C. Suh and Y.-B.
Ko: Design and Implementation of Intelligent Home Control Systems based on Active Sensor Networks
Design and Implementation of Intelligent Home Control Systems
based on Active Sensor Networks
Changsu Suh and Young-Bae Ko, Member, IEEE
Abstract —The ubiquitous home network has gained wide-
spread attentions due to its seamless integration into everyday
life. This innovative system transparently unifies various home
appliances, smart sensors/actuators and wireless
communication technologies. The ubiquitous home network
gradually forms a complex system to process various tasks.
Developing this trend, we suggest a new intelligent home
control system based on a wireless sensor/actuator network
(we call it as an “Active sensor network”). The proposed
intelligent home control system divides and assigns various
home network tasks to appropriate components. It can
integrate diversified physical sensing information and control
various consumer home devices, with the support of active
sensor networks having both sensor and actuator components.
We develop a new routing protocol LQIR (Link Quality
Indicator based Routing) to improve the performance of our
active sensor networks. This paper introduces the proposed
home control system’s design that provides intelligent services
for users. We demonstrate its implementation using a real
testbed.1
Index Terms — Ubiquitous home networks, Intelligent home
control systems, Active sensor networks
I. INTRODUCTION
Recent progress in low-powered micro device designs and
wireless communication technologies enables the Ubiquitous
Computing paradigm [1] to become a reality. This paradigm
promises to provide adaptive information and services to users
anywhere anytime using various devices. Numerous
applications have been proposed in different domains of our
everyday life such as in homes, offices, streets, buildings and
shops. Ubiquitous computing in the home domain can be
distributed in different scales throughout our daily lives.
Developing killer applications and services for ubiquitous
home will confer important commercial value.
A number of projects and research [3]-[9] have developed
ubiquitous home network applications. Compared to
traditional home networks, the in-progress ubiquitous home
network collects user activity patterns, as well as physical
1
Changsu Suh was with the Graduate School of Information & Computer
Engineering, Ajou University. Now he is with the R&D department of
Hanback Electronics, Daejeon, Korea (e-mail: scs@ajou.ac.kr)
Young-Bae Ko is an associate professor in the School of Information &
Computer Engineering, Ajou University, Korea (e-mail: youngko@ajou.ac.kr)
Contributed Paper
Manuscript received July 7, 2008 0098 3063/08/$20.00 © 2008 IEEE
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1177
sensing information on the surrounding environment, to
support more intelligent and adaptive home services. It has the
potential to control consumer home devices used in everyday
life. Eventually, users will experience the convenience of
performing ordinary activities and increased satisfaction
offered by adaptive home services.
Several conditions are required to reap advantages from the
ubiquitous home network. For instance, computing systems
should integrate diversified sensing information to perceive
the current situation in the home area. Also, they should be
able to control various consumer home devices. The home
system may become complex, as the number of sensors and
devices offered increases. Therefore, home network systems
should be designed distributing various tasks into proper
computational units to reduce complexity.
In this work, we design an intelligent home control system
that can assign tasks to suitable components. Using a wireless
sensor network with actuator functionality [2], our system can
automatically gather physical sensing information and
efficiently control various consumer home devices. We call
this network the Active sensor network. The system can
efficiently distribute various tasks related to home network to
corresponding components and implement real ubiquitous
home services via smart sensors and actuators deployed in
home areas.
Fig. 1 gives an overview of the proposed intelligent home
control system. The system, being supported by underlying
active sensor networks (i.e., wireless sensor/actuator
networks) and additional wired/wireless communications
technologies, can control consumer home devices such as
lamps, gas valves, curtains, TVs, and air conditioners. It also
interoperates with various mobile devices, such as PDA and
mobile phones, using IEEE 802.11/802.3, RFID and CDMA
technology.
Our intelligent home control system based on active sensor
networks consists of various software components as follows.
z Service Components: These components represent some
ubiquitous home services provided by our system.
Examples include services for home automation, home
security and home management.
z Decision Component: The component recognizes the
current home environment via active sensor networks, and
enables the service components to select the appropriate
service.
1178
Fig. 1 Overview of the Proposed Intelligent Home Control System based on Active Sensor Networks
z Sensing Component: The component gathers sensing data
and special event information from the active sensor
networking infrastructure deployed in home environments.
