
‘m¶! Vy boH$ê$ emoYy ¶oB©.
- A{Zb
eãXmW© … AmoT>mi - ñdÀN>§Xr, ‘ZmV ¶oB©b Vgo {’$aUmao. {’$ê$ - {’$am¶bm. Koê$ - Koamd. ݶmao - doJio.
’o$a YaUo - JmobJmob {’$aUo. ‘moH$mQ> - H$moUVohr ~§YZ Z nmiUo, ñd¡anUo {’$aUo. ^mZ - OmUrd.
hþê$n - CËgmh, Omo‘, Omoe. AmR>do - AmR>dU ¶oUo. ^mJo - X‘yZ, WHy$Z.
ñdmܶm¶
à. 1. EH$-XmoZ dm³¶m§V CËVao {bhm.
(A) amZmV {’$am¶bm {‘imdo åhUyZ dmgê$ H$m¶ H$aVo?
(Am) VhmZ, ^yH$ {dgê$Z dmgê$ H$m¶ H$aVo?
(B) dmgambm H$inmMr AmR>dU Ho$ìhm hmoVo?
à. 2. Imbrb AWm©À¶m H${dVoVrb Amoir emoYm d {bhm.
(A) ^yH$, VhmZ {dgê$Z dmgê$ amZmV gJirH$S>o {’$aVo.
(Am) dmgê$ amZmV {’$ê$Z {’$ê$Z WH$bo, H$s ˶mMm CËgmh H$‘r hmoVmo. ‘J ˶mbm Amnbm H$in
AmR>dy bmJVmo.
55
(B) dmgê$ H$inmH$S>o naV ¶m¶bm {ZKVo, nU ˶mbm añVm gmnS>V Zmhr. Vo Xÿa OmD$ bmJVo.
Ago ^Q>H$ë¶m‘wio Vo AmUIrZM WHy$Z OmVo.
à. 3. H$inmVyZ {ZKmbobo dmgê$ amZmV H$go {’$ê$ bmJbo, ¶mMo dU©Z Vw‘À¶m eãXm§V gm§Jm.
à. 4. Imbrb eãXg‘yh d dm³àMma ¶m§Mm AW© g‘OyZ KoD$Z ˶m§Mm dm³¶mV Cn¶moJ H$am.
H$mZm§‘ܶo dmao ^aUo, hþaiyZ OmUo, amZ nm¶m§Imbr KmbUo, VhmZ^yH$ {dgaUo, ‘½Z hmoU,o hþê$n ¶oU,o
‘moH$mQ> gwQ>U.o
à. 5. Vw‘À¶m eãXm§V CËVao {bhm.
(A) emioMr ‘Ybr gwQ²>Q>r Pmbr, H$s Vwåhr H$m¶ H$m¶ H$aVm?
(Am) Ioim¶bm Joë¶mZ§Va Vwåhr Kar bdH$a naVbm ZmhrV Va Vw‘Mr AmB© H$m¶ H$aVo?
(B) Vwåhr VhmZ^yH$ Ho$ìhm {dgaVm?
à. 6. "‘moH$mQ>-A’$mQ>-dmQ>>' ¶mà‘mUo eodQ>Mo Aja g‘mZ Agbobo H${dVoVrb eãX emoYm.
à. 7. "amZmo‘mi' gmaIo nmM OmoS>eãX {bhm.
à. 8. "EImXo ‘yb AmB©nmgyZ qH$dm Hw$Qw>§~mnmgyZ JXuV hadbo,' Agm àg§J Vwåhr nm{hbm Amho H$m? Agm
àg§J Vw‘À¶mda H$Yr Ambm hmoVm H$m ? ˶m doir H$m¶ KS>bo Vo gm§Jm.
dmMm.
gmoSy>{Z¶m, WHy${Z¶m ¶m§gmaIo eãX H${dVoV Ambo AmhoV. Vo Zoh‘r {b{hVmZm "gmoSw>{Z¶m, WHw${Z¶m' Ago
{b{hVmV.
ge³V
AmoiIm nmhÿ!
~ËVrg ^mD$, EH$M ~hrU
gdmªV VrM Am¶wmZ.
Mma ~moQ>mM
§ o A§Va XmoKm§V Ago ~mam Kamda {VKo nhmam H$aVr
EH$mda {dídmg, Va Xþgè¶mda Zgo. gX¡d {’$aVr, Z WH$Vr, Z Wm§~Vr.
56
20. ‘mP§ emioM§ Z³H$s Pmb§!
Ambmo hmoVmo. gdmªZm Pmonm¶bmgwX²Ym OmJm nwaV
ZìhVr.
H$moëhmnya‘Yë¶m H$i§~m ‘ܶdVu H$mamJ¥hmOdi CXçm Amåhm§bm nwÝhm ~moaJmdbm nmbm§da
añ˶mbm bmJyZM EH$m gaiaofoV n§Yam-drg PmonS>çm Om¶M§ hmoV§. AmB© Am{U ~m~m Om¶Mr V¶mar H$aV
hmo˶m. ˶mVë¶mM EH$m PmonS>rV Amåhr amhV hmoVmo.
hmoVo. AmB©Z§ XmoZ-VrZ VmQ>ë¶m, doJdoJiçm a§JmMr
‘mVrÀ¶m H$ÀÀ¶m {dQ>m§Zr ~m§Yboë¶m q^Vr, ˶mnU
OmoS>bobr XmoZ nmVi§ EH$m ‘moR>çm {nedrV ^abr.
nmdgmM§ nmUr ‘wê$Z nS>ʶmÀ¶m ~oVmV hmo˶m.
~m~mhr ~marH$gmarH$ gm‘mZ Xþgè¶m {nedrV ^ê$
’w$Q>H$sVwQ>H$s H$m¡b§ daVr Q>mH$br hmoVr. AmVbr
O‘rZ Va gVV AmobgaM Agm¶Mr. ˶m‘wio ˶m bmJbo hmoVo, VmoM AemoH$XmXm S>çwQ>rdê$Z Kar
PmonS>rV Zoh‘r Hw$~Q> dmg ¶m¶Mm. CRy>Z C^§ am{hb§ Ambm. Vmo AmB©bm gm‘mZ ^aVmZm ~KyZ åhUmbm,
Va daMr H$m¡b§ S>mo³¶mbm YmS²>H$Z bmJm¶Mr. ‘moR>çm ""AmB©, Hw$R>§ Om¶Mr V¶mar Mmbbr¶?''
‘mUgm§Zm C^§ amhÿZ H$gb§M H$m‘ H$aVm ¶oV ZìhV§. AmB© åhUmbr, ""OmVy ‘mJmbm.... {H$Vr Xrg
PmonS>rV EH$m ~mOybm Mma-nmM ’$mQ>³¶m {hV§ ~gyZ Im¶mM§?''
dmH$im nS>boë¶m. ˶mM dmH$im Amåhr A§Wam¶bm- XmXmZ§ ~m~m§Zm {dMmab§, ""~m~m, Hw$R>ë¶m
nm§Kam¶bm dmnaV Agy. gmV-AmR> Oa‘ZMr VmQ>§, Jmdmbm OmUma?''
qMܶm§Mr, ’$mQ>³¶m H$nS>çm§Mr XmoZ-VrZ JmR>moS>r, ""Amnë¶m bmoH$m§Mr ~moaJmdbm nmb§ hm¶Vr.
nmʶmgmR>r XmoZ Oa‘ZMr nmVobr, EH$ nͶmMr CXçm åhmoaë¶m Jmdmbm OmZma hm¶Vr. Vdm AmOM
KmJa Am{U AemoH$XmXmbm ZwH$VrM {‘imbobr Om¶bm nm¶Or.'' ~m~m åhUmbo.
nmobrgIm˶mMr H$mir nͶmMr noQ>r, EdT>mM AmB© ‘bm åhUmbr, ""B‘o,
~JV H$m¶ hþ~r hm¶rg..?
VwOr H$mnS>§ AmZ {hH$S>§. Cera
hþVw¶m {ZKm¶m.''
AmB©M§ ~mobU§ EoHy$Z XmXm
åhUmbm, ""AmB©, B‘rbm KoD$Z
OmD$ ZH$mo... ‘r {Vbm emioV
KmbUmam¶.''
emioV åhQ>ë¶m~amo~a
Am‘À¶m KamVbm EHy$U g§gma. {edm¶ XmamV EH$ ~m~m§M§ S>moH§$ ^S>H$b§.
am§OU hmoVm. ~m~m amJmZ§M XmXmbm åhUmbo, ""VwO§ S>moñH§$-
˶m PmonS>rV AemoH$XmXm, ˶mMr ~m¶H$mo {~ñH§$ {’$ab§ H$m H$m¶? nwarbm gmi§V KmbVw
gw{‘Vr, qbJmßnm, ‘è¶mßnm, ‘Yy Am{U ‘mPm MwbV åhUVyg... b¶ {eH$bmg åh§Or eoZm Pmbmg
^mD$ {gX²Yy Ago ghmOU amhV hmoVo. VemVM VrZ- ìh¶?''
Mma {Xdgm§nmgyZ ‘mPo dS>rb, AmB©, ‘r Am{U ‘mPr XmXm em§V AmdmOmV åhUmbm, ""~m~m, Vwåhr
~hrU ‘§Jb Ago Amåhr AmUIr MmaOUhr {VW§M CJrM {MS>Vm. ˶mV EdT>§ {MS>ʶmgmaI§ H$m¶
57
Amho? Mm§Jbr {eH$br Va Hw$R>§Var ZmoH$ar H$arb. ‘bm H$a‘V ZìhV§. gmaIr AmB©Mr AmR>dU
AmOH$mb {ejUmda gJi§ MmbV§.'' ¶oV hmoVr. n{hë¶m§XmM AmB©bm gmoSy>Z amhm¶Mr doi
XmXmMm ehmUnUm ~m~m§Zm nQ>Uma hmoVm Ambr hmoVr.
WmoS>mM? AmB© OmVmZm åhUmbr hmoVr, ""‘mOr g¶ H$mS>V
~m~m åhUmbo, ""gmim {gHy$Z H$m¶ H$am¶M§? ~gy ZJy... gmi§V OmV Om. d¶Zr~a ^m§Sy> ZJy. ܶmZ
KamV Im¶mbm AmZ Ýhm¶ AmZ² {hÀ¶m gmi§bm n¡H§$ {XdyZ gmim {gH$ åh§Or Omb§.''
Hw$Q>b§ AmZm¶M§? ˶m narg bJrZM Hw$Q>§ R>aV§¶ H$m XmXm AmR> dmOVm H$m‘mda {ZKmbm hmoVm.
~Jy.'' XmXmbm Cera Pmbm hmoVm. XmXm JS>~S>rZ§ H$nS>o
""{VÀ¶m emioMm IM© ‘r ~KVmo. Vwåhr KmbV hmoVm. H$nS>o KmbVm KmbVm Vmo d{hZrbm
H$miOr H$ê$ ZH$m Am{U b½Z H$am¶bm H$m¶ åhUmbm, ""gw‘o, AmO B‘rbm emioV KoD$Z Om...
