Linguist Steven Krashen emphasizes the vital role of reading in second language

learning. He believes that through extensive reading, learners are exposed to a

variety of vocabulary, sentence structures, and language patterns. This exposure
leads to natural language acquisition, mirroring the way children learn their first
language. Krashen's input hypothesis suggests that comprehensible input, such as
reading materials slightly above the learner's current proficiency level, is crucial for
language development. By immersing oneself in meaningful content, readers can
enhance their language skills, expand their vocabulary, and improve overall language
comprehension, aligning with Krashen's belief in the power of extensive reading for
effective language acquisition.

Information
https: //www.coerll.utexas.edu/methods/modules/reading/03/

Questions
a. Do you enjoy reading in English? Why or why not?
b. What types of reading materials do you find most helpful for improving your
English?
c. How often do you read in English? Is it a regular habit for you?
d. Do you prefer reading physical books or digital content for language learning?
Why?
e. Have you ever tried reading English books that were originally written for native
speakers? How did you find it?
f. Are there any specific genres of books or topics that you like to read in English?
Why?
g. Do you use a dictionary while reading in English? How often do you look up words?
h. How do you choose reading materials that are appropriate for your current English
level?
i. Do you take notes while reading in English? If so, how does it help you?
j. What strategies do you use to understand the main ideas of a text in English?
k. How do you deal with difficult vocabulary while reading? Any tips to share?
l. Have you ever read books that were both in English and your native language side
by side? Did it help?
m. Do you read aloud in English? How does it contribute to your language learning?
n. How do you improve your reading speed without sacrificing comprehension?
o. Are there any English language websites, blogs, or online articles you enjoy
reading?
p. Do you discuss the books or articles you've read with others? How does it enhance
your learning?
q. How do you know if a book or article is too easy or too difficult for your current
level?
r. What do you do when you encounter cultural references or idiomatic expressions
you don't understand while reading?
s. Do you set goals for your reading practice in English? What kind of goals do you
set?
t. How has reading in English influenced your vocabulary and language usage?
u. Are there any specific authors or writers whose works you enjoy reading in
English?
v. Do you find it helpful to read books that include exercises or comprehension
questions?
w. How do you stay motivated to read in English, especially when the material
becomes challenging?
x. Have you ever reread a book or article in English? How did your understanding
improve?
y. Do you prefer reading fiction or non-fiction in English? Why?
z. Can you share a reading strategy that has significantly helped you improve your
English skills?

More Information
https: //www.teyl.org/article5.html

11. Motivation in language learning

Introduction
Motivation is a driving force in language learning. When someone is motivated, they
are more likely to engage actively, practice regularly, and persist through challenges.
There are two main types of motivation: intrinsic and extrinsic. Intrinsic motivation
comes from within, fueled by personal interest, enjoyment, and a sense of
accomplishment. Extrinsic motivation, on the other hand, comes from external
factors like rewards, grades, or social approval. Cultivating intrinsic motivation is
important for long-term success in language learning, as it leads to a genuine desire
to communicate and understand, making the learning process more enjoyable and
effective. Setting achievable goals, finding interesting materials, and connecting with
the culture of the language can all boost motivation and contribute to a positive
language learning experience.
Video
https: //www.youtube.com/watch?v=l57XikZUURU

