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    33 views35 pages

    LFRD Culvert Design

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    S Sathiyaruban

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    751.8 LRFD Concrete Box Culverts Contents 751.8.4 General 751.8.1.1 Material Propedies 751.8.4.2 Standard Box Culverts 751.8.1.3 Barrel Section Dimensions 781.8.14 Other Dimensions 751.8.1.5 Precast Culvert 751.8.2 Design 751.8.2.1 Limit States and Factors Table 751.8.2.1.1 Load Factors for Box Culvert Design 781.8.22 Design Fill 751.823 Dead Loads 751.8.24 Live Loads and Horizontal Pressures 751.8.25 Structural Model 751.8.26 Structural Design 751.8,28.1 Strength Limit Design 781.8.2.6.2 Service Limit Design 781.8.2.6.3 Other Design Requirements 751.8.3 Detalis 751.8.3.1 Joints 751.8.32 Steel Reinforcement 751.8.3.8 Rock Survey Data for Plans 751.8.3.4 Wing Walls on Rock 751.8.35 Miscellaneous. 751.8.1 General Concrete box culverts shall be classified as "Bridges" ifthe distance along the centerline of roadveay from stream face to stream face of exterior walls is more than 2070", The term “standard” is used throughout this article and refers to a culvert, or section of ‘Additional Info for the Districts colvert in which the design and details are completly covered by the Missouri Standard | +». Brigg Division has propard tho Plans for Highway Construction (https://www.modot.or/standard-plans-section-700). All other culverts are considered nonstandard when either the desiga or details given in the Standard Plans are inadequate. Reference Guide SBC for laying out and plan reporting details of concrete single box culverts (SBC) using the standard plans, Box culverts shall be analyzod and designed as rigid frames. All standard box culverts shall include bottom slabs. For box culverts built on solid considered. rock, a nonstandard box culvert without a bottom slab shoul ‘Where a box culvert i likely to sete, collar beams shall be provided at transverse joint to prevent large differential settlement between adjacent sections, Por details, see EPG 751.8.1.4 For culvert extensions, use the current design method ss described herein regardless of what design method was used for the existing culvert “Match opening dimensions of new extension with those of the existing culvert when possible, Otherwise use larger opening dimensions. For cutting details of the existing culvert, see Standard Plan 703.98 (ttps//www.anodotong/media/16944) Al standard box culverts are designed assuming no degradation of the interior surfaces. In special cases where abrasion from sediment is a concern, a nonstandard culvert design may be considered. 751.8.1.1 Materi I Properties Conerete Unit weight of reinforced concrete, Aq = 150 Ibitt® Continuous concrete slab, 15= 4.0 ksi Class B-1 Modulus of elasticity, 33, 000 Ki (wl) / Where: Poin ksi init weight of nonreinforced concrete = 0.145 ket sorrection factor for source of aggregate 1.0 unless determined by physical testing Modulus of rsp, f=02/f LRFD 5.4.26 Where: fois in ksi Steel Reinforcement For epoxy coated reinforcement requirements, see EPG 751.5.9.2.2 Epoxy Coated Reinforcement Requirements. When epoxy coated reinforcement is tobe used, a nonstandard design is required, Minimum yield strength, 60.0 ksi Stee! modulus of elasticity Earth Fill, Unit weight of earth All, 20 Ibi % 751.8.1.2 Standard Box Culverts Details of standard box culverts are available in Missourl Standard Plans for Highway Construction (htspss//wwnw.modot.org/standard-plans-secti on-700). See EPG 750.7.41 Standard Plans for an index to the Box Culvert Standard Plans and a table showing the Standard Hox Calvert Sizes. A typical box culvetis shown in Figure 751.8.1.2.1. In this figure, a cut section is defined as the section between two transverse joints ‘There are four types of standard box culverts shown in Figure 751.8:.2.2, Type 1 is a square box with straight wings; Type 2 is a square box with flared wings (upstream end only); Type 3 isa skewed box with straight wings; and Type 4 is a skewed box with flared wings (upstream end only). Abox culvert built on 2 rock foundation is athree-sided box, but is referred to inthis article asa box eulvert on rock foundation, and is considered a nonstandard box culvert © @ Figure 751.8.1.2.2 Four Types of Standard Box Culverts: (a) Type 1, Square with Straight Wings; (b) Type 2, Square with Flared Wings; {c) Type 3, Skewed with Straight Wings and (d) Type 4, Skewed with Flared Wings. 