Vr ‘moR>r ~mB© Pmbr¶ H$m? AmVm Hw$R>§ Vr ghm {VM§ Zmd emioV KmbyZ ¶o. ‘bm doi Zmhr, ZmhrVa
dfmªMr Amho. Vwåhr {VH$S>§ H$m¶ nU H$am. ‘r ‘rM Jobmo AgVmo. nmoa§ Hw$R>§ Jobr? KamV H$moUrM
B‘rbm emioV KmbUmam¶.'' XmXm åhUmbm. Zmhr? nmoam§Zm Oodm¶bm KmbyZ emioV nmR>d.''
BVH$m doi Jßn ~gbobr AmB© åhUmbr, ""VwOm XmXm H$m‘mda Jobm. d{hZrZ§ KamVbr gd© H$m‘§
~m AgmM hm¶. VwÁ¶m d³Vmbm gmi§V KmbVmZm ^am^a Amdabr.
Ag§M Ho$b§. VwÁ¶m gmi§gmR>r å¶m VwÁ¶m ~mMm Am‘À¶m KamnmgyZ emim ’$ma Odi hmoVr.
b¶ ‘ma Imëbm. VwOr AmOr ~ar, Vr Vw‘À¶m Mma-nmM PmonS>çm Amobm§S>ë¶m, H$s XJS>r ~m§YH$m‘
gmi§gmR>r JmdmV èhm¶br ^mH$ar H$ê$Z Kmbmbm, Ho$bobr EH$ ‘moR>r emim hmoVr. {VW§M n{hbrMm dJ©
Vdm Vw‘r gmim {eH$bm. Vwbm, qb½¶mbm AmZ² ^aV hmoVm. emioeoOmarM ‘moR>§ dS>mM§ PmS> hmoV§.
{OÝZybm åhmVmarZ§ g§~mib§. Am‘r Amg§ ^rH$ d{hZr Am{U ‘r emioV Ambmo. d{hZrZ§
‘mJV {’$aV hþVy... VwÁ¶m‘wi§M Va ‘Xçm, ‘è¶m ~mBªZm Z‘ñH$ma Ho$bm. d{hZrMr ~mBª~amo~a AmYrMr
gmim {eH$ë¶mVr. VwÁ¶mgmaIrM Vr nmoa§ Hw$Q>§Va AmoiI hmoVr. ‘mPo ^mD$hr ˶mM emioV {eH$V
H$m‘ H$ê$Z Im˶mbr. Vy åhUVyg Va B‘rbm {R>d hmoVo. ’$³V ˶m§Mo dJ© XþgarH$S>o ^aV hmoVo. d{hZr
VwÁ¶mOdi. {gH$br Va {gH§$b.'' åhUmbr, ""{hM§ Zmd emioV Kmbm¶M§¶.''
~m~m AmB©H$S>§ amJmZ§ ~KV åhUmbo, ""Vw‘r ~mBªZr ‘m¶mH$S>o {ZaIyZ ~{KVb§ Am{U ‘mPr
‘m¶boH$a§ H$m¶ H$am¶M§ ˶o H$am. CXçm nwarM§ bJrZ ‘m{hVr {dMmam¶bm gwédmV Ho$br, ""‘wbrM§ nyU© Zmd
Pmb§ Ýhm¶ åh§Or KamV {R>dyZ ~gmbm bmJrb.'' H$m¶?''
~m~m§M§ ~mobU§ EoHy$Z d{hZr JmbmVë¶m JmbmV d{hZr åhUmbr, ""{d‘b Zm‘Xod ^mogbo.''
hgbr. ~mBªZr Zm|XdhrV {bhÿZ KoVb§.
d{hZr emim {eH$bobr hmoVr. d{hZrÀ¶m ""{hMr OÝ‘VmarI gm§Jm.''
^mdmZ§ åhUOo XmOrZ§ Vr nm¶mZ§ AYy Agë¶m‘wio OÝ‘VmarI H$moUmbm ‘m{hVr hmoVr? ‘r OÝ‘bob§
CXçm H$moUr b½Z Ho$b§ Zmhr Va Hw$R>§Var ZmoH$ar Va df© ‘mÌ d{hZrbm ‘m{hVr hmoV§, {VZ§ OÝ_VmarI
H$arb, åhUyZ emioV KmVb§ hmoV§. gm§JyZ Q>mH$br.
AmB©~m~m ‘§Jb Am{U ‘Yybm KoD$Z ~moaJmdbm ~mBªZr gd© ‘m{hVr {bhÿZ KoVbr.
nmbm§da Jobo.
58
""Zmai AmUbm H$m?'' ~mBªZr d{hZrbm gwQ²>Q>rV Kar Ambo. ‘mPo gJio ^mD$hr OodUmgmR>r
{dMmab§. Kar Ambo hmoVo. Amåhr OodU H$aVmo Z H$aVmo, Vmon¶ªV
d{hZr ~mBªÀ¶m Vm|S>mH$S>o ~Ky bmJbr. emioMr K§Q>m Pmbr.
~mB© WmoS>m doi Wm§~yZ nwÝhm åhUmë¶m, ""emioV d{hZrZ§ n¡emgmR>r XmoZ-VrZ S>~o CKSy>Z
Zmd KmVb§ åhUOo Zmai qH$dm gìdm én¶m Xçmdm ~{KVbo. ˶m§V H$mhrM ZìhV§.
bmJVmo. Vwåhm§bm ‘mhrV Zmhr H$m?'' Am‘À¶m eoOmar nmQ>bm§Mr ‘wbJr bVm amhV
d{hZr åhUmbr, ""‘r Zmai Zmhr AmUbm. n¡go hmoVr. Amåhr {Vbm "bVm³H$m' åhUm¶Mmo. d{hZr
Va ‘m¶mOdi ZmhrV. Z§Va AmUyZ XoB©Z.'' bVm³H$mÀ¶m KamV Jobr. ‘rnU {VÀ¶m ‘mJmo‘mJ
d{hZr Kar Jobr. ‘r emioV ~gbo. Jobo. d{hZr bVm³H$mbm åhUmbr, ""bVm³H$m,
~mB© dJm©V {eH$dy bmJë¶m. WmoS>çm doimZ§ Vw‘À¶mOdi gìdm én¶m Amho H$m? B‘rÀ¶m emioV
~mBªZr ‘bm Odi ~mobmdb§. ‘mPr nmQ>r KoVbr. Xçm¶Mm¶. ‘r "Vo' Amë¶mda naV H$arZ.''
"J, ‘, ^, Z' hr Mma ‘wimja§ {bhÿZ {Xbr Am{U bVm³H$mZ§ KamV gJir emoYmemoY Ho$br Am{U
Vr {Jadm¶bm gm§{JVb§. ‘m¶m hmVmda gìdm én¶m R>odbm. ‘r Vmo KoD$Z
‘r ‘m¶m OmJoda ¶oD$Z ~gbo. Xþnmar OodUmÀ¶m emioV Jobo Am{U ‘mP§ emioM§ Z³H$s Pmb§!
- {d‘b ‘moao
eãXmW© … H$mamJ¥h - Vwé§J. Hw$~Q> dmg - Hw$Obobm dmg. AmZ - AÝZ.
ñdmܶm¶
à. 1. EH$m dm³¶mV CËVao {bhm.
(A) bo{IH$m H$moR>o amhV hmoVr?
(Am) PmonS>rV Zoh_r Hw$~Q> dmg H$m `m`Mm?
(B) bo{IHo$Mo AmB©~m~m Hw$R>o Om`Mr V`mar H$aV hmoVo?
(B©) XmXm B_rbm AmB©~m~m§~amo~a nmR>dm`bm H$m V`ma ZìhVm?
(C) d{hZrZo bVmŠH$mH$S>o n¡go H$m _m{JVbo?
à. 2. H$moU, H$moUmg åhUmbo Vo {bhm.
(A) ""{H$Vr Xrg {hV§ ~gyZ Im`mM§?''
(Am) ""Mm§Jbr {eH$br Va Hw$R>§Var ZmoH$ar H$arb.''
(B) ""nmoam§Zm Oodm`bm KmbyZ emioV nmR>d.''
(B©) ""_wbrM§ nyU© Zmd H$m`?''
(C) ""Vw_À`mOdi gìdm én`m Amho H$m?''
à. 3. Imbrb eãXm§_Ü`o bnbobo eãX emoYm.
CXm., Pmonm`bm - Pmonm, nm`, nmbm, Pmobm.
1. AmOH$mb
59
2. KmbVmZm
3. _mÂ`mOdi
4. AmR>dU
à. 4. "\w$Q>H$sVwQ>H$s' `mgmaIo nmR>mV Ambobo OmoS>eãX {bhm.
à. 5. YmS²>H$Z `m§gmaIo AmUIr eãX {bhm.
Ioi Ioiy¶m.
^mOr {dH$Umè¶m gw~m‘mder{df¶rMm Imbrb n[aÀN>oX dmMm. ¶mVrb a§JrV eãX ñdV…Mr OmJm
MwH$boV. Vo {deof ‘m{hVr XoUmao eãX ¶mo½¶ {R>H$mUr KmbyZ CVmam nwÝhm {bhm.
S>moŠ`mda ^mOrMr nmQ>r KoD$Z {Xdg^a JX© CÝhmVyZ MmbyZ gw~m_mder d¡VmJbr hmoVr. nmQ>rVbr {ndir
_oWr CÝhmZo H$mo_oOyZ {hadrJma nSy> bmJbr hmoVr. gH$mir {ZKVmZmMr gwH$bobr dm§Jr CÝhmÀ`m VS>mŠ`mZ§
agaerV {Xgy bmJbr hmoVr. H$Yr EH$Xm Kar nmohMVmo, Ago gw~m_mderbm Pmbo hmoVo. EgQ>r g§Ü`mH$mir
XmoZ dmOVm hmoVr AZ² AmVm ^a XþnmaMo \$ŠV ghm dmObo hmoVo. H$go~go MmbV `oD$Z _mderZo ñQ>±S>OdiMo
Am§ã`mMo PmS> JmR>bo. Am§ã`mÀ`m Q>iQ>irV gmdbrV Amë`mda {Vbm hm`go dmQ>bo.
ho H$ê$Z nmhm.
Amnë¶m emioV Agboë¶m "amOy ‘§M' qH$dm "‘rZm ‘§M'Mr g^m Imbrb {df¶m§À¶m g§X^m©V hmoUma
Amho.
1. emioV H$Mam hmoD$ Z¶o åhUyZ Cnm¶ gwMdUo.
2. emioÀ¶m ~mJoVrb Hw§$S>çm§Mr XoI^mb H$aUo.
3. ¶m ‘{hݶmV gdmªV OmñV doim CnpñWVr-ÜdO {‘idboë¶m dJm©Mo A{^Z§XZ H$aUo.
Imbrb ‘wX²Xçm§À¶m AmYmao g^oMr V¶mar H$ê$Z H$moU H$m¶ H$m‘ H$aUma ¶mMo {Z¶moOZ H$aUoo.
g^oMo g§¶moOH$ - B¶ËVm nmMdrMm g§nyU© dJ©.
g^oMo Aܶj - ..............
g^oMo à‘wI nmhþUo - ..............
g^oMr ~¡R>H$ ì¶dñWm H$aUmao {dXçmWu/H$aUmè¶m {dXçm{W©Zr - ..............
g^oMo gyÌg§MmbZ H$aUmam {dXçmWu/H$aUmar {dXçm{W©Zr - ..............
g^oMo Aܶj d nmhþʶm§Mr AmoiI H$ê$Z XoUmam {dXçmWu/XoUmar {dXçm{W©Zr - ..............