This sensing component provides this information to the
decision component. The decision component then
adaptively selects the correct home services based on the
current home state of affairs.
z Control Component: The component instructs special
control commands to the deployed actuators, such as relay
switches or Infra-Reds. These provide methods to control
and handle various consumer home devices such as lamps,
gas valves, TVs and air conditioners.
z Interaction Component: The component manages
interaction between our home control system (i.e., the
control component) behind a sink node and the active
sensor networks deployed in a home domain.
z Additional Communication Components: These
components manage some other networking technologies
(beyond the active sensor networks), such as WLAN,
Ethernet, RFID and CDMA. These technologies leverage
our provided home services to become more effective.
This paper details our proposed system and its
implementation. The contributions of our work are as follows:
First, we propose a more intelligent home control system
based on active sensor networks and design it to be more
flexible with a software component-based approach. Second,
we develop a novel sensor routing protocol to gain adaptive
control of smart sensors and actuators. Third, we implement
hardware and software utilized in our system. Fourth, we
show how real ubiquitous home scenarios operate and are
implemented successfully in our system.
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IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics, Vol. 54, No. 3, AUGUST 2008
II. RELATED WORK
In this section, we briefly survey the existing works for
intelligent home network systems and, based on their main
contributions, try to classify them into three types: Decision
Support oriented, Service Provision oriented and Real
Implementation oriented.
First, some work has focused on how to make the decisions
for the home networks more efficiently. For example, the
MavHome project [3] focused on the design of intelligent
agents and the role of prediction algorithms, based on the
inhabitants’ repetitive actions to automatically provide
adaptive home services. The Aware Home project [4] deals
with decisions about the inhabitants’ location and activity
recognition within a house, utilizing multi-camera tracking,
audio/video sensors and automated separation of sound
sources.
Secondly, the research effort for providing more convenient
and intelligent services for home environments has also been
conducted. Sival et al.[5] utilized pressure-based floor sensors
to achieve efficient retrieval and summarization of video and
audio data. When a pressure-based floor sensor detects the
person's movement, the information is analyzed to index the
video and audio data. This demonstrates efficient multimedia
services for the human movement patterns. Bae et al.[6]
proposed TV-oriented architecture to manage data
broadcasting services, based on a common application
platform middleware. Stankovic et al.[7] presented
challenging issues for the provision of healthcare services in
the home arena.
Last, more practical research to emphasize a real
implementation has been done as well. Mori et al.[8]
suggested a ubiquitous sensing room equipped with cameras,
C. Suh and Y.-B. Ko: Design and Implementation of Intelligent Home Control Systems based on Active Sensor Networks
various sensors and RFID to measure natural daily human
behavior. Yamazaki[9] built the ubiquitous home as a real
test-bed. It is equipped with several cameras, microphones,
RFID and sensors. The author suggested a new database
system and communication middleware for home
management.
Compared to existing work, this paper focuses on the so-
called active sensor network-based home control system to
efficiently distribute home control tasks to appropriate
components and automatically manage consumer home
devices. It makes home network’s configuration and
management more convenient and comfortable. Consumer
home devices have self-configuration and self-organization
features using smart sensors or actuators. We have
implemented the ubiquitous home services based on our
proposed system with various home appliances, smart nodes
and communication technologies.
III. ACTIVE SENSOR NETWORK ARCHITECTURE
In this section, we address the active sensor network
architecture utilized in the proposed home control system. Our
active sensor network consists of a number of smart nodes
(i.e., sensors and actuators). They may proffer several tasks,
such as gathering physical home environment information and
controlling various consumer home devices. Although these
two types of smart nodes have different functionalities, they
both have the computation and RF communication abilities to
automatically establish wireless networks. We discuss these
smart sensors and actuators in more detail below.
We design the Interaction Component and new routing
protocol to interact with our control home system and
automatically establish networks. In the following subsections,
we describe how smart devices can interact with and be
controlled by our home system, and how they can form multi-
hop networks wirelessly.
A. Smart Sensors and Actuators
We have developed the smart sensor nodes that are classified
into two different types of a generic sensor and an actuator.
