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Chapter 02
Biological Beginnings
1. (p. 49) As the environment changes, some species adapt in a way that helps them survive and
reproduce, while other species do not adapt well and die. This process is called
A. canalization.
B. sociobiology.
C. natural selection.
D. genetic inheritance.
2. (p. 49) Natural selection favors individuals of a species that are best able to _____ and
_____.
A. survive; reproduce
B. find food; hide
C. survive change; adapt
D. change; adapt
2-1
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McGraw-Hill Education.
4. (p. 49) Natural selection operates primarily on characteristics that are tied to
A. group social interaction.
B. psychological wellness.
C. reproductive fitness.
D. developmental plasticity.
5. (p. 49-50) Which of the following statements describes the main idea of David Buss' theory?
A. It is not useful to compare human social behavior with social behavior in other species.
B. Evolutionary processes can influence behavior as well as physical features.
C. Behavior is determined by the environmental consequences it brings about.
D. Development proceeds in a series of stages.
2-2
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 02 - Biological Beginnings
6. (p. 50) Which of the following is the BEST explanation for an extended childhood period in
human development?
A. During this time, a human's immune system reaches its full potential.
B. A long childhood period is a "left over" adaptation from the time when the human life
span was considerably shorter than it is today.
C. Rebellion against authority is a necessary step in the evolutionary development of
independent behavior.
D. During this time, humans develop a large brain and gain experience required to master the
complexities of human society.
7. (p. 50) Which of the following statements is NOT an idea held by evolutionary
developmental psychologists?
A. Evolved characteristics are not always adaptive in contemporary society.
B. Some evolved characteristics could be the cause of problems in contemporary society.
C. All evolved mechanisms are adaptive in contemporary society.
D. An extended childhood period may be the result of evolution.
2-3
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McGraw-Hill Education.
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of farms in Warwickshire competition 1870 and judge in
Cumberland and Westmoreland competition 1880, his 2 reports
printed in vol. xii and xvi of Journal of the society; wrote articles on
The agricultural labourer 1887, on Working dairies, and on
Technical instruction; alderman of Isle of Ely county council;
published Farm labour account book 1886. d. Coldham hall,
Wisbech 30 Jany. 1890. The Times 3 Feb. 1890 p. 6.
LITTLE, R W . b. Dublin 1838 or 1839; in business in
London 1855; clerk in the masonic grand secretary’s office 1862,
second clerk and cashier 1866–72; secretary of the masons’ girls’
school 1872; initiated in the royal union lodge, Uxbridge 1861;
honorary member of 80 lodges and chapters; the first P.G. secretary
of Middlesex on the provincial grand lodge being established;
P.G.S.W. 1875; provincial G.H. in chapter, the highest possible
position 1875; consecrated all the lodges in the province of
Middlesex; edited The Rosicrucian, a record of the Society’s
Transactions 1868–78; General statutes of the order of knights of
the Red Cross 1868. d. 7 St. Martin’s road, Stockwell, London 12
April 1878. bur. Camberwell cemetery, Honor Oak 17 April.
Masonic portraits. By J.G. (1876) 100–5.
LITTLE, T . b. Feb. 1802; pupil of Robert Abraham; practised in
London as an architect and surveyor, then as an architect only; built
church of St. Mark, Regent’s park 1848, presented parish of St.
Pancras with the ground upon which it stands; built All Saints’
church, St. John’s Wood 1850; St. Saviour’s, Warwick road,
Paddington 1856; church of Fairlight near Hastings, chapels at
Nunhead cemetery, and Paddington cemetery near Wilsdon,
Marylebone girls and infant schools. d. 36 Northumberland st.
Marylebone road, London 20 Dec. 1859. G.M. viii 406 (1860).
LITTLEDALE, R F (4 son of John Littledale of Dublin,
auctioneer). b. Dublin 14 Sep. 1833; foundation scholar Trin. coll.
Dublin 1850; B.A. 1855, M.A. 1858, LL.B. and LL.D. 1862, D.C.L.