Questions
a. Why do you think motivation is important in language learning?
b. Can you share an experience where your motivation helped you in learning a new
language?
c. What factors do you think can affect a person's motivation to learn a language?
d. How can setting goals improve your motivation to learn a language?
e. Have you ever faced a lack of motivation while learning a language? How did you
overcome it?
f. What role do you think a teacher plays in motivating language learners?
g. Do you believe that personal interests and hobbies can influence your motivation
in language learning? Why or why not?
h. How can celebrating small achievements in language learning keep you
motivated?
i. Have you ever used rewards or incentives to boost your motivation in language
learning? Did it work?
j. Can you give examples of how a supportive learning environment can enhance
motivation?
k. How does having a positive attitude affect your motivation in language learning?
l. What impact can social interactions and language exchange have on your
motivation to learn a new language?
m. Do you think that learning about the culture of a language can increase your
motivation? Why or why not?
n. How can tracking your progress in language learning help in maintaining your
motivation?
o. Can you compare the differences in motivation when learning a language for
travel versus learning it for academic purposes?
p. What are some strategies you use to stay motivated when faced with challenging
aspects of a language?
q. How does the fear of making mistakes influence your motivation to use a new
language?
r. In your opinion, does age play a role in how motivated someone is to learn a
language? Why or why not?
s. Have you ever been inspired by someone who is bilingual or multilingual? How did
it impact your motivation?
t. How does the availability of language learning resources and materials affect your
motivation?
u. Can you share any tips for staying motivated in the long-term process of language
learning?

Activity
Put the lines of the conversation in between Marti and Carlos in logical order.

1._____Marti: Nice, Carlos. One final question,. Do you have a favorite English word?
2._____Carlos: First, I set small daily goals, like learning new words.
3._____Marti: After that I think of my dream to travel.
4._____Carlos: Next, I chat with native speakers online to build confidence.
5._____Marti: Thanks for all the ideas, Carlos. Let's keep motivating each other!
6._____Carlos: Yes, "adventure" - it keeps me excited about the journey!
7._____Marti: Carlos, how do you stay motivated when learning English?
8._____Marti: Good idea, daily goals. What's next?
9._____Carlos: Native speakers, wow. That's great, Carlos. And after that?

One possible solution

Carlos, how do you stay motivated when learning English?

Carlos: First, I set small daily goals, like learning new words.
Marti: Good idea, daily goals. What's next?
Carlos: Next, I chat with native speakers online to build confidence.
Marti: Native speakers, wow. That's great, Carlos. And after that?
Carlos: After that I think of my dream to connect with people through English.
Marti: Nice, Carlos. One final question,. Do you have a favorite English word?
Carlos: Yes, "adventure" - it keeps me excited about the journey!
Marti: Thanks for all the ideas, Carlos. Let's keep motivating each other!

More information – Lazy learning

https: //www.youtube.com/watch?v=a7q2bjk_m-M

12. Mexican culture and cultural activities in Mexico

Introduction
Traditional cultural activities in Mexico are diverse and meaningful, providing a
glimpse into the core of this lively country. From vibrant celebrations to captivating
dances and detailed crafts, these activities reveal the strong traditions and values of
Mexican society. Events like Day of the Dead show the mix of indigenous and Spanish
influences, creating special traditions. Dance styles like the graceful Folklorico
express the rhythm and emotion of Mexican culture. Additionally, the skill seen in
handmade textiles, pottery, and folk art reveals a deep link to heritage and art.

Activity
Use these words to complete the crossword puzzle

Activities Celebrations Dances Crafts Traditions

Mix Influences Styles Textiles Events

https://crosswordlabs.com/view/cultural-activities-2

Video
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fd8X6OCbaDQ

Questions
a. What are some traditional Mexican dances and their significance?
b. How does the celebration of Day of the Dead reflect Mexican culture?
c. What role does mariachi music play in Mexican society?
d. Can you describe the significance of the quinceañera celebration?
e. What are some popular Mexican festivals and their origins?
f. How do Mexicans celebrate Christmas and other religious holidays?
g. What are the main ingredients and dishes in Mexican cuisine?
h. How is the art of muralism linked to Mexico's cultural identity?
i. What traditional crafts are famous in Mexico, and why?
j. How do Mexican families typically spend their weekends and holidays?
k. What role does Lucha Libre (Mexican wrestling) play in popular culture?
l. What is the significance of pre-Hispanic ruins and archaeological sites in Mexico?
m. How do Mexicans celebrate Independence Day?
n. Can you explain the importance of the Virgin of Guadalupe in Mexican culture?
o. What are some traditional games or recreational activities enjoyed in Mexico?
p. How is traditional Mexican clothing, like sombreros and ponchos, still relevant
today?
q. What is the significance of the Mayan and Aztec calendars in Mexican culture?
r. How do Mexican communities celebrate regional traditions and local events?
s. What types of folk art and crafts are specific to different regions of Mexico?
t. How has Mexican cinema and telenovelas influenced global entertainment?