751.8.1.3 Barrel Section Dimensions Barrel length is defined asthe distance measured along the centerline ofthe box culvert between inside faces of headwalls Figure 751.8.13.1 shows details of barrel length, fil slope, clear zone, ete {A section between two transverse joints is called “eut section” as shown in Figure 751.8..2.. The maximum cut section length is 50 fet. A length of 60 feet may be used in special cases, such as if the joint alls under the traveled way. For more information on locating transverse joints, see EPG 751.833. Top b Inorde! uniform thickness and increments of 1 provide adequate clearances for four layers of reinforcement the minimum slab thiekness shall not be less than 8°. The slab shall have a If the design fill is less than 1 foot, the minimum slab thickness shall be checked per LRFD 2.52.63. $ Structural Liaison Engineer for possible use of epoxy coated reinforcing bars, higher conerete strength, et the Structural Project Manager or aoe ) Fig. 751.8.1.31 Elevation View along Centerline of Box Culvert (a) Shallow Earth Fill) Deep Earth Fil (7) See Design Layout ane cross-section sheets for dimensions and slopes. Bottom Slab In order to provide adequate clearances for four layers of reinforcement the minimum slab thickness shall not be less than &. The slab shall have a ‘uniform thickness and increments of, Walls ‘The wall shall havea uniform thickness and inerements of 1". Minimum wall thickness shall not be less than 8°, To avoid an undersized wing wall, ‘when the barrel eight exceeds 15’ the wall thickness shall not be less than 11" ‘When a box culvert is built on a rock foundation without a bottom slab the bottom of walls shall be keyed into the rock 6” (min. forthe fell length ‘of the walls as shown in Figure 751.81..2. When built on soft rock or shale, keying the walls in deeper than 6" min.) shall be considered. See Sec 206.4.2 (http://www modot.org/business/standards_and_specs/SpecbookEPG pafépage=5). Berth Hor eoodway surtoce t SEER fl ox s n 5 es | tc thera Ee — ae — fa Fig. 751.8.1..2 Typical cross-section of culvert on a rock foundation Special Sections ‘There are two types of special sections called "Dog-Leg” and "Broken Back”, Dog-Leg and Broken Back culverts are defined as sections of box culvert having single and double bends along their lengths, respectively (Figure 751.8.1..8). transverse joint should not be located within that portion that is 5 downstream from a point of deflection (bend) as shown in Figure 751.8.13.3. For details of transverse Joint, see Fig. 751.8... 9° upstream or Fig. 751.8.1..3 Plan View of Special Sections (a) Dog-Leg (b) Broken Back End Sections ‘An end section of barrel isa section which is located between the inside face of headwall and the first transverse joint (Figure 751.8:.2.1). The minimum end section length measured along the shortest wall from the first transverse joint to inside face of headwall shall be 3-0". The 3° minimum end section length is required to provide a culvert end (barrel, headwall and wing walls) that is structurally sufficient to independently resist hydraulic, undermining, and erosion forees. The g° minimum dimension also provides adequate space to develop the Ji and Ri bars that Project from the wing walls and headwall, respectively. For more information on locating transverse joints see EPG 7518.3. 751,8.1.4 Other Dimensions Wings Exterior wing can be either stright or flared as show in Figure 751.4.1.4.1. Figure 753.13.4.a(a) shows a typical flared standard wing at a fixed angle of 20 degrees, Figures 751.8:1.4.1(b) and (6) show a straight wing without and with skewed angles, respectively. An interior wing shall always be parallel tothe centerline ofthe adjoined walls, When a culvert isto be built on a rock foundation without a bottom slab, the bottom of wing should be keyed into the rock 6" (min,) as shown in Figure 751.8..3.2 oF when to be built on soft rock or shale, keying the walls in deeper than 6” (amin, shall be considered. Fig. 751.8.1.4.1 Partial ils of Exterior Wing (a) Flared Wing (b) Straight Wing Wall with No Skew (e) Straight Wing with Skewed Angle Wing Thickness “The thickness shall be uniform and same as the adjoining wall ‘Wing Slope Slope of 1:2 (vertical “V" to hosizontal “G”) shall be maintained for both flared and straight wings as shown in Figure 751.8..4.2 where "6" isthe horizontal length ofthe wing projection measured perpendicular to the trafic direction as shown in Figure 751.8..2.2. ‘Wing Length ‘Wing length is determined based on wing height, skewed and flared angles, and wing slope. Exterior wing length, L shown in Figure 751.8:.2.2 oF Figure 751.8.14.2, can be determined using Equations (751.8.1.41) and (751.8.1.4.2) for straight and flared wings, respectively L + for straight wings Equation 751.8.1.4.1 —2¥ tor standard flared wings Equation 751.8.1.42 cos(6 + 20°) Where: wing length \V= (top slab thk.) + (clear wall ht.) - 12", refer to Figure 751.8.1.4.2 skew angle “The exterior wing length is based on the 2:1 wing slope normal o centerline of roadway from the tp of the barrel down toa point 12 in, above the top ofthe bottom slab orto a point 12 in. above theoretical flowline for eulverts without a bottom sla. See Structural Project Manager or Structural Lisison Engineer when the wing height at the end ofthe wing including embedment exceeds 9 ft, for culverts without a bottom slab. "The backfill adjacent to exterior wings is transitioned from the roadway fill slope starting at the inside face of the headwall in accordance with ‘Standard Plan 709.37 (htps:/ www. modot.org/media/16949). Exterior wing length may be unreasonably long fr large skews especially with flared wings or when parallel to an adjacent roadway. See Structural Project Manager or Structural Liaison Engineer when this occurs. Possible solutions + With guidance from the Geotechnical Secton, use a slope steeper than that shown in Standard Plan 703.37, This wil require a special roadway sheet showing the nonstandard slope transition. ‘+ With guidance from the Geotechnical Section, use some form of embankment protection to allow for steeper slopes. This wil require additional roadway tems. ‘+ Lengthen the culvert to allow forthe slope transition shown in Standard Plan 703.37 For culverts with a bottom slab, all interior wing lengths shall match exterior wing lengths. Interior wing lengths on a rock foundation shall match ‘exterior wing lengths on the upstream end only. On the downstream end, interior wings on rock shall be omitted beyond the outside face of the ‘headwall, On skewed culverts interior wings on ruck at dovenstream end shall be made lush with the outside face ofthe headwall. ‘Wing Height ‘The top of wings shall be flush with the top of top slab and they shall be made horizontal for @ minimum distance of 3° from outside face of ‘headwall to beginning of wing slope as shown in Figures 751.8.1.4.1 and 751.8.1.4.2, Flared Wing Angle ‘Standard flared wing shall make an angle of 20 degrees with respect to exterior wall as shown in Figure 751.8.1.4.1(8) or Figure 7518.1.3.2(0). L > Zconst. Joint 1) 206) NEw OSL, HT BS. 10 Fig. 751.8.1.42 Typical Dimensions of Wing Ws ‘Toe Walls ‘Age wall s sometimes also referred lo as a curtain wall, Minimum dimensions of toe walls shal be provided at both ends of box eulvert, The depth, ‘is messured downward from the top of bottom slab ta bottom ofthe toe wal. See Figure 751.8..4.2 for details ‘Minimum thickness = 10" ‘Minimum depth = Max (%4" or slab thickness +12") Headwalls and Edge Beams Headwalls shell be provided on all finished culverts to retain fill and strengtnen the edge ofthe top slab. Edge beams shall be provided when ‘transverse joints are skewed from a line normal to centerline of barrel with main reinforcement placed parallel to span. Fag beams should also be ‘considered when skewed or square joints are placed underneath the traveled way for earth fills less than or equal to 2 feet, Note that skewing, ‘transverse joints are not recommended, but are sometimes required for staged construction and to keep joints out ofthe roadway. Figure 751.8.1.4.8 shoves dimensions for standard headwalls. Use a beveled headwall only at the upstream end and when an edge beam is not required, Faces of headwalls (Le, both upstream and downstream ends) and edge beams shall be made vertical, Minimum dimensions of hheadwalls, and recommended minimum dimensions for edge beams, shall be: Minimum widtt 20" Minimum depth = (top stab thk.) + 6° Top Slab Top Slab @ Cs) Fig. 751.8.1.4.3 Typleal Cross-Section of Headwalls (a) Upstream Headwall (b) Downstroam Headwall Collar Beams Collar beams should be provided ata transverse joint to prevent lage diferential settlement between adjacent sections, See Figure 751.8.3.24 for details. Collar beam dimensions shall meet the following requirements: Minimum depth = 12" for top and wall beams = 13" for bottom beam only Minimum width = 2'-6 For unigue situations where ether the cutting details provided in the Standard Plans do not apply, for example, where an existing headwall or wing walls be used-in-place, oF where a collar may provide stability in weaker sols or a connection for adjoining diferent openings, contact the Bridge Division. 