Oxford 1862; C. of St. Matthew in Thorpe Hamlet, Norfolk 1856–7;
C. of St. Mary the Virgin, Crown st. Soho, London 1857–61; heard
more confessions than any priest of the Church of England except
Dr. Pusey; a great speaker and controversialist; author of Catholic
ritual in the Church of England, scriptural, reasonable, lawful 1865,
13 editions; The mixed chalice 1867, 4 editions; Plain reasons for
not joining the church of Rome 1880; author with rev. James
Edward Vaux of The priest’s prayer book 1864, 7 ed. 1890; The
people’s hymnal 1867, 8 editions; The Christian Passover 1873, 4
ed., and The altar manual. d. 9 Red Lion sq. Holborn, London 11
Jany. 1890, memorial reredos erected in chapel at St. Katharine’s 32
Queen sq. London, March 1891. Church Portrait Journal, iii 85–8
(1882), portrait; London Figaro 1 Feb. 1890 p. 9, portrait.
LITTLER, J . Ed. Peter house, Camb., B.A. 1817, M.A. 1822; dean
and vicar of Battle, Sussex 1836 to death, the deanery being a
peculiar with power of granting marriage licences and a court for
proving wills; author of Two sermons preached at Battle 1847,
1848. d. the deanery, Battle, Sussex 17 Feb. 1863.
LITTLER, S J H (eld. son of Thomas Littler of Tarvin,
Cheshire). b. Tarvin 6 Jany. 1783; entered Bengal army 1799; lieut.
10 Bengal N.I. 29 Nov. 1800, captain 16 Dec. 1814; lieut.-col. 14
N.I. 23 May 1828 to 1832; lieut.-col. 54 N.I. 1832 to 1835 or 1836;
lieut.-col. 40 N.I. 1835 or 1836 to 30 July 1839; col. 36 N.I. 30 July
1839 to death; commander at Barrackpore 15 July 1840 to 3 Feb.
1843; commanded Rajpootana field force 7 April 1843 to 30 May
1845; commanded Lahore field force 30 May 1845 to 7 Jany. 1847;
commanded Punjaub division 7 Jany. 1847 to 17 Jany. 1848;
provisional member of council 12 May 1847 (took his seat 21 Feb.
1848) to 10 May 1853; L.G. 11 Nov. 1851; K.C.B. 2 May 1844,
G.C.B. 31 Jany. 1848. d. Bigadon, Buckfastleigh near Totnes,
Devonshire 18 Feb. 1856. bur. in family vault at Tarvin. I.L.N. viii
157 (1846), portrait.
LITTLETON, H (son of James Littleton). b. London 7 Jany. 1823;
entered music publishing house of Alfred Novello 1841, manager
1846, sole manager 1856, a partner 1861, sole proprietor 1866; had
a branch establishment in New York; created the development of
English taste for choral music; published the Messiah in 12 monthly
numbers at sixpence 1846 and other standard music at cheap prices;
retired 1887 leaving largest music publishing business in the world;
gave daily concerts at the Albert hall and revived the oratorio
concerts under Dr. Mackenzie at the St. James’ hall. d. Westwood
house, Sydenham 11 May 1888. bur. at Lee, Kent. A short history of
cheap music (1887), portrait; London Figaro 19 May 1888 p. 6,
portrait.
LITTLEWOOD, W E (only son of George Littlewood,
printer). b. London 2 Aug. 1831; ed. at Merchant Taylors’ sch. and
Pemb. coll. Camb., 35th wrangler 1854; B.A. 1854, M.A. 1860; C.
of St. John’s, Wakefield 1857–61; head master of Hipperholme gr.
sch. Yorkshire 1861–8; C. of Southall, Middlesex 1868–70; P.C. of
Ironville, Derbyshire 1870–2; V. of St. James’s, Bath 1872–81;
London Diocesan home missionary in charge of St. Thomas’s,
Finsbury park, London 1881 to death; author of A garland from the
parables 1858, religious verse; Essentials of English history 1862, 2
ed. 1865; Essentials of New Testament study 1872; Down in
Dingyshire 1872; The story of the wanderer 1874; Bible
bibliographies 1878. d. Bush End vicarage, Essex 3 Sep. 1886.