Amboë¶m ‘mݶdam§Mo ñdmJV H$aUmam {dXçmWu/H$aUmar {dXçm{W©Zr - ..............
g^oVrb {df¶ ‘m§S>Umao {dXçmWu/‘m§S>Umè¶m {dXçm{W©Zr - ..............
g^oMo Am^ma àXe©Z H$aUmam {dXçmWu/H$aUmar {dXçm{W©Zr - ..............
60
l dmMy¶m, g‘OyZ KoD$¶m.
l सूचना फलक व जाहिरात यांचे काही नमुने दिलेले आहेत, ते वाचा. यासारखे आणखी नमुने
तयार करा.
सूचना फलक
दि. २३-९-२०२१
कपोत परिसराला पाणीपुरवठा करणाऱ्या
पाइपलाइनच्या दुरुस्तीचे काम तातडीने हाती घेण्यात
आले आहे. त्यामुळे उद्या दि.२४-९-२०२१ रोजी
आपल्या परिसराचा पाणीपुरवठा बंद राहील.
कपोत परिसरवासीयांनी याची नोंद घ्यावी व
शक्य तेवढी पाण्याची काटकसर करून सहकार्य
करावे.
- सेक्रेटरी
वाचाल, तर वाचाल!
खुशखबर ! खुशखबर !! खुशखबर !!!
पुस्तकांचे भव्य प्रदर्शन
अक्षरगंगा या संस्थेने साहित्य संमेलनाचे आयोजन केले आहे. त्या अनुषंगाने पुस्तकांचे
भव्य प्रदर्शन भरणार आहे. त्यात नामवंत लेखकांच्या साहित्यकृती विक्रीसाठी ठेवण्यात
येणार आहेत.
पुस्तक खरदे ीवर २०% सूट दणे ्यात यणे ार आहे. तसच
े रु.५००/- च्या खरदे ीवर रु.५०/-
किमतीचे एक पुस्तक मोफत मिळणार आहे. वाचकप्रेमींनी याचा अवश्य लाभ घ्यावा.
61
वाचा.
l
लिंबोरी गावठाण
- सूचना फलक -
दि.१०/११/२१
१. सागवान सोसायटीत राहणारे श्री.आगटे यांचा कुत्रा
हरवला आहे. त्याचा रंग पांढरा आहे, डोक्यावर
काळा ठिपका व पोटावर तांबूस पट्ट ा अाहे. ज्या
कुणाला असा कुत्रा दिसेल, त्यांनी १२३४५६७८९०
या क्रमांकावर त्वरित संपर्क साधावा. कुत्रा शोधून
देणाऱ्यास योग्य बक्षीस मिळेल.
२. उद्या दि. ११/११/२१ रोजी नालबंडी परिसरातील
समर्थ सभागृहात सकाळी ९ ते सायं. ५ या वेळेत
आरोग्य शिबिराचे आयोजन करण्यात आले आहे.
आरोग्य तपासणी व सल्ला मोफत देण्यात येणार
आहे. सर्वांनी या शिबिराचा अवश्य लाभ घ्यावा.
62
(A) noê$Mr {dH«$s Hw$R>o hmoUma Amho?
(Am) "JëbrnmgyZ {Xëbrn¶ªV' à{gX²Y åhUOo H$m¶?
(B) 10 OmZodmarnmgyZ g§H«$m§Vrn¶ªV åhUOo OmñVrV OmñV {H$Vr {Xdg noê$ AënXamV {‘iVrb?
(B©) Aem nX²YVrZo noê$ Joë¶m dfu {dH$bo Jobo hmoVo H$m? Vo Vwåhm§bm H$emdê$Z H$ibo?
(C) dËgbm~mBªÀ¶m ‘içmVbo noê$ g§nUma, åhUyZ {MÌmVbo nmonQ> CXmg hmoV AgVrb H$m?
nmonQ> IamoIaM noê$ ImVmV H$m? emoYʶmMm à¶ËZ H$am.
(D$) noê$Mm ~mOma^md 30 én¶o à{V{H$bmo hmoVm. gw‘mÀ¶m AmB©Zo g§H«$m§VrÀ¶m AmXë¶m {Xder
45 én¶m§Mo noê$ AmUbo. {Vbm {H$Vr {H$bmo noê$ {‘imbo AgVrb?
(E) ~mOmamnojm {Zåå¶m ^mdmV noê$ {dH$ʶmMo H$maU H$m¶ Agob? MMm© H$ê$Z CËVa {bhm.
(Eo) JmVmMr dmS>r, Vm. ~meu BWbo eoVH$ar lr. Cñ‘mZ ‘wbmUr ˶m§À¶m ñdV…À¶m eoVmVbr
XJS>r Am{U ‘mbXm§§S>r Ádmar ~mOma^mdmnojm H$‘r {H$‘VrV {dH$Uma AmhoV. ˶m§À¶mgmR>r
gmo~VÀ¶m Z‘wݶmà‘mUo Om{hamV V¶ma H$am.
ho H$ê$Z nmhm.
"Q>mH$mD$VyZ {Q>H$mD$' hçm XmoZ eãXm§Vrb g§Xoe Amnë¶mbm n¶m©daUmÀ¶m ajUmH$S>o KoD$Z OmVmo. H$go
Vo nmhm.
nwT>À¶m dfu Vwåhr nmMdrVyZ ghmdr‘ܶo OmUma. Zdm JUdoe, Zdo XßVa, Zdr nwñVHo$, Zì¶m dhçm,
gJioM H$go Zdo Zdo! Zdo Vo hdo, Ago Vwåhm§bm dmQ>Vo; nU OwݶmVyZ Zdo V¶ma H$aʶmMm à¶ËZ H$ê$Z
~Km¶bm H$m¶ haH$V Amho! nmMdrMo df© g§në¶mZ§Va Vw‘À¶m dhçm§Vrb H$moar nmZo dhrVyZ H$mT>m. ˶m
H$moè¶m H$mJXm§nmgyZ doJdoJiçm AmH$mam§À¶m dhçm ~Zdm. H$mhr bhmZ, H$mhr ‘moR>çm ‘mnm§‘ܶo dhçm V¶ma
Pmë¶m, H$s AY} H$m‘ g§nbo. Z§Va dhrÀ¶m à˶oH$ nmZmda ¶mo½¶ Vr gOmdQ> H$am.
˶m dhçm§‘ܶo N>mZ N>mZ gw{dMma, gwdMZo, JmoîQ>r, {dZmoX ¶m§Mr H$mÌUo {MH$Q>dm. a§Jr~oa§Jr {MÌo H$mT>m.
Vw‘À¶m AmdS>˶m 춳VtMo ’$moQ>mo KoD$Z Vo dhrV {MH$Q>dm. ’$moQ>m|Mm Aë~‘ V¶ma H$am. ~Km ~a§ H$ê$Z {H$Vr
J§‘V ¶oVo Vo!
EdT>oM Zmhr, Va ˶mVë¶m H$mhr dhçm B¶ËVm ghmdrVrb J{UVm§Mm gamd H$aʶmgmR>r R>odm. ˶mVrb
EH$m dhrV "‘mPm eãXg§J«h' ~Zdm, Va Xþgè¶m dhrV XaamoO AZwboIZ H$ê$Z Vw‘Mo Aja gwYmam. AmhoV
H$s Zmhr Cn¶moJM Cn¶moJ! Vo nU Q>mH$mD$ dhçm§Vrb H$moè¶m nmZm§nmgyZ ~Zdboë¶m {Q>H$mD$ dhçm§Mo. hçm
dhçm Vwåhr {‘Ìm§Zm, nmhþʶm§Zm dmMm¶bm XoD$ eH$Vm. EImXçm OdiÀ¶m {‘Ì-‘¡{ÌUtbm dmT>{Xdgmbm
^oQ>dñVy åhUyZhr EImXr "Img' dhr XoD$ eH$Vm.
Aem dhçm Vwåhr V¶ma Ho$ë¶m, Va H$mJXmMr ~MV hmoB©b. ¶m gJiçm§gmR>r ZdrZ dhçm AmUʶmMr
JaO ^mgUma Zmhr Am{U H$mJX V¶ma H$aʶmgmR>r VwQ>Umar PmS>o H$‘r hmoVrb. PmS>o dmMVrb. n¶m©daUmMo
ajU hmoB©b.
64
21. àíZ {dMmam nwÝhm nwÝhm
Ioiy¶m àíZm§er.
"gVre AmO amÌr {gZo‘mbm OmUma Amho.' Agm {Zamon hmoVm. ’$moZbm a|O ZrQ> Zgë¶m‘wio {Zamon
nyU© H$ibm Zmhr, åhUyZ ‘m‘mZo àíZ {dMmabm, ""H$moU OmUma Amho?'' CËVa {‘imbo - "gVre.' ‘m‘m
åhUmbm, ""Hw$R>o OmUma Amho?'' CËVa Amb§- "{gZo‘mbm.' ‘m‘mZo nwÝhm {dMmabo, ""H$Yr OmUma
Amho?'' CËVa Ambo - "AmO amÌr.'
AmnU àíZ H$gm {dMmaVmo ˶mdê$Z CËVa H$m¶ {‘iob Vo R>aVo. ‘m‘mZo Oa "H$moU, Hw$R>o Am{U H$Yr
OmUma Amho?' Ago {dMmabo AgVo, Va EH$X‘ gJir CËVao {‘imbr AgVr.
Imbrb dm³¶m§‘Ybr gJir ‘m{hVr EH$X‘ {‘iob, Ago àíZ {dMmam. EH$mM CËVamgmR>r AZoH$
àíZ Agy eH$VmV.
CXm., (1) amÌr A§Yma nS>bm.
àíZ … amÌr H$m¶ nS>bm? A§Yma H$Yr nS>bm?
(2) añ˶mÀ¶m H$S>obm ~odmag XßVa nS>bobo e{H$bmZo nm{hbo.
àíZ … e{H$bmZo H$m¶ Am{U Hw$R>o nm{hbo?
AmVm Vwåhr EImXo dm³¶ {bhÿZ ˶mda àíZ V¶ma H$am.
66
‘m{hVr {‘idy¶m.
dQ>dmKyi hm EH$ {ZemMa àmUr Amho. ˶mMo eara ‘D$ Ho$gm§Zr AmÀN>mXbobo AgVo. ˶mMm
a§J nm§T>am, bmb, Vn{H$ar, H$aS>m qH$dm H$mim AgVmo. dQ>dmKimMo n§I Iyn ‘moR>o AgVmV.
nmR>rÀ¶m d nmoQ>mÀ¶m H$mVS>rMm {dñVma hmoD$Z ˶mMo n§I V¶ma Pmbobo AgVmV. dQ>dmKio
g§{YàH$memV d amÌrÀ¶m doir {H«$¶merb AgVmV d {Xdgm PmonVmV. Imbr S>moHo$ da nm¶ Aem
AdñWoV Vr ’$m§Xçm§Zm Q>m§JyZ KoVmV. ’$m§Xçm§Zm {MH$Qy>Z amhʶmgmR>r ˶m§À¶m ‘mJÀ¶m nm¶m§Mr aMZm
doJir AgVo. ˶m§À¶m nm¶m§Mr ~moQ>o AmVë¶m ~mOybm dmH$bobr AgVmV d ZIo BVH$s dmH$S>r
AgVmV, H$s PmonoVhr Vr PmS>mdê$Z Imbr nS>V ZmhrV. dQ>dmKio H$sQ>H$^jH$ AgVmV. eoVmVrb
{nH$m§darb H$sS> ImD$Z {nH$m§Mo hmoUmao ZwH$gmZ Q>miVmV.
gwdmÀ` Ajam§V {bhm.