751.8.1.5 Precast Culvert General All MoDOT castsin-place (CIP) concrete box culverts are allowed to be constructed using alternate precast concrete box culvert sections in accordance with See 733 (hitp://www.modot.ong/business/standards_and_spees/SpeebookEPG.pafepage=), unless specified otherwise. The converse isnot true and precast concrete box culverts may be specified only. Pay items and quantities shall remain unchanged from those typically used for CIP concrete box culverts. When a box culvert is required to be constructed using precast concrete box culvert sections because of an accelerated timeline for construction, pay item and quantity ofthe precast box culvert shall be based on the length of the precast culvert to the ‘nearest foot measured along the geometrical center ofthe culvert floor, Pedestrian Box ‘Where a precast conerete box culvert could be used as a pedestrian (or people") box for walk-through or bieyele path, having multiple joints typically spaced at not greater than 6 ft. may be unacceptable due to tripping hazards, ponding/freezing (settlement of many smaller length sections) or uncomfortable riding surface. Consideration should also be given to special waterproofing or non-tortosive water stops for watertight construction joints ‘Multi-Cells In multi-ell precast construction the staggered placement of units should be avoided. Staggering units results in an irregular end seetion that loses continuity over the interior walt) Culvert Ties Precast box culvert ties in accordance with See 733 and Std. Plan 733.00 (https: /www.modot.org/media/16978) shall be required forthe same reasons as concrete collars are required for CIP concrete box culverts, Typically the regula strength connections details should be used. The extra strength connection details shall be used for special cases requiring higher strengths or greater durability for example when connecting energy dissipating baffles rings or when under low fills and a roadway. If precast box culvert is required because of an accclerated timeline and collar beams would otherwise be roquired then culvert tes shall be specified with the cost of ties being considered completely covered by the contract unit price forthe precast box culvert 751.8.2 Design ‘Throughout EPG 7518.2 Design and EPG 7518.3 Details, the 2” design fill is used asa cutoff between design equations and reinforcement schemes The LRED Design Specifications tend to group the 2’ design fill with deeper fills requiring less conservative criterion for the 2” design fil. The LRED Bridge Design Guidelines group the 2 design fil with shallower fils, Including the 2’ design fill with shallower ills continues the practice set forth in the Missouri Standard Plans for longitudinal steel distribution in the top slab. Aligning design criterion to match these reinforcement mn, it makes sense to use a more conservative Schemes results in a consistent design philosophy. Since earth fills ae rarely uniform over criterion forthe 2 design fil. In addition, the table in the Missouri Standard Plans use the 2 design fill and it would not be appropriate to use the less conservative criterion when the 2” design fill will also be used for ills between 1 and 2 751.8.2.1 Limit States and Factors fy the following equation: = m1 < oRn = Re Where: Q = Total factored force effect Q= Force effect 11;= Load modifier +4, = Load factor © = Resistance factor R, in = Nominal resistance R, = Factored resistance Limit States “The follosing limit states shall be considered for box culvert design: STRENGTH -1 SERVICE-1 Refer to Table 751.8.2.1.1 for Loads and Load Factors applied at each given limit stte Table 751.8.2.1.4 Load Factors for Box Culvert Design Strength | Load Description Load Designation Service | Factor Max. Factor Min, Factor Dead Load of Members pe 125 09 19 Verical Earth Pressure EV 1.30 09 10 “EH (barrel) 135 19 190 Horizontal Earth Pressure EH (wings) 1.50 NA 10 Water Pressure wa 4.00 00 10 Live Loas uw 175 00 10 Dynamic Load Alowance IM 175 00 10 Live Load Surcharge “us 175 4,010.0 10 “The maximum factor should be applied withthe maximum equivalent fluid pressure, and the minimum factor should be applied with the minimum fluid pressure, Live load surcharge, LS, 's neglected when live load is neglected, See EPG 751.82.4 Resistance Factors STRENGTH limit state, Flexure, & = 0.90 for all members Shear, © = 0.85 for buried members Shear, @ = 0,90 otherwise Forallother limit states, = 100 Load Mosliiers Forloais where maximum value of aa factor is appropriate: 1= (nrnanp) > 0.95 For loads where a minimum value of load factor is appropriate 1 7 <10 (nen) Where: ‘np = Modifier relating to ductility na = Modifier relating to redundancy ‘ny = Modifier relating to operational importance Table 751.8.2.1.2 Load Modlfers for Box Culver Design ‘limit tates Dusty. np 10 Redundancy. 