Generic sensor typed nodes try either to detect the general
physical sensing measurements such as temperature, humidity
and light or check for the special events such as gas leaks,
human movement and window status detection. Whereas,
actuator typed nodes can directly control consumer home
devices. In our system, some actuators are deployed near the
consumer home devices and connected to their electronic
switch by the relay switch module (which is also developed by
ourselves). The control ability of actuator is limited to turn
on/off actions, because the relay switch module simply works
as an electronic switch. Our actuator typed node utilizes IR
(Infra-Red) communication also in order to instruct complex
consumer devices such as TV, Air Conditioners and Air
Cleaners. This collaboration among actuator nodes and
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Fig. 2 An example of Active Sensor Network Topology Snapshot
consumer home devices leads an extension beyond traditional
wireless sensor networks. Our active sensor network can
collect diversified sensing information and control various
consumer home devices. The generic sensor and actuator
nodes are managed by the Sensing Component and Control
Component, respectively.
B. Interaction Component
Each smart node should have a special computational entry,
which can understand commands transmitted from the home
system and recognize its tasks according to its sensing or
actuator functionality, to interact with our home system. We
develop the Interaction Component on smart nodes as a part of
our system for this purpose. Since each node is equipped with
special capabilities such as gas detection, relay switching and
IR controlling, each node may perform different actions
according to its capabilities. Our Interaction Component is
design to distinguish these different capabilities and perform
adaptive operations. It can respond with appropriate responses
to commands transmitted from the home control system.
C. LQIR – Link Quality Indicator based Routing Protocol
Each node should have multi-hop routing protocol to
automatically establish the wireless network between smart
nodes. We develop a new tree-based routing protocol named
as “LQIR (Link Quality Indicator based Routing)”.
Conventional routing protocols, such as the one in [10], are
difficult to accommodate to dynamic topology variations and
to interact with our home control system. We design a new
routing protocol specifically for home networks. Our
proposed protocol establishes the wireless network, based on
the LQI value measured from the RF radio. This idea of using
LQI value for the routing purpose has been presented in the
ZigBee WPAN standard as well, but it is different from our
LQIR protocol in that an on-demand approach is utilized there
to make a routing path and hence many control packets are
often required. The proposed tree-based LQIR works as
follows. When forwarding the data packet to the sink, the
1180 IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics, Vol. 54, No. 3, AUGUST 2008

For Decision For Services smart nodes. This component manages the generic sensor
nodes in the active sensor network. Our home system handles
Decision Component three packet types: Set-Command packet, Data packet and
Init Decision Service Event packet. The Set-Command packet is generated either to
Service Components
Init process Decision request the physical sensing data of interest or to configure the
entry 1
... special event to the generic sensor type nodes. The packet
includes the specific sensor device ID and its requested
attributes. The packet is transmitted from the Sensing
Command
Request Interface
Data/Event
Response Interface
Control Request
Interface Additional Component to the smart node’s Interaction Component. The
Control
Communication Data packet includes the general physical sensing information
Sensing Component Components
Component such as temperature, humidity and light. This information is
the response to the Set-Command packet generated from the
Sensing Component. The Event packet informs about specific
Active Sensor Networks events, such as detecting a person’s presence, locking the door
WLAN/Ethernet and detecting the presence of dangerous gases. This packet is
Interaction Interaction Interaction Interaction /RFID/CDMA
Component Component ... Component Component
configured by the Set-Command packet that includes
Light Gas Relay Switch Infra-Red descriptions of the specific event as attributes. Both Data and
Event packets are forwarded from the Interaction Component
Fig. 3 A Block Diagram for The Component-based Architecture. on the smart node to the Sensing Component based on our
LQIR protocol.