H$moUVrhr JmoîQ> {‘idʶmgmR>r XmoZ JmoîQ>tMr Amdí¶H$Vm AgVo. EH$ åhUOo ܶmg Am{U Xþgar
åhUOo Aä¶mg. e³Vr Am{U ¶w³Vr ¶m§Mm ¶mo½¶ dmna Ho$ë¶mg H$moU˶mhr H$m‘mVrb AS>MUr Xÿa
hmoVmV. BpÀN>V ܶo¶ gmܶ Pmë¶m{edm¶ à¶ËZ AY©dQ> gmoSy>Z XoUo åhUOo ‘mKma KoUo hmo¶, åhUyZ
¶e {‘idʶmgmR>r à˶oH$mÀ¶m A§Jr {OX²X, {MH$mQ>r Am{U AmË‘{dídmg Amdí¶H$ AgVmo.
{H«$¶mnX
Imbrb eãXg‘yh dmMm.
1. ‘wbo H«$sS>m§JUmda.
2. Am‘Mm H$~S²>S>rMm g§K.
darb eãXg‘yh dmMVmZm Zo‘H$s H$moUVr {H«$¶m Pmbr ho g‘OV Zmhr. ˶m§Mm Zo‘H$m AW© H$iV
Zmhr. Vo AnyU© AmhoV Ago dmQ>Vo.
1. ‘wbo H«$sS>m§JUmda IoiVmV.
2. Am‘Mm H$~S²>S>rMm g§K qOH$bm.
Ago {b{hbo, H$s IoiVmV d qOH$bm ¶m eãXm§‘wio Zo‘H$s H$moUVr {H«$¶m Pmbr Amho ho g‘OVo, AW©
H$iVmo. Aem eãXg‘yhm§Zm dm³¶o åhUVmV. darb dm³¶m§V AYmoao{IV Ho$bobo eãX {H«$¶mnXo AmhoV.
{ejH$m§gmR>r … dJm©V EH$ {dkmZnoQ>r bmdmdr. {dXçm϶mªZm nS>Umao àíZ H$mJXmda {bhÿZ ˶m noQ>rV Q>mH$ʶmg gm§Jmdo.
n[anmR>mÀ¶m doir {ejH$m§Zr ˶m àíZm§Mr CËVao Xçmdr.
67
22. A{V {VW§ ‘mVr
eãXmW© … AmñVo H$X‘ - nyduÀ¶m H$mir amOm Xa~mamV àdoe H$aV Ago, ˶m doir ‘hmamOm§Zr gmdH$me d
hiwdmanUo ¶mdo ¶mgmR>r godH$ hm eãX dmnaV. hmbhdmb - dV©‘mZ, gXç…pñWVr. H¥$nm - X¶m, ‘ohoa~mZr.
CËVoOZ XoUo - àmoËgmhZ XoUo. Xd§S>r {nQ>Uo - amOmMr, gaH$maMr Amkm, gyMZm, gmd©O{ZH$ H$m¶©H«$‘mMo
Omhra {Z‘§ÌU gdmªZm EoHy$ OmB©b Aem ‘moR>çm AmdmOmV gm§JUo. ¶mdoir gwédmVrbm dmXç dmOdyZ gdmªMo
bj doYbo OmVo. qIH$miUo - JmT>dmgmaIm/KmoS>çmgmaIm ‘moR>m AmdmO H$mT>Uo. Vm|S> gwH$Uo - Moham
{ZñVoO hmoUo. PUr, PS>H$ar - bdH$a.
ñdmܶm¶
à. 1. EH$m dm³¶mV CËVao {bhm.
(A) g§JrVmbm CËVoOZ XoʶmgmR>r amOmZo H$moUVr Amkm Ho$br?
(Am) OiUmè¶m amOdmS>çmMr ~mV‘r godH$ amOmbm nQ>H$Z H$m gm§Jy eH$bm Zmhr?
(B) hr Zm{Q>H$m Vwåhm§bm dJm©V gmXa H$am¶Mr Amho. ˶mgmR>r {H$Vr ‘wbo bmJVrb?
71
à. 2. XmoZ-VrZ dm³¶m§V CËVao {bhm.
(A) MH«$‘m{X˶ ‘hmamOm§À¶m amÁ¶mVrb gd© bmoH$ gwIr ZìhVo, ho nmR>mVrb H$moUH$moU˶m
dm³¶m§dê$Z H$iVo?
(Am) ¶m nmR>mVrb H$moUVr dm³¶o dmMyZ Vwåhm§bm hgy ¶oVo?
(B) MH«$‘m{X˶ amOmbm g§JrVmMo A{O~mV kmZ ZìhVo, ho H$moU˶m dm³¶m§dê$Z H$iVo?
(B©) ‘hmamOm§Mr H$moUVr Amkm A‘bmV AmUUo e³¶ Zmhr, Ago Vwåhm§bm dmQ>Vo ? Ago H$m
dmQ>Vo ?
(C) ¶m nmR>mbm "A{V {VW§ ‘mVr' ho Zmd H$m {Xbo Agmdo?
à. 3. ¶m nmR>mV ‘hmamO, àYmZOr, amUrgmho~, godH$, nhmaoH$ar ¶m§À¶m Vm|S>r g§dmX AmhoV. ˶m§À¶m
AmdmOmVrb MT>CVma bjmV KoD$Z ˶m§À¶mEodOr Vwåhr H$go ~mobmb Vo dJm©V gmXa H$am.
à. 4. dm³¶mV Cn¶moJ H$am.
(A) gmIaogmaIm JmoS>. (Am) CËVoOZ XoUo. (B) hgyZ hgyZ nmoQ> XþIUo.
à. 5. Imbrb àg§J Vwåhr JmʶmVyZ H$go gmXa H$amb Vo {bhm.
(A) Vwåhm§bm H$a‘V Zmhr, ho Vwåhr Vw‘À¶m {‘Ìmbm gm§JV AmhmV.
(Am) {ejH$ {eH$dboë¶m nmR>mda ‘wbm§Zm J¥hnmR> H$am¶bm gm§JV AmhoV.
(B) añ˶mda {’$ê$Z ‘mb {dH$Umar 춳Vr ‘mbmMr Om{hamV H$aV Amho.
à. 6. dm§½¶m§gmR>r, H$m§Xçm§gmR>r H$moUH$moUVr {deofUo ¶m nmR>mV Ambobr AmhoV ? dm§Jr, H$m§Xo ¶m§gmR>r
Vwåhr AmUIr H$moUVr {deofUo dmnamb?
à. 7. Vw‘À¶m AmdS>rÀ¶m H$moUË`mhr nmM dñVy§Mr Zmdo KoD$Z ˶m§À¶mgmR>r {deofUo {bhm.
à. 8. Mmoar‘mar, JmoaJar~ ¶m§gmaIo nmR>mVrb d BVa OmoS>eãX emoYm. {bhm.
à. 9. Imbrb eãX AgoM {bhm.
CËH¥$îQ>, CËV‘, H$m¶©H«$‘, ñdV…bm, CËVoOZ, nwÝhm, {à¶.
à. 10. A Am{U ~ ¶m Mm¡H$Q>tV nañnam§Mo {déX²YmWu eãX {Xbobo AmhoV. ˶m§À¶m OmoS>çm OwidyZ
{bhm.
à˶oH$ OmoS>rgmR>r EH$-EH$ dm³¶ {bhm.
CXm., Odi x Xÿa.
emim ‘m¶m KamnmgyZ Odi Amho Am{U XdmImZm ‘m¶m KamnmgyZ Xÿa Amho.
"A' JQ> "~' JQ>
é§X, JmoaJar~, amoI, gw§Xa, hOa, ‘mZ, Aé§X, lr‘§V, CYma, Hw$ê$n, J¡ahOa,
^a^a, CXçmoJr. An‘mZ, gmdH$me, Amier.
CnH«$‘ … 1. H$moUVmhr EH$ {dZmoXr {df¶ KoD$Z {ejH$m§À¶m ‘XVrZo ZmQ>çrH$aU gmXa H$am.
2. {ejH$m§À¶m ‘XVrZo ‘amR>rVrb {dZmoXr boIZ H$aUmè¶m boIH$m§Mr ‘m{hVr {‘idm.
72
23. N>ÌnVr amOfu emhÿ‘hmamO
1896 Mm nmdgmim H$moaS>mM Jobm. àOobm Aàyn hmoV§.
Z§VaÀ`m dfuhr CÝhmMr VëIbr Zì`m dfm©À`m gwédmVrbm ^wXaJS>, nÝhmim,
dmTy> bmJbr hmoVr. Am^mimV H$moaS T>J O_m`Mo, emhÿdmS>r ¶m VmbwŠ`m§Mm Xm¡am gwê$ Pmbm. {hadrJma
{ZKyZ Om`Mo. àOoÀ`m S>moiçm§Vrb nmUrgwX²Ym amZ§ CÝhmZ§ H$anyZ Jobr hmoVr. _hmamO amZm_mimZ§
AmQ>b§. H$moëhmnyaÀ`m gwnrH$ _mVrbm ^oJm nSy> nm`r OmV hmoVo. PmonS>r-PmonS>rV OmD$Z {dMmanyg
bmJë`m. eoVH$ar Am^mimH$S>§ S>moi§ bmdyZ ~gbm. H$aV hmoVo. _hmamOm§À`m H$mZmda àOoM§ JmèhmU§ `oV
hmoV§.
_hmamOm§Zr ì`mnmè¶m§Mr ~¡R>H$ ~mobmdbr.
"~§YyZmo, XþîH$mimZ§ hmhmH$ma _mOdbobm Vwåhr ~KVM
AmhmV. _r ñdV… g§ñWmZmV Xm¡am H$mTy>Z àOoMr
X`Zr` AdñWm nm{hbobr Amho. Vwåhr Oer _mPr
àOm, VerM eoVH$ar Am{U JmoaJar~ _Oyahr _mPrM
àOm. Vwåhr YmÝ`mÀ`m {H$_Vr H$_r Ho$ë`m, Va XmoZ
doiobm Mma Kmg Ë`m§À`m nmoQ>mV OmVrb. Vwåhr
N>ÌnVr amOfu emhÿ‘hmamOm§{df¶r bmoH$ YmÝ`mMr {dH«$s IaoXrÀ`m qH$_Vrbm H$am. IaoXrÀ`m
~mobm`bm bmJbo, "BVH$m Mm§Jbm amOm {_imbm XamV àOobm YmÝ` {_im`bm bmJb§, Va àOm
Am{U AmVm Añ_mZr g§H$Q> Amb§. H$m` a§ ~m~m, Vwåhm§bm Xþdm XoB©b Am{U Amåhr ZwH$gmZ hmoD$ XoUma
Am~mimMr Hw$èhmS> nS>br a§ _mZ§da!' Zmhr. Vw_Mm VmoQ>m Amåhr Xa~mamVyZ ^ê$Z XoD$.'
gd©Ì XþîH$mimZ§ W¡_mZ KmVb§. hbH$ëbmoi ˶m‘wio YmÝ`mÀ`m {H$_Vr CVaë`m. àOobm
CS>mbm. OZmda§ Cnmer nS>br. ~iramOmM§ H$mirO amñV XamV YmÝ` ¿`m`bm WmoS>§Var nadS>m`bm
XJS>mM§ Pmb§. Jmdnm§T>ar gmoSy>Z _mUg§ OJm`bm Xÿa bmJb§. _hmamOm§À`m _mJ©Xe©ZmImbr H$mhr
Mmbbr. JmoaJar~ H$anyZ Om`bm bmJbo. Jmd§À`m ì`mnmè¶m§Zr EH$Ì `oD$Z WmoS>r nw§Or O_m Ho$br. Ë`m
Jmd§ Amog nS>m`bm bmJbr. aH$_o_YyZ EH$ ñdñV YmÝ` XþH$mZ gwê$ Pmb§. {VWyZ
emhÿ_hmamOm§Mm Ord daImbr ìhm`bm bmJbm. àOobm ñdñV YmÝ` `mo½` à_mUmda {_im`bm
Ë`m§Zr {XdmU ~hmX²Xÿa aKwZmWamd g~Zrgm§Zm d bmJb§.