LITTON, E (3 son of Edward Litton of Ballyfarmoth, co. Dublin
1754–1808). b. Glasnevin, co. Dublin 1 Dec. 1787; ed. at Trin. coll.
Dublin, B.A. 1808, M.A. 1832; gained five medals from historical
soc. of univ. of Dublin; called to Irish bar Easter term 1811; leader
of North-West circuit some years, retired 1833; made very large
income at the Chancery bar; K.C. 13 July 1830; M.P. Coleraine
1837–42; a master of Irish court of chancery Jany. or Feb. 1843 to
death; P.C. Ireland 1868; wrote three letters in T. Martin’s A plan
for the settlement of the question of the sale and transfer of land
1862. d. 32 Merrion square, Dublin 22 Jany. 1870. Irish Law Times,
iv 72–4, 554 (1870).
LITTON, E F (only son of Daniel Litton of Waterloo
road, Dublin, wine merchant). b. 18 Dec. 1828; ed. at Trin. coll.
Dublin, B.A. 1849, M.A. 1864; called to Irish bar 1849, went
Munster circuit; Q.C. 17 Feb. 1874; M.P. co. Tyrone 13 April 1880
to Aug. 1881, being the first Liberal who ever represented it; second
comr. under Land Law (Ireland) act 1881, Aug. 1881 to Jany. 1890;
judicial comr. and judge of supreme court of judicature Jany. 1890
to death, with 73 land commissioners under him; married four
times; author of Life or death, the destiny of the soul in the future
state 1860. d. Ardavilling house, Cloyne 27 Nov. 1890. Our Judges.
By Rhadamanthus (1890) pp. 119–22, portrait; Irish Law Times,
xxiv 620, 625, 633, 662 (1890); London Figaro 11 Jany. 1890 p. 8,
portrait.
LITTON, M , stage name of Maria Lowe. b. Derbyshire 1847; first
appeared on the stage at Princess’s theatre, London as Effie Deans
in Boucicault’s Trial of Effie Deans 23 March 1868; played Mrs.
Cureton in Alfred Thompson’s On the cards, at opening of Gaiety
theatre 21 Dec. 1868, and Alice Renshaw in Byron’s Uncle Dick’s
Darling 13 Dec. 1869; lessee of Court theatre 25 Jany. 1871 to 13
March 1874; produced pieces by W. S. Gilbert, W. Marston, W. G.
Wills, H. C. Merivale and P. Simpson, in which she acted secondary
parts; played Zayda in W. S. Gilbert’s comedy The Wicked World,
at Haymarket 4 Jany. 1873; the original Caroline Effingham in W.
S. Gilbert’s Tom Cobb, at St. James’s 24 April 1875; played Mrs.
Montressor in Tom Taylor’s Unequal Match, at Prince of Wales’s 29
Sep. 1877; lessee of theatre attached to Royal Aquarium,
Westminster, Oct. 1878, opened the house again under name of The
Imperial, Feb. 1879, played Lady Teazle, Lydia Languish and
Olivia, acted Miss Hardcastle in She stoops to conquer, 137 nights
from Easter 1879, played Rosalind in As you like it, 100 nights;
manager of the new T.R. Glasgow, Oct. 1880; played Eva de
Malvoisie in Youth, at Drury Lane 6 Aug. 1881, and Daisy Brent in
The Cynic, at Globe 14 Jany. 1882; the original Vere Herbert in
Moths, at Globe 25 March 1882; (m. 1879 Wm. Wybrow
Robertson, manager of Westminster Aquarium 1875–8). d. 6 Alfred
place west, Thurloe sq. London 1 April 1884. Biograph, vi 242–3
(1881); Theatre i 189 (1878) portrait, i 255 (1880), portrait;
Touchstone 8 June 1878 p. 3, portrait; Illust. sp. and dr. news, v
537, 543 (1876), portrait, xii 265 (1879), portrait, xiii 108 (1880),
portrait; Dramatic Notes (1883) 15, portrait.