node selects the special node having the best LQI value
among neighbors. The routing topology is adjusted
dynamically, since nodes check neighbors’ LQI lists whenever B. Decision Component
transmitting data. Users can easily see the sensor network Appropriate home services are selected by the Decision
topology established in the home, since each packet contains Component, based on the physical sensing information
its forwarded routing path list in the packet header. Using this and events gathered by active sensor networks. The
routing path list our home system can discern the routing path Decision Component is provided the Command Request
from the system to each smart node. and Data/Event Response interfaces by the Sensing
We utilize the B-MAC [11] protocol for shared media access, Component. As shown in Fig. 3, it consists of Init
and a special narrow-band RF device that supports the LQI Decision part and Service Decision part. The “Init
value, based on the IEEE 802.15.4 standard [12]. We also Decision part” is the sum of initial process entries
develop a new topology viewer program to show the configured by householders. When a householder selects
established smart nodes’ topology in our home system. Fig. 2 an initial process entry, the selected entry generates
illustrates a snapshot of active sensor networks, captured by appropriate Set-Command packets to the active sensor
using our topology viewer program. networks though Command Request interfaces. The
corresponding smart node’s Interaction Component may
return the appropriate Data packet or Event packet to the
IV. THE PROPOSED HOME CONTROL SYSTEM home control system to respond to the commands. These
Our proposed system initially instructs some intentional response packets are forwarded to the “Service Decision
commands to smart nodes. It then receives the physical part” through the Data/Event Response interface. The
sensing data of interest, or a special event from the Service Decision part receives the physical sensing
corresponding sensors. These operations are managed by information and events detected in the current home areas
Sensing Component, and the gathered information is without additional operations. Service Decision part
forwarded to Decision Component. Decision Component can recognizes the current situation, and executes the adaptive
select the adaptive home service based on these detected home service from Service Components. For example, if
physical sensing data and special events. The selected services the householder selects the initial process entry for the
are operated with the help of Control Component and gas monitoring service in Init Decision part, the matched
Additional Communication Components according to the entry generates the Set-Command packet to receive the
predefined scenarios in Service Components. Fig. 3 shows the current gas level from gas sensors. The command packet
component architecture in our proposed home control system. is forwarded to active sensor networks through the
In this section, we detail each component’s operations. Command Request interface, and the corresponding gas
sensor nodes periodically transmit the Data packet
including the detected gas level in the house. The Service
A. Sensing Component Decision part performs the gas monitoring service from
The Sensing Component is designed to receive and request the Service Components based on the packets forwarded
the physical sensing data and specific events of interest from by the Data/Event Response interface.

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C. Suh and Y.-B. Ko: Design and Implementation of Intelligent Home Control Systems based on Active Sensor Networks
C. Control Component
Our system can elaborately command and control most
consumer home devices, based on the actuator nodes. The
Control Component manages these actuator nodes. If a
home service selected by Decision Component needs to
control the special consumer home device, the
corresponding service component requests an appropriate
device type and its actions to Control Component through
the Control Request interface. On receiving the request
from the service component, Control Component searches
the special smart node ID to control the corresponding
home device. It inserts the searched node ID, its routing
path and attributes of interest to the Control-Command
packets. The Control-Command packet is a special
command to control home device in actuator nodes. It
includes descriptions about the consumer device type and
its actions as attributes. Thus, the packet is forwarded the
special actuator type node, based on our LQIR protocol,
and the device is controlled according to the intentions of
the service component. In our home control system, all
tasks, related to controlling consumer home devices, are
handled by Control Component.
D. Additional Communication Components
Our system requires various communication technologies
to interact with the Internet, Mobile Phone and laptop.
These additional communication technologies are managed
by the Additional Communication Components.
In aspects of our implementations, current Additional
Communication Components are constructed by IEEE
802.3, IEEE 802.11, 13.56MHz RFID and CDMA
technologies through the corresponding network devices.
IEEE 802.3 (Ethernet) acts as a bridge between Internet and
the home system, so that the system can provide HTML
web page browsing services. Users can check their current
home environment using the web browser anywhere
anytime. Since the wireless AP (802.11 WLAN) is also
connected to our system, users can access with the home
HTTP server through a laptop and PDA in the house.
Itinerant users can receive our home services via mobile
devices. We have developed a special 15.36MHz RFID
reader for our home control system to support RFID
applications. It can communicate with ISO 15693 and
14443A RFID tags simultaneously. Any 15.36MHz RFID
tag can be identified by our system. We equip the CDMA
modem to our home system to support SMS service and
voice communications with mobile phones. The home
control system connects with wired image cameras to
continuously capture images utilized in home services.