{ZdS>H$ A{YH$mè`m§Zm ~mobmdb§. KmoS>çmdê$Z Xm¡am ehamVë`m ~mH$sÀ`m ì`mnmè`m§da `m JmoîQ>rMm
gwê$ Pmbm. W§S>rMo {Xdg. ~moMè`m W§S>rMr OmUrd Mm§Jbm n[aUm_ Pmbm. Ë`m§Zrhr \$m`Xm Z KoVm "Zm
KmoS>çmdê$Z H$mhr hmoV ZìhVr; nU \$mQ>H§$VwQ>H§$ Z\$m Zm VmoQ>m' `m VËËdmda YmÝ` {dH$m`bm gwédmV
nm§Kê$Z amZmo_mi {\$aUmè`m Jar~ a`VoMr AdñWm Ho$br. _hmamOm§Zr Xa~mamVyZ {~Zì`mOr H$O©
_hmamOm§Zm H$iV hmoVr. JS>qh½bO, am`~mJ, dmQ>m`Mm hþHy$_ {Xbm. ì`mnmar H$O© KoV, Ë`mVyZ
H$Q>H$moi ^mJm§V XþîH$mimZ§ PmoS>nboë`m a`Vobm Yra YmÝ`mMr IaoXr H$aV. Vo Ymݶ {dH$V Am{U aŠH$_
XoV _hmamO {\$aV hmoVo. ^a Xþnmar CÝhmVmÝhmMm _mam Xa~mar O_m H$aV. Aer EH$ ì`dñWm V¶ma Ho$br.
Z Ow_mZVm _hmamO ñdV… ^oQ>m`bm `oV Agë`mM§ nmÊ`mMm àíZhr Ádb§VM hmoVm. _hmamOm§Zr
73
`wX²YnmVirda hmbMmbr gwê$ Ho$ë`m. "{d{harVbm _hmamOm§Zr Xa~mamV gm§{JVb§, ""àOobm YmÝ`
Jmi H$mT>m. ZXrH$mR>r {d{har ImoXm. Xa~mamVyZ AmUyZ {Xb§, OZmdam§Zm MmamnmUr AmUyZ {Xb§
bmJob VodT>m IM© H$am.' _hmamOm§Zr AmXoe {Xbo. åhUOo VodT>çmda ^mJV Zmhr. ~mH$s gJi§ {dH$V
Ë`m§Zr amÁ`mVë`m ZXrZmë`m§Mr nmhUr gwê$ ¿`m`bm Ë`m§À`mH$S>o n¡gm Zmhr. Ë`m§Zm n¡gm XoÊ`mgmR>r
Ho$br Am{U ~m§YH$m_ ImË`mVë`m B§{O{ZAg©Zm H$m_§ H$mT>m`Mr. amoOJma h_r `moOZm am~dm`Mr.
KoD$Z AmIUr H$am`À`m V`marbm bmJbo. {OW§ Amnë`mH$S>§ añVo Mm§Jbo ZmhrV, Vo H$ê$Z ¿`m.
eŠ` hmoV§, {VW§ ZXr-Zmë¶m§da ~§Ymao KmbyZ dm`m {~«{Q>e hX²XrVgwX²Ym añË`mMr H$m_§ H$mT>m.''
OmUma§ nmUr AS>dm`Mr `moOZm am~dÊ`mV Ambr. ^am^a MH«§$ {\$abr. _hmamO ñdV… {\$aV hmoVo.
Zdo Vbmd Hw$R>o Hw$R>o ~m§YVm `oVrb, `mMrhr nmhUr añË`mMr H$m_§ hmoD$ bmJbr. Jar~ a`VoÀ`m hmVmV
Pmbr. dS>Jmd, {eamoi, éH$S>r `m Jmdm§V Zdo Vbmd Mma n¡go nSy> bmJbo.
~m§YyZ bmoH$m§Zm nmUr Xçm`bm gwédmV Ho$br. _hmamOm§Zr AmUIrZ EH$ JmoîQ> hoabr hmoVr.
{d{hatMm Jmi H$mTy>Z Ë`m§Mr Imobr-é§Xr añË`mÀ`m H$m_mda ~m`H$m `oVmV. Ë`m H$m_mV
dmT>dë`m_wio {VW§ nmUr gmR>m`bm bmJb§. àOoMr AgVmV, Voìhm Ë`m§Mr {Mëbr{nëbr PmS>mImbr
JaOonwaË`m nmÊ`mMr gmo` Pmbr. eoVH$è`m§Mr {OÌm~§ Am{U BH$S>§ {VH$S>§ {\$aVmV, Cnmer amhVmV, aS>VmV.
CnmgnmoQ>r _ê$ bmJbr. _hmamOm§Zr OZmdam§À`m Ë`m§À`mH$S>o H$moU ~KV Zmhr, åhUyZ Ë`m§Zr Xa~mabm
N>mdÊ`m Cä`m H$ê$Z OZmda§ AmUbr. Ë`m§Zm d¡aU, hþHy$_ {Xbm, "AmOÀ`m AmO N>mdÊ`m CKS>m. Am`m
XmUmJmoQ>m XoD$ bmJbo. amÁ`mZ§ C^maboë`m gaH$mar Zo_m Am{U Ë`m nmoam~mim§Mr ì`dñWm H$am. àË`oH$
WQ²Q>rV J[a~m§Mr, eoVH$è`m§Mr {OÌm~§ OJbr. H$m_mda hr ì`dñWm H$am.'
g§ñWmZÀ`m _mbH$sÀ`m O§JbmV Jwa§ Mmam`bm _hmamOm§À`m hþH$_mZ§ amoOJma h_rÀ`m àË`oH$
_moH$irH$ XoÊ`mV Ambr. {R>H$mUr {eew g§JmonZJ¥h§ Mmby Pmbr. ~m`m-
_hmamOm§Zr hþHy$_ {Xbm, ""gJim I{OZm ~mnS>çm§Mr H$anUmar _m`m gmdbrV {dgmdbr.
[aH$m_m H$am, nU eoVH$è`m§Zm OJdm, OZmdam§Zm - lram‘ nqMÐo
OJdm, àOobm OJdm... Hw$UmMr hoigm§S> hmoD$ XoD$
ZH$m.''
eãXmW© … VëIbr - VS>mIm. Am~mimMr Hw$èhmS> nS>Uo - g§H$Q> ¶oUo. ~iramOm - eoVH$ar. Jmdnm§T>ar
- ‘yi Jmd. àOm - OZVm. {OÌm~§ - OZmdao. WQ²>Q>r - Jwao ~m§YʶmMr OmJm. N>mdʶm - VmËnwaVo ~m§Ybobo
N>ßna. hoigm§S> - Xþb©j.
ñdmܶm¶
à. 1. EH$m dm³¶mV CËVao {bhm.
(A) H$moëhmnyaÀ¶m gwnrH$ O{‘Zrbm ^oJm H$m nSy> bmJë¶m?
(Am) bmoH$ emhÿ‘hmamOm§{df¶r H$m¶ ~moby bmJbo?
(B) nmʶmÀ¶m àíZmg§~§Yr ‘hmamOm§Zr H$moUVm AmXoe {Xbm?
(B©) amoOJma h‘rÀ¶m à˶oH$ {R>H$mUr ‘hmamOm§Zr ‘wbm§gmR>r H$moUVr ¶moOZm gwê$ Ho$br?
74
à. 2. XmoZ-VrZ dm³¶m§V CËVao {bhm.
(A) emhÿ‘hmamOm§Mm Ord daImbr H$m hmoD$ bmJbm?
(Am) Zì¶m dfm©À¶m gwédmVrbm ‘hmamOm§Zr H$moUH$moU˶m Vmbw³¶m§Mm Xm¡am Ho$bm? ˶m{R>H$mUMr
n[apñWVr H$er hmoVr?
(B) ‘hmamOm§Zr ì¶mnmè¶m§Zm ~¡R>H$sV H$m¶ gwMdbo?
(B©) {OÌm~m§gmR>r ‘hmamOm§Zr H$moUH$moU˶m gmoB© Ho$ë¶m?
(C) ‘hmamOm§Zr amoOJma h‘r ¶moOZm am~dʶmMo H$m R>adbo?
(D$) ‘hmamOm§Zr {eew g§JmonZJ¥h§ Mmby H$aʶmMm hþHy$‘ H$m {Xbm?
à. 3. Imbr {Xbobo eãX dmMm d nwÝhm {bhm.
VëIbr, Añ‘mZr, hmhmH$ma, g§ñWmZ, {OÌm~§, hX²X, {Mëbr{nëbr, N>mdʶm, hþHy$‘.
à. 4. ¶m nmR>m‘ܶo "{~Zì¶mOr' hm eãX Ambm Amho. Vwåhm§bm ‘mhrV Agbobo Ago CngJ©©¶w³V eãX
{bhm.
à. 5. Imbrb eãXm§Mo {déX²YmWu eãX {bhm.
(A) XþîH$mi x
(Am) gwnrH$ x
(B) bj x
(B©) VmoQ>m x
(C) ñdñV x
Imbrb dm³¶m§Vrb {H«$¶mnXo AYmoao{IV H$am.
1. g‘raZo nwaUnmoir Imëbr.
2. emim gwê$ Pmbr.
3. ‘wbtZr Q>miçm dmOdë¶m.
4. {ejH$m§Zr ‘wbm§Zm àíZ {dMmabo.
5. a‘oeZo Aä¶mg Ho$bm.
6. d¡îUdr gw§Xa JmVo.
H§$gmVrb {H«$`mnXo `moOyZ nwT>rb dmŠ`o nyU© H$am.
(bmJbm, Jobo, gmoS>bo, H$aVmV.)
1. {VMo ~mbnU {ZgJm©À`m gmpÝZÜ`mV ........... .
2. EImXo g§H$Q> Amë`mda _w§½`m EH$_oH$s¨Zm gmdY ........... .
3. Ë`mZo Ka ........... d Vmo am_Q>oH$À`m O§JbmV ^Q>Hy$ ........... .
75
24. H$mnUr
EoH$m. åhUm. dmMm.
76
eãXmW© : bmJo - gwédmV hmoV Amho. ‘mJ}ga - ‘mJ©erf© ‘{hZm. Imbodèho - Imbrda.
S>mo¶mMr - S>moiçmMr. O‘rZrbo - O{‘Zrbm. VT>o - ^oJm, ’$Q>r. ‘mnZr - ‘moOUr. {nd¶o - {ndio.