10 Operational inportance.n,| 10 inate) 10 1 Guna) ° 751.8.2.2 Design Fill Design fill is defined as the earth ill depth used in culvert analysis and design resulting in the greatest structural demand, Earth fills a backfill or 6 that is placed on the top slab. Eardh ill depth s defined as the distance between the top of top slab tothe top of earth fill or roadway surface as shown in Figure 751.8..24. For culverts having an earth fil that varies in depth due to roadway gradient, sloping barrel, or superelevation, the earth fill depth shall be determined a follows: If the eulvert, or any part of the section to be designed, is under a roadway the design of the box or full eut section between transverse joints is ‘based on an earth fill depth at a high or low quarter point, whichever produces maximum load effects, hetween roadway shoulders. Ifa section is under the fill slope outside of roadway shoulders, use an earth fil depth at a high quarter point between fill depths ofthat section, Earth fil depth other than stated above should aot be used without the permission of the Structural Project Manager or Structural Liaison Engineer. 751.8.2.3 Dead Loads Dead loads are weight of enrth fill and seltweight of concrete members as shown in Figure 751.8.2.53. For unit weights of materials, see EPG 7518.11 ‘arth fil weight and sel-weight of slab shall be applied uniformly onthe top slab As shov in Figure 75.8.2.5.1, EV1 and DC1 represents earth fil Weight and self weight of top slab, respectively “The weight of earth fill shall be increesed for sol-structure interaction. The sol-structure interaction factor, Fy, for embankment installations is taken as follows: H 20 <1. Fe =140.205- $115 Where H = Design fil depth B, = total width of culvert normal to centertine Bottom Slab (DC2 & EV) ‘Total dead load (DC2) from self-weight of walls and DC shall be applied uniformly on the bottom slab. Earth fill weight (EVs) shall be applied uniformly on the bottom slab. See Figure 751.8.2.5.1 for load directions. Walls ‘The self-weight ofthe wall may be neglected for wal design only. ‘Wing Walls ‘The selE weight of the wall may be neglected for wall design only. Headwalls and Edge Reams Earth fil and slab weights are assumed to apply as @ triangular load on the beam when the beam is skewed. Se-weight of beam and any ear load directly above the beam shall be applied uniformly along the beam length. For square and skewed ends, where the headwall or edge beam is retaining fil, the earth load effect may be ignored and instead the live load is applied directy to the top slab. See EPG 751.8.2.5 for details of load application 751.8.2.4 Live Loads and Horizontal Pressures All box culverts shall be designed for only the axe loads of the HL-99 design vehicular live loading. For application of design vehicles the culvert top slab shall be treated asa one-way slab with reinforcement parallel to traffic. Culverts shall be analyzed for a single loaded lane with the single Jane multiple presence factor. Live loads shall be considered under clear zones in the same manner as under roadways (or traveled way) as depicted in Figure 75.8.1... ‘Top Slab “The effec of ive load distribution varies with diferent earth fill depths as follows: For eazth fill depth < 2-0", Figure 751.8.2.4.1(2) shows that an axle load is uniformly distributed over a distributed width, E, where this width is perpendicular to one-foot strip ofthe top slab. Then, the equivalent concentrated live load (LLa) as shown in Figure 751.8.2.4.1(8) i equal to the axle load (2P) divided by E. The distributed width, ¥, is determined as: Perpendicular to span: E=96 +1448 Where distributed width for axle loading (in) 'S = clear span length normal to centerline of culvert (ft) Parallel to span: Distribution parallel tothe span should be conservatively neglected (Le. point lozd) (o) Fig, 751.8,2.4.1 Distribution of Live Load for Earth Fill 2 (a) An Axle Load is Uniformly Distributed over Width, E (©) Equivalent Concentrated Live Load (LL1) on a One-foot Strip Width For earth fill depth > 2-0", Figure 751.8.2.4.2(a) shows that a uniform patch load, representing the tie contact area is uniformly distributed over a ‘rectangular area with sides, E, and E, where these ses are parallel and pespendicular, respectively, toa one-foot strip width of the top slab. Then, the equivalent uniform live load (Lia per unt length) as shown in 753.8.2.4.2(b) is equal tothe