Activity
Complete the conversation between Roberto, a Mexican student and Lautaro, a
Chilean student.

Roberto: Hello, Lautaro! How are you?

Lautaro: Hi, Roberto! I'm good, thank you. Hey Roberto, I want to learn about the Day
of the Dead in Mexico. Can you tell me more about it?
Roberto: Of course! _____________________________________________________________
Lautaro: How do you celebrate it? _______________________________________________
Roberto: There are many ways to celebrate it, __________________________________
Lautaro: That sounds interesting! What kind of food is involved?
Roberto: ________________________________________________________________________
Lautaro: And what do you do during these days?
Roberto: ____________________________________________________________________
Lautaro: What a beautiful tradition! Are there parades or something like that?
Roberto: ____________________________________________________________________

More Information - How L.A.’s culinary roots lie in its Mexican tradition
https: //news.usc.edu/202459/how-l-a-s-culinary-roots-lie-in-its-mexican-tradition/

13. American English Slang

Introduction
For English as a Second Language (ESL) students, understanding slang is a
fascinating and sometimes challenging aspect of language learning. Slang, informal
words and phrases used in everyday conversations, adds color and depth to
language proficiency. While learning proper grammar and vocabulary is essential,
grasping slang expressions can help students communicate more naturally with
native speakers. However, navigating slang requires caution, as its usage can vary
based on context and culture. Balancing the acquisition of both formal and informal
language skills equips ESL learners to engage confidently in various social situations,
fostering a well-rounded command of the English language.

Activity
Slang quiz
https://quizlet.com/819046763/flashcards?funnelUUID=545a2c13-bc39-48c8-a362-
1a6fe6b1ddbb

Video
https: //www.youtube.com/watch?v=JfMOfxMOHBU

Examples
a. Hey, what's up?
b. Wanna grab a bite later?
c. I'm totally down for that plan.
d. No worries, take your time.
e. Dude, you won't believe what happened!
f. Let's catch a movie or something.
g. Ugh, Mondays are the worst, right?
h. That concert was epic, like seriously.
i. What a bummer.
j. So, like, I was saying...
k. He's, like, totally into video games.
l. I'm gonna crash early tonight.
m. Can't make it, got other stuff going on.
n. You're kidding, right? That's insane!
o. I'm all ears, spill the tea.
p. Gotta jet, see you later!
q. It's a no-brainer, go for it!
r. She's really nice, super easy to talk to.
s. Long time no see! How've you been?
t. Alrighty, I guess that's settled then.

Questions
a. Have you ever heard the phrase "broke" used in slang? What does it mean?
b. What's the slang meaning of "chill" or "chill out"?
c. Can you give me an example of how to use the slang word "dude"?
d. Do you know what "hangry" means? Have you ever felt hangry?
e. Have you encountered the term "LOL" in informal communication? What does it
stand for?
f. What's the difference between "cool" and "lit" in slang? Can you use them in
sentences?
g. Do you use the word "selfie" in your language? What does it mean in English?
h. Have you heard the slang term "FOMO" before? What does it stand for?
i. What's the meaning of "throw shade" in slang? Can you think of an example?
j. Have you ever used the word "bff" to refer to someone? What does it mean?
k. How would you explain a slang phrase to someone who's not familiar with it?
l. What's the slang definition of "hang out"? Can you use it in a sentence?
m. Can you provide an example of how "sick" is used in slang to mean something
positive?
n. Have you encountered the term "gnarly"? What does it mean?
o. What's the slang meaning of "lit" ? Can you give an example?
p. Do you know what "ROFL" stands for? When would you use it in a conversation?
q. How would you define the slang word "swag"? Can you use it in a sentence?
r. Have you ever used the term "YOLO"? When is it appropriate to use it?
s. What's the slang definition of "crash"? Can you provide a context for it?
t. If someone tells you that they are “stoked”, what are they telling you?