LIVERPOOL, C C C J , 3 Earl of (half-brother
of Robert 2 earl of Liverpool 1770–1829). b. 29 May 1784; styled
hon. Cecil Jenkinson 1786–1820; served in the navy 1794–7; page
of honor to George iii 1794; matric. at Ch. Ch. Oxf. 23 April 1801;
cornet Surrey regt. of yeomanry 20 Aug. 1803; sec. of legation at
Vienna 13 July 1804; M.P. Sandwich 1807–12; under sec. of state
home department 10 Oct. 1807; under sec. of state, war and colonial
department 1809–10; lieut.-col. Cinque ports regt. of militia 28 July
1811; M.P. Bridgenorth 1812–18; M.P. East Grinstead 1818–28;
succeeded as 3 earl 4 Dec. 1829; high steward of Kingston-on-
Thames 1829; prothonotary of county palatine of Lancaster; D.C.L.
Oxf. 15 June 1841; lord steward of the household 3 Sep. 1841 to 6
July 1846; P.C. 3 Sep. 1841; G.C.B. 11 Dec. 1845. d. Buxted park
near Uckfield, Sussex 3 Oct. 1851. G.M. xxxvi 538 (1851); I.L.N.
xix 450, 618 (1851).
LIVESEY, H . A correspondent of The Times on social questions;
attacked the scheme for the Manchester ship canal under the
heading of What is a port?; an enthusiastic fisherman, well known
in the Lake district for 30 years; instituted the Lunesdale fish
hatchery near Lancaster. d. West road, Lancaster 4 Feb. 1892.
LIVESEY, J . b. 17 May 1803; ed. Manchester sch. 1819–23 and St.
John’s coll. Camb., B.A. 1827, M.A. 1830; C. of Trinity ch. Camb.
1827–31; incumb. of St. Philip’s, Sheffield, July 1831 to death;
conveyed 5 acres of ground at Stacey Springwood to the
ecclesiastical comrs. for a new parochial burial ground 1857 on
which he erected a lodge and mortuary chapel, consecrated 5 July
1859; military chaplain Sheffield 1836 to death; author of
Mechanics’ churches. A letter to sir R. Peel on church extension in
populous towns 1840. d. Sheffield 11 Aug. 1870. Manchester
School Register, iii 142 (1874).
LIVESEY, J . b. Walton near Preston 5 March 1794; brought up as
a weaver; a cheese-factor at Preston 1815 to death; drafted the first
teetotal pledge 1 Sep. 1832; brought out Livesey’s Moral Reformer,
23 numbers Jany. 1831 to Dec. 1833 and Jany. 1838 to Feb. 1839;
issued in Jany. 1834 The Preston temperance advocate, which he
edited 4 years, this was the first English teetotal publication;
agitated against the corn laws 1841, issuing The Struggle a weekly
paper, 235 numbers Dec. 1841 till the repeal of the laws 1846;
published the Teetotal Progressionist, Aug. 1851 to May 1852, and
the Staunch Teetotaller 24 numbers Jany. 1867 to Dec. 1868 with a
portrait of himself; he and his sons managed The Preston Guardian,
weekly paper 1844–59; author of Reminiscences of early
teetotalism 1868; The autobiography of Joseph Livesey. Preston
1881, 2 ed. London 1885. d. Bank parade, Preston 2 Sep. 1884. J.
Weston’s Joseph Livesey, the story of his life (1884); J. Pearce’s Life
and teachings of Joseph Livesey (1885); Cassell’s Mag. March 1882
pp. 243–5, portrait.
LIVESEY, T . b. 1807; manager of South Metropolitan gas
company 1839, secretary 1842 to death; resided at Dulwich
Common. d. in the surgery of his physician’s house 10 Oct. 1871.
Times 14 Oct. 1871 p. 5; W. H. Blanch’s Ye parish of Camerwell
(1877) 347.
LIVESEY, T J. Lecturer on method and school management, St.
Mary’s R.C. training college, Brook Green, Hammersmith 1865 to
death; author of How to teach arithmetic 1877; The primer of
English history 1877; How to teach grammar 1881; Moffatt’s How
to prepare notes of lessons 1882; The Granville illustrated history of
England 1885; translated F. S. Hattler’s Flowers from the catholic
kindergarten 1890. d. 19 July 1890. bur. St. Mary Magdalen,
Mortlake 23 July. The Tablet 26 July 1890 p. 147.