E. Service Components
One of the goals in this paper is to propose the new
ubiquitous home services that offer inhabitants more
comfortable environments to perform day-to-day tasks. The
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1181
Service Components include these home services. The Decision
Component selects an adaptive service, and it may be performed
using Control Component and Additional Communication
Components according to the predefined scenarios.
We have designed and implemented seven different kinds
of intelligent home services on our proposed system. These
services are classified into three types: first, home
automation services controlling air conditioners, air
cleaners and curtain movements, according to the weather.
The second, home security services, detects potential
crimes and prevents gas explosions. The last is the home
management services via the Internet. More details on these
service operations are discussed in the next section.
V. OUR IMPLEMENTATION DETAILS
To show the feasibility of the proposed architecture, we
implement our home control system and active sensor
networks with various consumer home devices in a house.
We developed all the related hardware and software for our
system. In this section, we present the potential ubiquitous
home services provided by our system.
A. Sensor/Actuator Node Implementation
We have developed a smart node that has sensing,
processing and networking abilities. It is equipped with a
low power microprocessor and a narrow-band RF device
that can support physical-layer functionalities of IEEE
802.15.4 [12]. It is 40mm x 70mm in size, powered by two
1.5V AA batteries. Three type sensors are included in the
smart node: light, temperature and humidity sensors. Our
smart node has a 50 pin connector that is directly matched
to the microprocessor to add additional hardware. Various
optional sensor and actuator modules can be equipped with
our smart node via this 50 pin connector.
To collect diversified sensing information and control
consumer home devices, we developed the several
additional optional modules equipped with our smart node.
They are connected to the 50 pin connector and are directly
controlled by the microprocessor in our smart node. Using
the additional modules, the smart node is divided to the
generic sensor and actuator nodes. The advanced sensing
modules are weather, bio, gas and motion detection sensors
that can measure the pressure, the accelerated velocity, the
pulse rates, the body heat, a gas leak and the motion,
respectively. The actuator modules are Infra-Red and relay
modules. The Infra-Red module supports IR
communication that can control TV, DVD and air
conditioners. The relay modules can switch power on/off in
electronic devices and control a motor. These actuator
modules enable the role of smart nodes to be changed from
just a physical information detector to an electronic device
controller. These options boards are managed by our OS-
level libraries. Fig. 4 shows our smart node and its options
modules.
1182
Fig. 4 Our Smart Node and its Options Modules
B. Sensor/Actuator Functions and Real Deployment
Scenarios
In this subsection, we describe the deployment of smart
nodes and their possible operation in the home. Fig. 5 shows
some of the pictures of the deployment in our
implementations. The following list details their functions.
z Detecting gas: A gas sensor is deployed near the gas valve
to prevent a gas explosion. It periodically checks the gas in
the atmosphere and reports the values to the home control
system.
z Locking gas valves: On detecting a large amount of gas,
the gas sensor should immediately issue the instruction to
turn off the gas valve. Recall that, one smart actuator, with
a relay switch module, is connected to the gas valve.
z Detecting human movement: PRI sensors are used to
detect human movement. This information can be utilized
for intrusion detection. For example, while inhabitants are
out of the home, if an unexpected movement occurs,
motion is detected by the movement detector sensors; this
event is then forwarded to the home control system.
z Detecting window status: The magnetic reed switch is
equipped with the window boundary to detect its status.
When a window is suddenly opened by some intruder, the
reed switch sensor can recognize this and inform the home
control system of the event.
z Curtain movements: The home control system can
transmit special Control-Command packets to open or
close curtains. A smart actuator is deployed near the
curtain and its relay switch module is connected to the
motor linked to move curtains.
z Control lamp brightness: The sensor node can control
illumination of the lamps via the relay switch module. The
home system can control home lighting in accord with the
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IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics, Vol. 54, No. 3, AUGUST 2008
Fig. 5 Selected Pictures of Sensor/Actuator Nodes in Real House
polices based on light sensing information and current
time information.
z General sensing information: All smart nodes are
designed to have light, temperature and humidity sensors.
The home control system can gather such information
from all home areas where smart nodes are deployed.