wheel load (P) divided by the product of F, and F. ‘The disteibuted widths, B, and E,, are determined as: E,=0.83+1.0H 67 +4.0H E, = longitudinal distributed width (ft) Ep = transverse distributed width (f) H = design fil depth (8) See EPG 7518.25 for application of distributed ive load ‘When distribution from whee lines and/or axles overlap, the total load should be distributed evenly over the area defined by the outer distribution, slopes. For single span boxes, the effect of lve Ioad may be neglected when the earth fill depth is more than 8-0" and exceods the effective span length; for multiple spans, it may be neglected when the earth fil depth exceeds the distance between fill faces of end supports. Top of ort #111 o roadway sur foce uu Top slap (b) (a) Fig, 751.8.2.4.2 Distribution of Live Load for Earth Fill2 2-0" (2)A Whee! Load is Uniformly Distributed over a Rectangular Area (b) Equivalent Uniform Live Load (LL) on a One Foot Strip Width Bottom Slab Use the same transverse distribution width, , for top and bottom slab. Longitudinally, «uniformly distributed live load, defined as total live load ‘with impact divided by total length of spans, ean be used for analysis, DL LL2 = __ (total span length) Where: LL2 = equivalent uniform live load per linear foot LLL1 = live load with impact applied to the top slab Walls Live load surcharge, SUR, is modeled as an equivalent sol height times the equivalent fluid pressure of eatth fil. ‘The fl height ean be interpolated from LRED Table g:13.6.4.1 (Table 751.8.2.4.1) where the abutment height is taken asthe distance from the top ofthe design fill to the bottom of the bottom slab or rock. SUR shall be applied uniformly at fil faces of exterior walls (Figure 751.8.25.1) Live load surcharge should be neglected if the earth fill depth is more than 8'-0" and exceeds the span length for single span box. For multiple spans it should be neglected when the earth fill depth excoeds the distance between fill faces of end supports Table 7518.2.4.1, Equivalent Height of Soll for Vehicular Leading on Culvert Walls, Perpendicular to Traffic ‘Abutment Height (ft) | Bag (ft) 50 40 109 30 220.0 20 Headwalls and Fage Beams For edge beams under fills 2 or less and forall headwalls a reduced distribution width shall be used. Load application is similar to top slabs for Darrel design except the fllowing: + When atleast the minimum headwall cimensions are used the unt stip width shal be equal tothe width of the beam. +The ve loa effects shal be modeled using the skewed bear length + The ditibuton with, Exe , calculated for fils ff applicable for whea! loads For headwalls Eedge = (headwall width) + 12 + E/4 s E/2 Where: Egage = distribution width for wheel loads near slab edges (in.) s Eeage = 96 + 144 Scag, With Sooge = skew angle ™ 33 For edge beams under fils <2 Edge = 10 + E/4 S E/2 “The value “10” in the above equation i equal to Ms the wheel width specified in LRFD 9.6.1.2. Horizontal Pressures Barrel Section The following properties shall be used on all box culvert designs: Minimum equivalent fluid pressure, P,q = 30 Ibs/ft? Maximum equivalent fluid pressure, Peo = 60 Ibs/ft3 Minimum water pressure, Py, = 0.0 Ibsift.? 2.4 Ibsift Maximum water pressure, Pwy2 Maximum or minimum equivalent fluid pressure (EP) due to soil shall be applied at fil faces of exterior walls. Water pressure (WP) shall also be applied at these walls to simulate a case when a culvert is full of water. Only exterior walls are Subjected to these loads as shawn in Figure 751.8.2.5.1 Wing Section Coulomb active soil pressure or Rankine active formula may be used for horizontal pressures at exterior wing walls only. Neglect passive pressure due to water. For structural model, see EPG 751.8.2.5. For vertical steel reinforcement design, Coulomb active force can be calculated as: puk Equation 751.8.2.4.5 sin?(0+9)) sa) Equation 751.8246 sin? (8)sin(@ — 8) [ + V3 Finn) Where: P= resultant horizontal force of active earth pressure (k) K, = Coulomb active earth coefficient H = design height of wing wall (ft), (Figure 751.8.2.5.2) Ay = effective unit weight of backfill (ket) @= angle of fil face of wall to the horizontal (deg.) ‘backfill angle to the horizontal (deg.) = effective internal friction angle of backfill (deg.), (conservatively use 27° if backfill property is not available) 5 (2/3) @= angle of wall friction (or see LRFD Table 3.11.5.3.1) Horizontal stee! reinforcement shall be designed only when the wing is nonstandard or built on a rock foundation, Then, Coulomb active force should be determined as: Py = Ay,KoHi Equation 751.8.2.4.7 