More information - Top 14 American Slang words

https: //www.youtube.com/watch?v=R1Ge9NFSDyE

14. Relaxed and linked speech

Introduction
Using relaxed and linked English speech, often referred to as colloquial language,
adds a casual and friendly tone to conversations. It involves substituting words like
"wanna" for "want to," or "gonna" for "going to," making communication feel more
informal and natural. Expressions like "kinda" or "sorta" replace "kind of" or "sort of,"
making sentences sound less rigid. While these informal phrases are common in
everyday dialogue, it's essential to know when and where to use them appropriately,
as they might not be suitable in formal settings. Relaxed speech fosters a sense of
connection and familiarity, reflecting the way people interact in relaxed social
situations.

Video
https: //www.youtube.com/watch?v=fMCT6VigUuo

Here are some examples of relaxed and linked speech in English.

a. "wanna" instead of "want to": I really wanna go to the beach this weekend.
b. "gonna" instead of "going to": I'm gonna meet up with some friends later.

c. "kinda" instead of "kind of": It's kinda chilly outside, isn't it?

d. "cuz" instead of "because": I can't make it today, cuz I have a meeting.

e. "y'know" or "ya know" instead of "you know": Y'know, I've always wanted to try

skydiving.

f. "sorta" instead of "sort of": That movie was sorta funny, but not that great.

g. "lemme" instead of "let me": Lemme know if you need any help with your

homework.

h. "gotcha" instead of "got you": I'll meet you at the coffee shop, gotcha.

i. "ain't" instead of "isn't" or "aren't": Ain't it amazing how fast time flies?

j. "freakin'" or "friggin'" instead of "freaking" or "fricking": That was a freakin'

awesome concert!

k. "dunno" instead of "don't know": I dunno if I'll be able to make it to the party.

l. "coulda" instead of "could have": I coulda finished that project sooner if I had more

time.

m. "shoulda" instead of "should have": She shoulda called me back by now.

n. "woulda" instead of "would have": I woulda gone to the game if I knew it was

today.

o. "outta" instead of "out of": I'm running outta patience with this situation.

p. "tryna" instead of "trying to": I'm tryna finish this book before the weekend.

q. "whatcha" instead of "what are you" or "what do you": Whatcha gonna do this

weekend?

r. "hafta" instead of "have to": I hafta finish this report before I can leave.

s. "needa" instead of "need to": I really needa get some groceries.

t. "gimme" instead of "give me": Gimme a moment, I'll be right with you.

Video
https://youtu.be/gAHUTKm_1n0
Questions
a. Do you often use casual phrases like "wanna," "gonna," or "kinda" in your

conversations?

b. How do you feel about using slang expressions like "lemme" instead of "let me"?

c. Are there any colloquial terms you find confusing when others use them?

d. What are some situations where it's appropriate to use relaxed speech?

e. Do you think using relaxed speech helps build rapport in social interactions?

f. Have you ever misunderstood someone because they were using informal

language?

g. What's your opinion on using "ain't" instead of "isn't" or "aren't"?

h. Are there certain situations where you avoid using relaxed speech to maintain

professionalism?

i. How comfortable are you with using contractions like "could've" instead of "could

have"?

j. Do you find it easier to communicate when you use casual language with friends?

k. Are there any phrases you think are overused in relaxed speech?

l. Have you ever used slang expressions unintentionally in a formal situation?

m. Do you think using relaxed speech helps you connect with native speakers better?

n. What's your approach to using informal language when writing emails or

messages?

o. How often do you encounter new slang words or expressions in your

conversations?

p. What are some slang expressions you've learned recently and found interesting?

q. Are there specific TV shows, movies, or songs that have helped you understand

relaxed speech better?

r. Have you ever been corrected by a native speaker for using relaxed speech

inappropriately?

s. Do you think using casual language is more common in spoken English than in

written English?