BASIC SETS & FUNCTIONS

Additional Mathematics – topic 01A

SETS (BRIEF INTRO)
A set is a collection of objects

The set of letters in the alphabet is {a, b, c, …, y, z}

If P is the set of prime numbers with single digits, then

If A is the set of integers larger than 20, then

2
SPECIAL NUMBER SETS
Some Number sets are used very frequently;

 Natural or counting numbers

 Integers

 Positive Integers

 Negative Integers
3
SPECIAL NUMBER SETS

 Rational numbers

 Real numbers

4
NOTATION
 U/ (Greek letter – xi) – the universal set
 { }/ (Norwegian letter – sounds like “ur”) – the empty
set
 - is an element of
 - not an element of

Examples:
B is the set of positive numbers less than 0.
or

5
 FUNCTIONS
6
MAPPING DIAGRAMS
The following is a mapping diagram which maps the set of I
onto the set of P with the relation “is an ingredient of” where
I = {egg, beef, sugar, salt}
P = {cake, hamburger}

Egg

Beef Cake

Sugar Hamburger

Salt
Range 7

Domain
TYPES OF MAPPING
one-to-one one-to-many

many-to-one many-to-many

8
DOMAIN AND RANGE
For the following domain and mappings, describe the
range:
domain mapping
a) subtract 20
b) {odd numbers} double
c) {positive real numbers} find the square root
d) add 10
e) {even numbers} divide by 2

9
FUNCTIONS
A function is a relation where each element of the domain
maps onto exactly one element of the range.

i.e. one-to-one or many-to-one

So, is the following set of ordered pairs a function? Why?

10
TEST FOR FUNCTIONS
The vertical line test:
Since a function must map each element of the domain (x)
to exactly one element of the range (y), then if there are
more than one possible value for y for any given x, it is not
a function. This can be represented graphically.
y y y

O x

O x O x

11
FUNCTIONS IF…

y
Clearly, this is not a function…

but it could be if we set specific

domains…
(a,b)
(c,d)

O x

12
FUNCTION NOTATION
A function called f takes whatever you put into it, doubles
it, then adds 1. This can be represented as follows;

Function f

Such that Maps onto domain

Or

13
FUNCTIONS – KEY EXAMPLE
For , find
a)

b)

c)

14
The width of a book is cm and its length is 6 cm longer than
its width. Given that the area of the book is 280 cm2 , find the
value of .

15
QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
In this topic you will learn how to solve quadratic equations
• using the factor method,
• by taking square roots,
• by completing the square and
• by using the quadratic formula
Order/degree of a polynomial:
 Depends on the highest order of a term in a polynomial.

Factorisation:
1) 2)

17
Any polynomial of degree 2

i.e.
where

18
The Null Factor Law
 Consider

What can we say about the values of and ?

19
Solve

20
Solve
1)
2)
3)
4)

21
Solve
1)
2)
3)
4)

22
 Consider

then

23
Solve;
1)
2)
3)

24
Solve

25
Notice

Therefore for we add to get the perfect square

.

26
Solve
1)
2)

27
Solve
1)
2)
3)
4)

28
Solve the following
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)

29
Solve
1)

2)

3)

4)

5)

30
Solve
1)
2)
3)
4)

5)

6)

31
Solve for

32
Solve
1)

2)

3)

33
Solve the following, giving your answers exactly;
1)
2)

3)

4)
5)

6)

34
 Any quadratic equation will have either
1. Two different real roots.
2. Two equal real roots (repeated).
3. No real roots.
 Never cancel factors (or do it with care!)

Taking Factor Quadratic

square roots method formula

35
 Certain equations can be reduced or converted to quadratics
with a little bit of effort!
 Take care to learn the patterns.
 Test your answers if you have time!

36
Solve

37
Solve

38
Solve

39
Solve

40
Solve
a)

b)

c)

41
 QUADRATIC FUNCTIONS
AND INEQUALITIES
In this topic you will learn how to
• Identify the nature of roots of a quadratic function
• Sketch graphs of quadratic functions
• Find equations of quadratics from a graph
• Solve quadratic inequalities
• Apply relationships between roots and coefficients of
quadratics
Any equation

can be written as

From this, we can see that the solutions/roots/zeroes are where

the graph cuts the x-axis.