Where: P,, = resultant force of active earth pressure H;= height from the top of wing to the centroid of a one-foot width section (See Figure 751.8.2.5.3) rectangular area of a one-foot width section (See Figure 751.8.2.5.3) Dynamic Load Allowance The dynamic load allowance shall be considered for all members with design fils less than 8'. Dynamic load effects will decrease as the earth fil Increases and is calculated as follows: IM = 33 (1,0 - 0.125Dg) 2 0% Where: IM = dynamic load allowance for vehicular axle loads De lesign fill depth (ft) 751.8.2.5 Structural Model In the analysis of continuous and rigid frame members, the span length or height should be the distance from center to center (the geometric centers) of members. For box culverts on rock, the fective height i defined as the height from rock elevation (Figure 751.8.19.2) tothe geometric center of the top slab, ‘Structural Model for Cut Sections A structural model is analyzed asa rigid frame structure with a one-fot strip width perpendicular to the centerine of culvert (Figures 7518.2.4.. and 751.8.2.4.2). As shown in Figure 751.8.2.52, the boundary conditions are 41) no lateral and vertical displacements at right end of the bottom slab and 2) no vertical displacement at left end of the bottom slab, For nonstandard box culverts on a rock foundation, a pinned support at each wal is assumed atthe rock elevation, See Figure 751.8.2.5.1 for details of loads and load directions. DC1 is dead load from top slab; EV1 is dead load from earth il; DC2 is dead loads from DC1 and walls; SUR isa live load surcharge; EP is equivalent Quid pressures; WP is water pressure; and LL1 and LL2 are live loads specified in BPG 75:.8.24, ° wf t* [- \ P wR hr SOR ei vee ue [ wr Fig. 751.8.2.5.1 Typical Structural Model with Loads ‘Structural Model for Wing Walls Figure 751.8.2.5.2 shows a typical cross-section ofa wing wall, Self-weight, water pressure, and live load surcharge are neglected, Only active earth pressure is applied at exterior wing wall as described in EPG 751.8.2.4, The resullant force P, of active pressure is applied at (1/3)H from the bottom of wing wall where H isthe design wing height. Since the wing wal height varies along its length due to wing slope, the design wing height ‘can be determined ata high quarter point of wing length, The wing wall should be analyzed and designed asa one foot vertical cantilever beam, fla] | gy? Storst Fig. 751.8.25.2 Typical Cross-Section of Wing Wall For wing walls on rock, vertical stoe reinforcement should be analyzed and designed using the same procedure as wing wall withthe bottom slab a given above. Horizontal steal reinforcement should be analyzed and designed as a horizontal cantilever beam. Figure 751.8.2.53 shows elevation view and structural model of an exterior wing wal. Figure 751.8.2.6:3 shows that force Py shall be applied atthe Centrotd Py located at height i, and (L)/2. Moment and shear should be determined for each one-foot width section and checked atthe ertieal section as shown in the igure. / FA) cro-toot, cant evar hy / f4 / FR wee. nS / KD Hor izentol 1g Horizontal Reinforcom Fig, 751.8.2.5.3 Structural Model for Design tof Wing Wall on Rock ‘Structural Model for Headwalls and Fdge beams A simple model of headwall or edge beam is shown in Figure 751.8.2.5.4. Dead load due to weights of slab and earth fil is computed based on a triangular hatched area shown in Figure 75.8.2.5,4(@). Assume half ofthis dead load is supported by the wall andthe other half supported by the ‘beam as shown in Figure 751.8.25.4(0). Additionally, sel-weight of bear and earth fill weight above the beam shal be applied as uniform loads ‘along the beam. For headwall design, the sloping side fill inside the hatched area may be ignored if live load is considered with the maximum. ‘dynamic load allowance (IM=1.99). The beam is treated a8 a continuous beara with pinned supports. When the skewed clear span length exceeds 20 fee, refined methods of analysis ure recommended. Fig, 751.8.25.4 Partial Plan View of Double Box Culvert Showing Edge Beam and Dead Loads (2) Triangular Hatched Areas Represent Dead Loads (0) Hatfof Dead Loads to be Carried by Edge Beam cy) 751 .8.2.6 Structural Design 751.8.26.4 Strength Limit Design Flexural Strength Factored flexural resistance, @M,, af a member at a cross-section should not be less than the factored moment, M,, at that cross-section. When ‘moment capacity is less than factored! moment, increase stee! area or thickness ofthe member, Critical locations for flexural strength design are ‘near the mid-span and at the stream face