Bæ¶o - {dio (ÁdmarMr YmQ>o, JdV H$mnʶmMo h˶ma.) nmOdwZr - Yma bmdyZ. ({diçmMr H$mnʶmMr ~mOy
VrúU H$aUo.) Jmo’$Zr - Jmo’$U, XJS> ’o$H$ʶmMo gmYZ. {nH$mMr Wmn bmJUo - {nH$mMm T>rJ bmJUo.
S>mo¶mbm PmnZr ¶oUo - X‘ë¶m‘wio Iyn Pmon ¶oUo, l‘mZo S>moio {‘Q>m¶bm bmJUo. I¶o - Iio. (H$UgmVyZ
XmUo ~mhoa H$mT>ʶmgmR>r, ‘iUr H$aʶmgmR>r V¶ma Ho$bobr OmJm.) KrgZ - KoD$Z. MmonZr - H$Ugo, O‘rZ
~S>dʶmgmR>r dmnam¶Mo OmS> bmHy$S>.
ñdmܶm¶
à. 1. EH$m dm³¶mV CËVao {bhm.
(A) H$mnUr H$moU˶m ‘{hݶmV gwê$ hmoVo?
(Am) {nHo$ H$mnm¶bm Amë¶mZ§Va H$d{¶ÌrÀ¶m S>moiçm§nwT>o H$m¶ C^o amhVo?
(B) {nHo$ H$mnUr˦m doir eoV H$go {XgVo?
(B©) H$d{¶ÌrZo "qh‘V Yam' Ago H$m åhQ>bo Amho?
(C) H$d{¶ÌrZo {diçm§Zm Yma bmdyZ R>odm¶bm H$m gm§{JVbo Amho?
à. 2. Imbrb AW© Agboë¶m H${dVoVrb Amoir emoYm d {bhm.
(A) AmVm H$mnUrbm V¶ma ìhm d {diçm§Zm Yma bmdyZ R>odm.
(Am) hmVmVbr Jmo’$U Imbr R>odm d hmVmV {dio ¿¶m.
(B) H$mnboë¶m {nH$mMr amg bmJbobr Amho.
(B©) H$mnUr Pmë¶mda aJS>Ur ¶oVo.
à. 3. {nHo$ H$mnm¶bm Ambr VoìhmnmgyZ YmݶmMr amg hmoB©n¶ªV H$moUH$moUVr H$m‘o H$amdr bmJVmV, Vo
H«$‘mZo {bhm.
à. 4. V§ÌkmZmV ~Xb hmoV Agë¶m‘wio eoVrÀ¶m H$m‘m§‘ܶo H$go H$go ~Xb hmoV Jobo, ¶mMr ‘m{hVr {‘idm
d Imbrbà‘mUo aH$mZo ~ZdyZ dhrV {bhm.
H$m‘o nyduMr pñWVr gܶmMr pñWVr
eoVmbm nmUr XoUo. ~¡bm§À¶m gmhçmZo {d{harVrb ~moAabm ‘moQ>a bmdyZ nmUr CngUo.
nmUr ‘moQ>oZo CngUo, H$mT>Uo. Vwfma qgMZ, {R>~H$ qgMZ H$aUo.
eoVmbm nmQ>mZo nmUr XoUo.
à. 5. "S>mì¶m S>moiçmMr nmnUr Imbrda hmoVo' Agm CëboI ¶m H${dVoV Ambobm Amho. H$mhrVar ew^
KS>Uma Agob, Va Ago åhUVmV. Aem AZoH$ g‘OwVr g‘mOmV ê$T> AmhoV. Vw‘Mo AmOr-AmOmo~m,
AmB©-dS>rb, eoOmar, AmgnmgMo bmoH$ ¶m§À¶mH$Sy>Z Aem g‘OwVtMr ‘m{hVr ¿¶m. ˶m§Mr H$maUo
{ejH$m§H$Sy>Z g‘OyZ ¿¶m. ˶m ‘mJrb d¡km{ZH$ H$maUo emoYm.
à. 6. hr H${dVm Vwåhm§bm AmdS>br H$m? ¶m H${dVoVrb Vwåhm§bm AmdS>boë¶m Amoir {bhm.
à. 7. B¶m åhUOo {dim. ~{hUm~mB© Mm¡Yar Amnë¶m H${dVoV "d' EodOr "B' Am{U "i' EodOr "¶' Mm
Cn¶moJ H$aVmV. H${dVoV Ambobo Ago eãX {bhm.
77
à. 8. Imbrb dm³¶o dmMm. ˶m§Vrb g‘mZmWu eãX emoYm d {bhm.
CXm., emioMm g§K qOH$bobm nmhÿZ g§VmofMm AmZ§X JJZmV ‘mdoZm.
(1) n§H$O Am{U gamoObm H$‘imMo ’y$b Iyn AmdS>Vo.
(2) gm¡Xm{‘ZrZo AmH$memV drO H$S>mS>VmZm nm{hbr.
(3) aOZr, ¶m{‘Zr ¶m {ZemÀ¶m Kar amÌr Joë¶m.
(4) g§J«m‘ Am{U g‘a nm{ZnVÀ¶m ¶wX²YmMr H$Wm dmMV hmoVo.
(5) gw‘Z, Hw$‘wX Am{U Hw$gw‘ ¶m§Zr emioVrb H$m¶©H«$‘mgmR>r ’w$bo Jmoim Ho$br.
(6) adr, ^mñH$a, Am{X˶, g{dVm d ^mZy ho gd© {‘Ì XaamoO gH$mir gy¶m©bm Z‘ñH$ma H$aVmV.
à. 9. dmMm. bjmV R>odm.
H${dVoV Ambobo Imbrb eãX, ˶m eãXmnwT>o XmIdë¶mà‘mUo Zoh‘r {b{hVmV.
H$mnZr - H$mnUr, nmnZr - nmnUr, ‘mnZr - ‘mnUr, Jmo’$Zr - Jmo’$Ur, PmnZr - PmnUr,
aJS>Zr - aJS>Ur, MmonZr - MmonUr.
CnH«$‘ … 1. eoVrH$m‘mgmR>r H$moUH$moUVr AdOmao bmJVmV, Vo eoVmV OmD$Z nmhm. Ë`m§Mr Zmdo _mhrV
H$ê$Z ¿`m. Vr dmnê$Z H$moUH$moUVr H$m‘o Ho$br OmVmV ¶mMr ‘m{hVr {‘idm. dJm©V gm§Jm.
2. ~{hUm~mB© Mm¡Yar ¶m§À¶m H${dVm§Mm g§J«h H$am.
H§$gm§V H$mhr {H«$`mnXo {Xbr AmhoV. Ë`m§Mr `mo½` ê$no V`ma H$ê$Z Imbrb dmŠ`m§Vrb
[aH$må`m OmJr {bhm.
CXm., amYmZo Q>miçm ........... (dmOdUo)
amYmZo Q>miçm dmOdë`m.
1. {ejH$m§Zr _wbtMo A{^Z§XZ ............ (H$aUo)
2. M§XÿZo PmS>m§Zm nmUr ............ (KmbUo)
3. AmB©Zo ZrVmbm àíZ ............ ({dMmaUo)
4. _§Xm JmUr N>mZ ............ (åhUUo)
H§$gmVrb gyMZoZwgma dmŠ`o ~XbyZ nwÝhm {bhm.
1. AmH$memV T>J `oVmM _moa ZmMy bmJbm.
("_moa' EodOr "_wbo' hm eãX ¿`m.)
2. gmn {XgVmM Vmo Km~abm.
("Vmo' EodOr "Ë`m' hm eãX ¿`m.)
3. A^`Zo XßVa OmJoda R>odbo.
("A^`' EodOr "emaXm' hm eãX ¿`m.)
78
25. T>mob
AmdmO gmè¶m JmdmV, Amg‘§VmV Kw‘y bmJVmo.
A»»¶m gmVnwS>çmV T>mobm§da Wmn nSy> bmJVo.
’$mëJwZ nm¡{U©‘oÀ¶m hmoirMr Oæ¶V V¶mar Mmby hmoVo.
nmoQ>mnmʶmgmR>r Jmd gmoSy>Z Jobobo ‘Oya ¶m gUmgmR>r
hiyhiy JmdmH$S>o ¶oVmV.
Am‘À¶m JmdmVrb Am‘í¶m S>mohë¶m Amnë¶m
{Më¶m{në¶m§Zm KoD$Z gUmgmR>r JmdmV ¶m¶Mm.
A»»¶m gmVnwS>çmV Am‘í¶m S>mohë¶m à{gX²Y
hmoVm. Am‘í¶m T>mob dmOdy bmJbm, H$s dmS>çm-
nmS>çm§daMr ‘mUgo T>mobmÀ¶m {XeoZo ZmMV ZmMV ¶oV
AgV. Z WH$Vm amÌ-amÌ T>mob dmOdʶmV Am‘í¶m
gmVnwS>çmÀ¶m n[agamVrb H§$X‘wio, ’$io, nQ>mB©V hmoVm.
nmZm’w$bm§Zr ~habobo KZXmQ> O§Jb. ˶m O§JbmV T>mobmMm gm§JmS>m Am§ã¶mÀ¶m qH$dm gmJmÀ¶m
Am{Xdmgr bmoH$ amhm¶Mo. {ZgJm©À¶m gmpÝZܶmV bmH$S>mnmgyZ V¶ma Ho$bobm AgVmo. ˶mda H$mVS>r
amhÿZ, {ZgJm©Mo {Z¶‘ nmiyZ Am{Xdmgr Amnbo MT>dVmV. Hw$Ur T>mobmMr nmZo ~gdVmV. Hw$Ur Xmoè¶m
OrdZ OJV hmoVo. Aem ¶m Am{XdmgtÀ¶m hmoirbm AmdiVmV. T>mobmgmR>r bmHy$S> H$moUVo dmnam¶Mo?
gw‘mao AmR>eo dfmªMm B{Vhmg Amho. Vmo Vmgm¶Mm H$gm? ˶mbm H$moU˶m àmʶmÀ¶m
gmVnwS>m S>m|JamÀ¶m n[agamVrb hmoir H$mVS>çmMo nmZ bmdm¶Mo? Vmo Amdim¶Mm H$gm?
‘hmamîQ´>mVM Zìho Va ^maV^a à{gX²Y Amho. T>mobmMm ZmX A»»¶m gmVnwS>çmV Kw‘dm¶Mm H$gm?
hmo{bH$moËgdmMr gwédmV ‘mK nm¡{U©‘obm Xm§S>mnyOZmZo hr gJir ‘m{hVr Am‘í¶m S>mohë¶mbm hmoVr.
hmoVo. Am{XdmgtÀ¶m g§ñH¥$VrV na§naoZo Amboë¶m OUyH$mhr ¶m {ZgJm©Zo ˶mbm T>mob ~ZdʶmgmR>rM
Xm§S>mnyOZmbm {deof ‘hËËd Amho. OÝ‘mbm KmVbo hmoVo, åhUyZ A»Im gmVnwS>mM
hmoir nm¡{U©‘obm Xm§S>mnyOZ Pmbo, H$s ˶mbm "Am‘í¶m S>mohbm' åhUV hmoVm.
gmVnwS>çmVrb dmS>çmnmS>çm§VyZ T>mobm§Mm AmdmO Kw‘y hmoirMm {Xdg Odi Ambm VgVgo nmS>çm§daMo
bmJVmo. Hw$S>mÀ¶m Kam§À¶m gm§XrH$monè¶m§V, Iw§Q>rbm, T>mob S>m|JaXè¶m§V Am{U gmè¶m Amg‘§VmV Kw‘y
AmT>çmbm ~m§YyZ R>odbobo T>mob ~mhoa {ZKy bmJVmV. bmJbo. Am‘í¶mMr T>mobmdaMr Wmn ‘O~yV Pmbr.