LIVINGSTONE, C (son of Neill Livingstone of Blantyre near
Glasgow, tea-dealer). b. Blantyre 28 Feb. 1821; in a lace
manufacturing warehouse in Hamilton; emigrated to Western states
of America 1840; entered Union theological college, New York city
1847 where he took his degree 1850; had a pastoral charge in
Massachusetts; came to England, April 1857 and went with his
brother David Livingstone as secretary to the expedition for
exploring Eastern and Central Africa, March 1858, invalided home
1863; British consul at Fernando Po 17 Oct. 1864, the Bight of
Benin and Biafra were added to his consular district 24 June 1867,
the seat of the consulate was removed to Old Calabar 1 April 1872.
d. of African fever near Lagos 28 Oct. 1873. Proc. of Royal
Geographical Soc. xviii 512–14 (1874).
LIVINGSTONE, D (brother of preceding). b. Blantyre 19 March
1813; a piecer at a cotton factory 1823, a cotton spinner 1832;
studied medicine in Anderson college and Greek and divinity in
Glasgow univ. 1836–8; studied medicine in London 1839; licentiate
of faculty of phys. and surgeons Glasgow 1840; ordained a
missionary of London Missionary Soc. in Albion chapel, London 20
Nov. 1840; landed at Port Elizabeth, Algoa Bay, May 1841; crossed
the Kalahari desert in search of Lake Ngami, which he found 1 Aug.
1849; discovered the Zambesi, June 1851; discovered the Victoria
falls Nov. 1855; arrived in London 12 Dec. 1856, presented with
gold medal of Royal Geog. Soc. 15 Dec.; received freedom of city
of London 21 May 1857 and of Glasgow, Edinburgh and Dundee
1857; LL.D. Glasgow, Dec. 1854; D.C.L. Oxford 1857; F.R.S.
1857; severed his connection with London missionary soc. 1857;
British consul at Quilimane 15 Jany. 1858; commanded expedition
to explore Eastern and Central Africa, March 1858, explored the
Zambesi, Shira and Rovuma, discovered Lake Nyassa 16 Sep. 1859,
received a despatch recalling the expedition 2 July 1863, arrived in
England 23 July 1864; author of Missionary travels and researches
in South Africa 1857; with C. Livingstone Narrative of an
expedition to the Zambesi and of the discovery of lakes Shirwa and
Nyassa. 1865; consul in the territories of all African kings and
chiefs in the interior of Africa not subject to the authority of the
kings of Portugal or Abyssinia or of the viceroy of Egypt 15 March
1865 to death; discovered lakes Meoro and Bangweolo 1869;
returned to Ujiji where he found H. M. Stanley who had been sent
to look for him 28 Oct. 1871, returned to lake Bangweolo where he
became very ill; found dead on his knees at Chitambo’s village in
Ilala 1 May 1873, body embalmed, brought to England and bur. in
nave of Westminster abbey 18 April 1874. The last journals of
David Livingstone in Central Africa from 1865 to his death,
continued by H. Waller 2 vols. (1874), portrait; Life and finding of
Dr. Livingstone. Containing the original letters written by H. M.
Stanley. With an account of Dr. Livingstone’s death and latest
discoveries (1874), portraits; H. M. Stanley’s How I found
Livingstone (1872); Proc. R. Geogr. Soc. xviii 6 et seq. 497–512
(1874); Illustrated Review, i 519–23 (1870), portrait; The weaver
boy who became a missionary. By H. G. Adams (1867); Illustrated
news of the world, i (1858), portrait; The personal life of David
Livingstone. By W. G. Blaikie (1880), portrait; J. Waddington’s
Congregational history, v 78–106 (1880).
N .—A civil list pension was granted him 19 June 1873, 7 weeks after his death. His
surviving son Wm. Oswell Livingstone b. South Africa 1850 took part in the expedition sent out
in 1872 to find his father, he practised as a physician at St. Albans and d. at Maida villa,
Lattimore road, St. Albans 30 Dec. 1889.