C. Description of Intelligent Home Control Services
In this subsection, we introduce several ubiquitous home
service scenarios. These scenarios are implemented based on
our proposed home networks. Fig. 6 depicts our home services
(in part).
z RFID based door-lock service: Our system utilizes a
RFID card and RFID reader located near the door, instead
of a key, to confirm the person’s identification. The home
control system decides whether or not to open the door
based on the TAG ID in the RFID card of visitor. Upon
deciding to open the door, the system transmits the
corresponding Control-Command to the actuator node on
the door lock device.
z Crime Detection: Movement detection sensors and image
cameras can be utilized to detect crimes. If an unexpected
moving event is checked by the PRI sensor when
inhabitants are absent from the home, the information is
forwarded to the home control system. The home control
system informs the inhabitants and security provider via
CDMA modem. The system can also command the
installed wired cameras to capture the intruders’ images.
C. Suh and Y.-B. Ko: Design and Implementation of Intelligent Home Control Systems based on Active Sensor Networks
Fig.6 Pictures of our Ubiquitous Home Scenario Implementations
These pictures are uploaded to the web-server, so
inhabitants can see from anywhere.
z IR communication service via Internet: Infra-red (IR)
device can support IR communication with complex
consumer home devices. TV, DVD, air conditioner and
air cleaner can be controlled by our system. Our home
control system provides controlling methods of the
Infra-Red sensors using the HTTP server. The user can
control these home devices using the web browser via
Internet.
z Talking service with visitors when nobody in home:
In some cases, friends and family may visit the home
while the resident is absent. The visitor activate the
doorbell, the doorbell event is generated in the active
sensor network. Our home control system automatically
supports a connection between inhabitant and visitors
through the CDMA modem. The user can communicate
using a cellular phone, and visitors also respond using a
mike and speaker in the door.
z Automatic control of air conditioner and air-cleaner
service: The home control system can deduce the
proximate atmospheric conditions in the house using
temperature, humidity and pressure information from
sensor nodes. The home control server can adaptively
control the air conditioner and air cleaner using the
Infra-Red node.
z Automatic curtain control service: If it is cold or dark,
the home control system decides that closing the
curtains is better for the inhabitants. Otherwise the
curtains are opened or closed according to the time of
day (morning or night). The system can adaptively close
or open the curtain with appropriate Control-Command
packets.
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1183
z Gas detecting service: The gas sensor periodically
checks gas in the atmosphere and reports the values to
our home system to prevent gas explosion. On detecting
a large amount of gas, the gas sensor immediately
instructs the gas valve actuator node to turn off the
valve using its relay switch module. In this situation,
there is no latent time to exchange commands with the
home control system. The gas sensor autonomously
operates, and later informs the home control system.
V. CONCLUSION
Ubiquitous home networks excite new possibilities. We
address a new intelligent home control system based on
active sensor networks to make home networks more
intelligent and automatic. We implement the proposed
system and develop related hardware and software. We
suggest new ubiquitous home scenarios based on the
proposed system. We expect that our work contributes
towards the development of ubiquitous home networks. As
a part of future work, we will apply IEEE 802.15.4a [13]
standard technology in our home network systems to
support location services.
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University, and B.S. and M.B.A. degrees from Ajou University. His research
Languages and Operating Systems, November 2000.
interests are in the areas of mobile computing and wireless networking. In
[11] J. Polastre, J. Hill, and D. Culler, "Versatile Low Power Media Access
particular, he is working on mobile ad hoc networks, wireless mesh/sensor
for Wireless Sensor Networks," Proc. of the ACM Conference on Embedded
networks, and various ubiquitous networked system issues. He was the
Networked Sensor Systems, November 2004.
recipient of a Best Paper award from ACM Mobicom 1998. He has served on
[12] IEEE Computer Society, MAC and PHY Specifications for Low-Rate
the program committees of several conferences and workshops. He also serves
Wireless Personal Area Networks (LR-WPANs), IEEE 802.15.4 TM-2003.
on the editorial board of ACM Mobile Computing and Communications
[13] IEEE Computer Society, Low-Rate Alternative PHY Task Group of IEEE
Review. See http://uns.ajou.ac.kr for further details.
802.15.4 (TG4a) for the ranging and location, IEEE 802.15.4a-2007.

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