‘w»¶ hmoirÀ¶m n§Yam {Xdg AJmoXa bhmZ ‘wbm§Mr "¶§XmÀ¶m hmoirV Iyn T>mob dmOdy. A»Im gmVnwS>m
hmoir gwê$ hmoVo. bhmZ ‘wbo N>moQ>r hmoir noQ>dyZ XUmUyZ gmoSy>', Aer OUy ˶mZo enW KoVbr hmoVr.
{VÀ¶m^modVr ’o$a Yê$Z ZmMVmV. ‘wbo hmoirZ¥Ë¶mMm hmoirMm {Xdg COmS>bm. Am‘í¶m gH$minmgyZM
gamd H$aVmV Am{U ˶mM {XdgmnmgyZ T>mobm§Mm hmoirOdi T>mob KoD$Z ~gbm hmoVm. hiyhiy ˶mZo
{ejH$m§gmR>r … 1. B§Q>aZoQ>Mm (Am§VaOmb) dmna H$ê$Z Am{Xdmgr OrdZm{df¶rMr ‘m{hVr {‘idmdr. {dXçm϶mªZm
dmMZmgmR>r Xçmdr.
79
T>mobmda Wmn ‘mam¶bm gwédmV Ho$br. JmdmVrb AmdmOmMo à{VÜdZr gmVnwS>çmÀ¶m am§Jmam§Jm§VyZ Kw‘V
ñÌr-nwéf, nmoao~mio T>mobmÀ¶m {XeoZo ¶oD$ bmJbr. hmoVo. A»Im Jmd S>mobr^modVr Xþ…I {JiV ~gbm
ZH$iV ZmMmbm gwédmV Pmbr. gd©OU EH$‘oH$m§Mm hmoVm.
hmV Yê$Z ~oYw§XnUo ZmMV hmoVo. Am‘í¶m ‘moR>çm O§Jë¶m ^JV S>mobrOdi Ambm. ˶mZo H$Wm
a§JmV ¶oD$Z T>mob dmOdV hmoVm. ~KVm ~KVm bhmZ- bmdbr. ""AmnU ¶m {ZgJm©Vrb EH$ Ord. à˶oH$mbm
ghmZ, Wmoam‘moR>çm§Zrhr Am‘í¶mÀ¶m ^modVr [a¨JU OÝ‘ Am{U ‘aU {ZgJ©M XoVmo. PmS> OÝ‘mbm ¶oVo
Yabo. ZmMmÀ¶m Mmbr ~XbV, VhmZ^yH$ {dgê$Z Am{U EH$ {Xdg ‘aVo, åhUyZ BVa PmS>o Xþ…I H$aV
gd©OU T>mobm^modVr ZmMy bmJbo. ZmM a§JmV ¶oVm ~gV ZmhrV. {ZgJ©MH«$ Wm§~V Zmhr. àmUr-nú¶m§Mohr
¶oVm amÌ Ho$ìhm Pmbr Vo g‘Obohr Zmhr. noQ>˶m VgoM. ‘mUyg {ZgJm©Vbm EH$ jwëbH$ Ord.''
hmoirÀ¶m ^modVr nwÝhm ZmM gwê$ Pmbm. T>mobmMm O§Jë¶m ^JV nwT>o ~moby bmJbm, ""Am‘í¶m
doJ dmT>bm Vgo ZmMUmaohr ~oYw§X Pmbo Am{U hmoir OÝ‘mbm Ambm hmoVm Va ˶mbm ‘aU AQ>i. AmVm
OgOer {dPy bmJbr VgVgm T>mobmMm doJhr ‘§Xmdy CXçm ˶mbm gmJmÀ¶m PmS>mImbr Imob IS²>S>çmV
bmJbm. Am‘í¶mMr T>mobmdaMr Wmn EH$X‘ ‘§Xmdbr, JmS>bo OmB©b. ˶mMm Xoh ‘mVrMm, ˶mMr ‘mVrM
Vgm ZmM EH$X‘ Wm§~bm. H$Yrhr Z Wm§~Umam hmoB©b. {VWoM EImXr gmJmMr ~r ˶m ‘mVrV éOob.
Am‘í¶mMm hmV H$gm H$m¶ Wm§~bm, åhUyZ gd©OU ˶mM§ PmS> hmoB©b - ‘moR>§ gmJmM§ PmS> - ˶mMm
˶mÀ¶mH$S>o nmhÿ bmJbo Am{U EH$X‘ AmaS>mAmoaS> Hw$UrVar T>mob ~Zdob. Vmo T>mob nwÝhm dmOy bmJob.
Pmbr. Am‘í¶m S>mohbm T>mobmbm gmdaV YaVrda T>mobmÀ¶m ê$nmZo Am‘í¶m Amnë¶mVM amhrb.
H$mogibm hmoVm! T>mobmÀ¶m ZmXm~amo~a Am‘í¶mMm S>m|JaXè¶m§VyZ ZmX, b¶ Am{U ñda Kw‘y bmJVrb.
ídmg AMmZH$ ~§X Pmbm. Am‘í¶mMm T>mob nwÝhm dmOy bmJob.''
amZmdZm§Vrb nmZm’w$bm§Zr, nig’w$bm§Zr gH$mi Pmbr hmoVr d gy¶m©Zohr Am‘í¶mMo
Am‘í¶mMr S>mobr gOy bmJbr. gOdboë¶m S>mobrV AIoaMo Xe©Z KoVbo hmoVo.
Am‘í¶m {Zdm§V Pmonbm hmoVm; nU ˶mÀ¶m T>mobmÀ¶m - g§O` bmohH$ao
eãXmW© … Xm§S>mnyOZ - hmoirÀ`m gUmbm Xm§S>m nwaVmV d Ë`mMr nyOm H$aVmV. Amg‘§VmV - g^modVmbr,
Mmohmo~mOy§Zm. ~oYw§XnUo - ^mZ hanyZ.
ñdmܶm¶
à. 1. EH$m dm³¶mV CËVao {bhm.
(A) Am{XdmgtÀ¶m hmoirbm {H$Vr dfmªMm B{Vhmg Amho?
(Am) A»»¶m gmVnwS>çmV T>mob dmOdʶmV H$moU à{gX²Y hmoVm?
(B) "Am‘í¶m S>mohë¶m' Zo H$moUVr enW KoVbr hmoVr?
à. 2. VrZ-Mma dm³¶m§V CËVao {bhm.
(A) gmVnwS>çmÀ¶m n[agamVrb {ZgJm©Mo dU©Z H$am.
(Am) Am‘í¶mÀ¶m T>mob dmOdʶmMo d¡{eîQ>ç H$m¶ hmoVo?
(B) T>mob H$gm V¶ma H$aVmV?
(B©) "T>mobmÀ¶m ê$nmZo Am‘í¶m Amnë¶mVM amhrb,' ho nQ>dyZ XoʶmgmR>r ^JVmZo H$m¶ gm§{JVbo?
80
à. 3. dm³¶mV Cn¶moJ H$am.
Amg‘§VmV Kw‘Uo, nQ>mB©V AgUo, XUmUyZ gmoS>Uo, enW KoUo, [a¨JU YaUo.
à. 4. Vwåhr "hmoir' hm gU H$gm gmOam H$aVm, ˶mMo dU©Z H$am.
à. 5. bmoH$gm{h˶mVrb"hmoir' ¶m gUmg§~§YrÀ¶m H${dVm {ejH$m§À¶m ‘XVrZo {‘idm. JmD$Z XmIdm.
Am{XdmgtMo hmoir Z¥Ë¶
81
26. nmʶmMr JmoîQ>
(àg§J 1 … aËZmÀ¶m Kar) ZimOdi Wm§~m¶M§. Zi ’w$g’w$gm¶bm
(‘wbo emioV Om¶bm {ZKmbr. OmVmZm bmJbm, H$s gJiçm§Mr Ymdni
aËZmbm ~mobdm¶bm {VÀ¶m Kar Ambr.) gwê$ hmoVo. H$YrH$Yr Va EImXçm X‘
‘rZm … (XmamV C^r amhÿZ) aËZm, E aËZm, AJ§ Mb bmJboë¶m åhmVmè¶mgmaIm AYm©-AYm©
H$s, Cera Pmbm¶. AmO n[anmR>mÀ¶m Vmg Zi ’w$g’w$gV amhVmo. nmʶmEodOr
Vmg^a AmYr ~mobdb§¶ Zm, nmhþUo ZwgVr hdm ¶oV amhVo.
¶m¶MoV emioV. Mb nQ>H$Z. XrnH$XmXm … aËZm@@@, Hw$R>o Jobr hmoVrg ? (‘mJo
aËZm … (YmdV ¶oVo) Ambo @@@ ~mXbr ^ê$Z dm{hë¶mMm AmdmO ¶oVmo.)
‘rZm … bdH$a ZrK ~mB©. AOyZ OmVmZm aËZm … er@@, hr nmʶmMr H$Q>H$Q> H$Yr
gH$sZmbm ~mobdm¶M§¶. g§nUma Hw$Umg R>mD$H$!
aËZm … Vwåhr {ZKm J§. ‘bm H$m¶ bdH$a ‘mohZ … Amåhr nwT>o OmD$ H$m?
¶m¶bm hmoV Zmhr. AmO ‘§Jidma, XrnH$XmXm … E@@, nmM {‘{ZQ>§ Wm§~m. AmVm
Am‘À¶mH$S>Mm nmʶmMm {Xdg. nmUr OmB©bM. ‘J gJio gmo~V
gH$sZmnU nmUrM ^aV Agob. Om. Vwåhm§bm gJiçm§Zm nmʶmMr
{VÀ¶mH$S>o OmD$Z ~Km Vr ¶oVo H$m. H$Q>H$Q> dmQ>Vr¶. ‘mP§ Va XhmdrM§
df© Amho. Xa ‘§JidmaMr gH$mi
adr … Vw‘À¶mH$S>o nmUr ‘§Jidmar ¶oV§?
nmʶmV OmVo. AmB©Mr {Xdgnmir
Am‘À¶mH$S>o a{ddmar ¶oV§, åhUyZ ‘r
Agbr, H$s Amåhm§bm XmoKm§ZmM
AZ² H$m¡em amoO bdH$a ¶oD$ eH$Vmo.
nmUr ^amd§ bmJV§.
H$m¡em … (VH«$marÀ¶m gwamV)
H$m¡em … Am{U emioV ga gm§JVmV, nmʶmMr
Joë¶mÀ¶m Joë¶m a{ddmar {edma’o$ar ~MV H$am. nmUr AS>dm-nmUr
~wS>br H$s Amnbr. Var ‘r gam§Zm {Oadm. nmʶmMr ~MV H$am¶bm
åhUmbo hmoVo, {edma’o$ar a{ddmar R>ody nmUr Amb§ Va nm{hOo. nmUr AS>dm,
ZH$m åhUyZ, nU Vo åhUmbo, ~mH$s åhUOo ¶m ‘mohZÀ¶m KaÀ¶m§gmaI§
{Xder emim gmoSy>Z H$g§ OmUma? AS>dm¶M§ H$m?