43
The basic shape of a quadratic function is the parabola, which
we can apply basic transformations to.

O x

44
Possible cases:
Case A: 1(2) repeated root(s) Case B: 2 distinct roots
y y

O x

O x

Case C: No (real) roots

y

O x

45
How do the 3 cases relate to the quadratic formula

which can be split to

46
The discriminant
Case 1: repeated root

or

O x

touches the x-axis at

1 point

47
Case 2: 2 real and distinct roots

y y

O x
x
O
or

intersects the x-axis at

2 distinct points

48
Case 3: no real roots

y y

O x

O x or

does not touch the

x-axis.

49
The equation has coincident (repeated) roots.
Find the value of the constant p.

50
The equation has repeated roots. Find the
value of the constant k.

51
Given that the equation has no real roots. Find
the range of values of h.

52
Show that the equation has real roots for all real
values of p.

53
P.56 Ex 2B
Q. 5, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14, 15

54
1. Axis of symmetry
2. Maximum or minimum value
3. Focal point (not in syllabus)

55
 Draw the following graphs using your graphical calculator and
 Find the x-intercepts of each of the graphs
 Find the geometric significance of a, p and q in

a) b)

c) d)

e) f)

g) h)
56
Draw the following graphs using your graphical calculator and
 Find the vertex of each of the graphs
 Find the geometric significance of a, h and k in

a) b)

c) d)

e) f)

g) h)
57
If some evidence suggests your conjecture is true, is it true?
How much evidence is enough to make it true?
Is there anything that we cannot prove deductively?

58
Consider

By completing the square,

59
Let and
Therefore

60
2 points at the same height and lie on the graph
of

2
y y = a(x – h) + k

P Q

x
y=h
61
62
In

what is the smallest possible value for

63
Hence from the previous exploration, we can see that any
quadratics with equation

will have
 a vertex of
 an axis of symmetry of

64
y

2
y = a(x – 4) – 1

x
(4, – 1)

65
A sketch of a graph is a quick representation
of the graph showing its pertinent details.

 Arrows and labels on axes

 Label of graph
 x and y intercepts (where applicable)
 Points of interest (turning/inflection points)

66
Example 1
Sketch the graphs of the following:

1.

2.

3.
4.
5.

67
 y y

a) 3 b) 8

-1 3
O x
O 2 x

y y
 3, 1 
 2 2
c) d)  
16

-2 O x
O x

x=1  1, – 3 
2 2 
 68
Solve

69
Solve

70
Find the range of values of k for which
has real roots.

71
Find the smallest integer value of k for which is
always positive for all real values of x.

72
P67 Q2D
Q 3, 6, 8, 9, 11, 13, 16

73
Given a (straight) line and a curve, there are 3 possibilities as to
how they interact. What are they?

Case 1 Case 2 Case 3

Line cuts the curve at
Line is a tangent to The line does not
2 real and distinct
points the curve intersect the curve
y y
y

x x
x 74
Solving a quadratic and a line is solving for

This gives

Of course, is a quadratic, and thus we can determine

the number of solutions using the discriminant.

75
The discriminant of will tell us the
number of solutions, and hence which
particular case of interaction between the
curve and the line i.e.
Case 1 Case 2 Case 3

76
Find the range of values of k for which the line will
intersect the curve at two real and distinct points.

77
Find the values of k for which is a tangent to the curve
.

78
Find the range of values of k for which the line does
not intersect the curve . State the values of k for
which will be a tangent to the curve.

79
P.70 Ex 2E
Q 5-12

80
All quadratics will have 2 roots
(not necessarily real nor distinct)

Any quadratic equation can be written as

Let’s assume that this equation has roots of and .

81
By comparing terms,
Sum of roots

Product of roots

82
If and are the roots of the equation , where
, find the value of each of the following;
1.

2.
3.
4.

83
If and are the roots of the equation , where
, find the value of each of the following;
1.

2.

3.
4.

84
If and are the roots of the equation , form
equations whose roots are
1. ,
2. ,

85
If and are the roots of the equation , form
equations whose roots are
1. ,
2.

3. ,

86
The roots of the equation
are and .
If , find the possible values of .

87
The roots of
(where ) are and , while those of are
and . Find the value of .

88
Given that is a root of , show that
1.
2.

89