of adjoining members, M. = $M, > My Equation 751.8.2.6.1 M, = [At (d- 5 Equation 751.8.2.6.2 in = [Af (¢-$)] ‘quation 751.8. Asfy Equation 751.8.2.6.3 aasGe :quation “The requised ste] area can be determined by Equation 753.8.2.6.4 Equation 751.8.2.6.4 Equation 751.8.2.6.5 Equation 751.8.2.6.6 A, = required steel area (in?) strip width for design, usually 12 in d= the effective depth from the extreme compression fiber to the centroid of the tensile reinforcement (Note: thickness of monolithic wearing or protective surface shall be excluded at the compressive face of the section where applicable. See EPG 751.8.3.2 Steel Reinforcement.) p= required stee! ratio (a rato of steel to concrete areas of a section) M, = factored moment (k-in) © =0.9= strength reduction factor for flexure ‘Maximum Tensile Steel Reinforcement iat of tensile reinforeernent shall be such that <0.42 Equation 751.8.2.6.7 he distance from the extreme compressicn fiber to the neutral axis Minimum Tensile Steel Reinforcement ‘The amount of tensile reinforcement shall be adequate to develop a factored flexural resistance, Mr, atleast equal tothe lesser of: 1)Mg-= cracking moment LRFD Eq, 5.7.3. 4 2) 1.33 times the factored moment required by the applicable strength load combinations specified in LRFD Table 3.4.4-1 Shear Strength ‘Maximum design shear should be checked at a distance "d,” from the stream face of support where “dy” is the effective shear depth ofa section Factored shear resistance, @V., should be provided only by shear strength of concrete and it should not be taken less than factored shear, V Vn > Va Equation 751.8.268 ‘When the shear capacity of slabs and walls specified in Equation 791.8.2.6.8 is less than factored shes, increase thickness of the section. For Iheadwalls and edge beams, strength of shear reinforcement, in addition to concrete shear strength, shall be considered. Therefore, the required area of shear reinforcement shall be computed as follows: Va(s) Equation 751.8.2.6.9 Equation 751.8.2.6.10 Where: A, = required area of shear reinforcement (in?) near force to be resisted by shear reinforcement ;ominal shear strength provided by concrete and given in Equation 751.8.2.6.11 or 7518.26.12 spacing of shear reinforcement steel (in.) Nominal shear strength should be determined as follows: or slabs with earth fill <2! and all walls Ve .03168 Fi (bay) Equation 751.8.2.6.11 or slabs with earth fl > 2” Aud Ve (osor yz +46 Tie i Equation 751.8.2.6.12 but Ve < 0.126,/FE(bd) Equation 751.8.2.6.13, Where: Vu = factored shear M, = factored moment occurring simultaneously with V, at the section considered dy = effective shear depth as determined in LRFD 5.8.2.9 Equation 751.8.2.6.14 e maximum of 2.0 (Simplified Procedure) and LRFD Eq, 5.8.9.4.2-2 (General Procedure). For member sizes not less than 16 in, 8 should be ealeulated using the General Procedure only. 4.8 BL SS _** ....General Procedure Equation 751.8.2.6.1 b= Ty Tie, 30+ on -quation 751.8.2.6.15 Where [Mal BAI 05M + [Mu * E,A, Win. < se = dp 138 < goin. ee ag $0.88 Equation 751.8.2.6.17 M, = factored moment, not to be taken less than Vy, N, = factored axial force, negative if compressive ‘A, = area of reinforcing steel on the flexural tension face ag = maximum aggregate size = 0.75 in, For headwalls, edge beams, and wing walls, use Equation 751.8.2.6.1 to determine the nominal shear resistance of concrete. Hendwall and Edge Beams A minimam steel area of shear reinforcement in Equation 751.8.2.6.19 should be provided in flexural members when factored shear exceeds anc half of concrete factored shear resistance in Equation 751.8.2.6.8, Y> 70% Equation 751.8.2.6.18 bs Ay > 00816 VET Equation 751.8.2.6.19 iy Where: ‘Ve = nominal shear resistance provided by concrete section only © = 0.9= strength reduction factor for shear ‘A, = required stool area of shear reinforcement (in?) b = width of section (in) 8 = spacing of shear reinforcement steel in.) Slenderness Effect in Wall Members Slenderness effects shall be considered for ll interior walls and for only exterior walls Keyed into rock. Exterior walls with hottom slabs will not fil combined axial and flexural resistance checks when the flexural design is adequate. A magnified moment shall be used for the design if the slendemess effect is considered. For sizing wall following requirement may be used as a practical constraint: <34 Equation 751.8.2.6.20 For stel reinforcement design, the slenderness effect may be neglected if Equation 751.8.2.6.21 is saisie. KLy M Ble 4 — (12M Equation 751.8.2.6.21 ao

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