‘mohZ … (EoQ>rV) XrnH$XmXm … Vwåhm§bm ‘r EH$ J§‘V XmIdVmo.
Am‘À¶mH$S>o nmUr gmo‘dmar ¶oV§, nU Wm§~m Oam. (KamV OmD$Z AmUVmo.)
‘bm H$mhr ’$aH$ nS>V Zmhr. ‘m¶m ‘r Am‘À¶m n¶m©daU Aä¶mgmÀ¶m
~m~m§Zr ZimÀ¶m nmBnmbm S>m¶ao³Q àH$ënmgmR>r EH$ {MH$Q>dhr
‘moQ>a ~gdbr¶>. nmUr Amb§, H$s ZwgV§ ~Zdbr. Vr dmMm, åhUOo Vwåhm§bm
~Q>U Mmby H$am¶M§. bJoM nmUr KamV. nmʶm~X²XbÀ¶m ~è¶mM JmoîQ>r
H$m¡em … (d¡VmJyZ) Amåhm§bm Va a{ddmaMr V¶mar g‘OVrb.
e{ZdmarM H$amdr bmJVo. gJio h§S>o, (XrnH$XmXm H$m¡emÀ¶m hmVmV {MH$Q>dhr XoD$Z emiobm
H$ií¶m, Vnoë¶m, ~mXë¶m, S>~o ZoD$Z Om¶bm {ZKVmo. ~mH$sMo gd©OU gH$sZmH$S>o OmD$Z gmo~V
Amåhr amÌrM am§JoV R>odVmo. gH$minmgyZ emioV OmVmV.)
82
(àg§J 2 … emioMr ‘Ybr gwQ²>Q>r) ‘J nmhþʶm§M§ ^mfU, doiM {‘imbm
gH$sZm … E @@ gJiçm§Zr nQ>H$Z OodU AmQ>nm. Zmhr.
XrnH$XmXmMr dhr dmMm¶Mr¶. (gJio OodU AmQ>nyZ hmV, Vm|S> nwgV
‘mohZ … hmo, Zm! emioV Ambmo Voìhm n[anmR>, ¶oVmV.)
(àg§J 3 … dJm©V)
gJiçm§Zr Vr dmMm. ZmhrVa AmnU Ag§ H$ê$¶m.
(gwQ²>Q>r g§në¶mMr K§Q>m hmoVo. ~mH$sMr ‘wbo dJm©V ¶oVmV.
˶m§À¶m nmR>monmR> gahr dJm©V ¶oVmV d hmVmV n¶m©daU
¶m gJiçm ‘m{hVrMm V³Vm ~ZdyZ dJm©V bmdy¶m
Aä¶mgmMo nwñVH$ KoVmV.) Am{U CXçm n[anmR>mÀ¶m doir emioV gJiçm§Zm
gH$sZm … (gam§Zm dhr XoV) ga AmåhrnU n¶m©daU hr ‘m{hVr dmMyZ XmIdy¶m.
Aä¶mgmM§ H$mhrVar AmUb§¶. aËZm … hmo. nmʶmMr ~MV H$er H$ê$
ga … (dhr CKSy>Z nmhVmV d Iye hmoVmV.) eH$Vmo, Vo Amåhr {bhÿZ AmUVmo.
‘wbm§Zmo, nmhm ¶m aËZmÀ¶m XmXmZ§ nmʶm{df¶r gJir ‘wbo … (EH$mM gwamV) ‘hËËdmM§ åhUOo
{H$Vr ‘hËËdmMr ‘m{hVr O‘dbr¶. Vwåhr ˶mà‘mUo à˶jmV dmJy¶m.
{ejH$m§gmR>r … B§Q>aZoQ>Mm (Am§VaOmb) dmna H$ê$Z nmʶmÀ¶m òmoVm§~m~VMr A{YH$ ‘m{hVr {‘idmdr. dJm©V MMm© H$amdr.
84
ñdmܶm¶
à. 1. XmoZ-VrZ dm³¶m§V CËVao {bhm.
(A) aËZmbm emioV ¶m¶bm Cera H$m hmoUma hmoVm?
(Am) ¶m g§dmXmVrb ‘wbm§H$S>o H$moUH$moU˶m {Xder nmUr ¶oVo?
(B) H$m¡emÀ¶m Kar nmUr ^aʶmgmR>r H$moUVr V¶mar H$aVmV?
(B©) nmD$g H$‘r nS>ë¶m‘wio H$m¶ hmoVo?
(C) O{‘Zrbm "nmʶmMr ~±H$' Ago H$m åhQ>bo Amho?
à. 2. "XþîH$mi' ¶m {df¶mda AmR> Vo Xhm Amoir {bhm.
à. 3. {ZarjU H$am, gm§Jm d {bhm.
(A) Vw‘À¶m Kar nmUr H$go ¶oVo? {H$Vr doim? nmUr ^aʶmMo H$m‘ H$moU H$aVo?
(Am) Vwåhr A§KmoirgmR>r XaamoO A§XmOo {H$Vr nmUr dmnaVm? ˶mV H$er ~MV H$aVm ¶oB©b?
(B) KamIoarO Imbrb {R>H$mUr nmUr dm¶m OmD$ Z¶o, åhUyZ H$m¶ H$aVm ¶oB©b, Vo MMm© H$ê$Z
{bhm.
1. emim. 4. gmd©O{ZH$ Zi.
2. ObVaU Vbmd. 5. hm°Q>ob.
3. eoVr.
(B©) nmʶmg§~§YrÀ¶m Imbrb eãXg‘yhm§Mo AW© OmUyZ ¿¶m. Vo dmnê$Z dm³¶o ~Zdm.
1. nmUr OmoIUo. 4. Vm|S>Mo nmUr niUo.
2. nmUr nmOUo. 5. nmUr nS>Uo.
3. S>moiçm§V nmUr AmUUo. 6. nmb϶m KS>çmda nmUr.
CnH«$‘ … 1. "nmUr' ¶m {df¶mdarb dV©‘mZnÌm§Vrb ~mVå¶m§Mr H$mÌUo H$mnyZ ˶m§Mm g§J«h H$am.
2. "nmʶmMr ~MV' ¶m {df¶mda Kmofdm³¶o V¶ma H$am.
JQ>mV Z ~gUmam eãX AmoiIm d {bhm. Vmo eãX JQ>mV H$m ~gV Zmhr Vo gm§Jm.
1) CR>Vmo, ~gVmo, hgVmo, niVmo, ‘wbJm.
2) Vmo, Vwbm, ‘wbrbm, ˶mZo, Amåhr.
3) gw§Xa, ’y$b, Q>dQ>drV, H$mo‘oObobo, {hadoJma.
4) aËZm{Jar, {Oëhm, nwUo, M§Ðnya, ~rS>.
5) nmbmnmMmoim, gJogmo¶ao, {XdgamÌ, XJS>Ym|S>o.
6) gm¢X¶©, em§VVm, ehmUnUm, JmoS>, lr‘§Vr.
7) ZXçm, PmS>, ’w$bo, nmZo, ’$io.
8) B‘maV, dmS>m, Imobr, {IS>H$s, ~mJ.
9) Imëbm, IoiVo, {b{hbo, dmMbo, nm{hbo.
10) OmB©b, ¶oB©b, ~mobob, Ambm, {bhrZ.
11) à{gX²Y, à{Vq~~, AdH$im, XþH$mZXma, J¡ag‘O.
85
AmnU g‘OyZ KoD$¶m.
^yVH$mi
Imbrb dmŠ`o dmMm.
1. AH$~a ZmdmMm EH$ ~mXehm hmoVm.
2. _r AmZ§XmZo CS>çm _maë`m.
3. M§XmZo bmSy> ImD$Z g§ndbm.
4. H$mb _bm Om°ZMm B©-_ob Ambm hmoVm.
darb dmŠ`m§Vrb AYmoao{IV Ho$bobr {H«$`mnXo ^yVH$mir AmhoV, H$maU Ë`mVrb {H«$`m hmoD$Z Jobobr
Amho. {H«$`m nyU© Pmbobr Amho. {H«$`m nyduÀ`m H$mimVrb Amho. nydu KS>bobr KQ>Zm, àg§J Xe©dVmZm AmnU
^yVH$mir {H«$`mnXo `moOVmo.
^{dî¶H$mi
Imbrb n[aÀN>oX dmMm.
nwT>À`m AmR>dS>çmV narjm g§nob. _r AmË`mH$S>o OmB©Z. VoWrb _mÂ`m {_Ìm§Zm ^oQ>oZ. Amåhr _ZgmoŠV
Am§~o ImD$. `mdfu _m_m _bm nmohm`bm {eH$dob. _bm gwanma§ã`m Ioim`bm {eH$m`Mo Amho.
AYmoao{IV Ho$boë`m {H«$`mnXm§dê$Z {H«$`m AOyZ KS>m`À`m AmhoV Ago bjmV `oVo. Á¶m KQ>Zm, JmoîQ>r
^{dî¶mV KS>Uma AmhoV, ˶m Xe©dVmZm AmnU ^{dî`H$mir {H«$`mnXo dmnaVmo.
Imbrb VŠVm dmMm. g_OyZ ¿`m.
Zm_/gd©Zm_ dV©_mZH$mi ^yVH$mi ^{dî`H$mi
__Vm IoiVo Ioibr Ioiob
gw^mf IoiVmo Ioibm Ioiob
_r IoiVmo/IoiVo Ioibmo/Ioibo IoioZ
Amåhr IoiVmo Ioibmo Ioiy
Vmo IoiVmo Ioibm Ioiob
Vr IoiVo Ioibr Ioiob
Vo IoiVmV Ioibo IoiVrb
Vy IoiVmog/IoiVog Ioibmg/Ioibrg Ioierb
Vwåhr IoiVm IoibmV Ioimb
Ë`m IoiVmV Ioië`m IoiVrb
86
Imbrb {MÌm§Mo {ZarjU H$am. åhUr AmoiIm d {bhm. ˶m§Mm dm³¶m§V Cn¶moJ H$am.
Imbr {Xbobm n[aÀN>oX dmMm. ¶mo½¶ {dam‘{MÝho KmbyZ n[aÀN>oX nwÝhm {bhm.
ho‘§V amohZbm gm§JV hmoVm Aao H$mb ‘r {gZo‘mbm Jobmo hmoVmo {gZo‘m ‘m¶m AmdS>rMm hmoVm nU ‘bm
Vmo ZrQ> nmhVm Ambm Zmhr H$m H$m¶ Pmb§ hmoV§ amohZZo {dMmabo Aao EH$ ‘mUyg gmaIm ‘m¶mer ~mobV hmoVm
ho‘§V åhUmbm OmJm ~Xbm¶Mr hmoVr ‘J ˶mMm {‘Ì amohZ åhUmbm Aao OmJm H$er ~XbUma Vmo ‘mPm ‘m‘m
hmoVm ˶mZoM ‘bm {gZo‘m XmIdm¶bm AmUb§ hmoV§
87
27. A^§J
EoH$m. åhUm. dmMm.
88
इयततञा ५ िी, ८ िी वशष्यिृतती परीक्ञा मञाग्भदवश्भकञा