5/27/2021

BITS Pilani
Pilani Campus

Seismic design of Retaining Wall and Abutment

IS1893-Part3,2014 IRC6-2017
Dr. Ravi Kant Mittal,
Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering

Earth slopes and earth retaining structures

Used to maintain two different ground surface elevations

1
 5/27/2021

BRIDGE ABUTMENT

Fig. Section of abutment (After Maragakis and Siddharthan, 1989)

4
BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

2
 5/27/2021

IRC78-2014

5
BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

IRC78-2014

6
BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

3
 5/27/2021

IRC78-2014

7
BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

C - ɸ Soil
Seismic Earth Pressure:
• Prakash and Saran (1966 & 1968) have obtained the solutions
of seismic earth pressures for retaining walls having horizontal
backfill. They have considered the seismic force as equivalent
horizontal force. Inertia force both in horizontal and vertical
direction has been considered.
• The fig. shows the section of a retaining wall, where face AB is
inclined at an angle α with the vertical and is in contact with the
soil. The soil retained is also inclined and is making an angle (i)
with the horizontal. It carries a uniform surcharge of intensity q.
The backfill soil possesses both cohesion (C) and angle of
internal friction (φ). the inclination of the assumed failure plane
with vertical is q. AFCD is the cracked zone in C-φ soils and CD
is the height of crack (Hc) given by the following expression:
8

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

4
 5/27/2021

Saran, S. and Gupta, R.P. (2003) Seismic earth pressures behind

retaining walls, Indian Geotechnical Journal 33 (3), pp. 195-213

Fig.1 9

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

Saran, Swami and Gupta, R.P. (2003) Seismic earth pressures behind

retaining walls, Indian Geotechnical Journal 33 (3), pp. 195-213

2𝐶
𝐻𝑐 = 𝑁∅ = 𝑛𝐻
𝛾
Where,
∅
𝑁∅ = 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 45 +
2

n = Non dimensional factor describing the depth of tension

crack.
ϒ= Dry or moist unit weight of soil.

10

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

10

5
 5/27/2021

Dynamic active earth pressure

(Pa)dyn.= 0.5*ϒ*H2*(Naym)dyn. + q*H*(Naqm)dyn. – C*H*(Nacm)dyn

where,
(Naym)dyn., (Naqm)dyn. &(Nacm)dyn. are dynamic earth coefficients
which depend on:
ɸ = angle of internal friction of backfill
α = angle which earth face of the wall makes with vertical
β = surcharge angle
δ = angle of friction between the wall and earthfill
n = Non dimensional factor describing the depth of tension crack.
Ah = horizontal seismic coefficient
Av = vertical seismic coefficient which is Ah/2
11

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

11

Saran, Swami and Gupta, R.P. (2003) Seismic earth pressures behind

retaining walls, Indian Geotechnical Journal 33 (3), pp. 195-213

(Naqm)dyn = λ1 x (Naqm)stat

(Naγm)dyn = λ2 x (Naγm)stat

12

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

12

6
 5/27/2021

Saran, Swami and Gupta, R.P. (2003) Seismic earth pressures behind

retaining walls, Indian Geotechnical Journal 33 (3), pp. 195-213

1893-part3-2014, The dynamic increments are then

obtained as:

PIγ = (Paγ)dyn - (Paγ)st

PIq = (Paq)dyn - (Paq)st

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

13

Static active earth pressure:

• For static case (Ah = Av = 0), earth pressure coefficients

are designated as (Naym)st., (Naqm)st. &(Nacm)st.. For
various values of parameters ɸ, α, β and n, these earth
pressure coefficients are shown. It may be noted that
(Nacm)st. is given for β=0 and n= 0 case. For other values
of β and n, these curves can be used by multiplying the
obtained values of (Nacm)st. by the factor :

𝑛 ∗ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽 ∗ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼
1−
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼 − 𝛽

14

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

14

7
 5/27/2021

• For β = 0 and n = 0 values of (Naqm)st. and (Naym)st, are

same and shown in fig 3. For intermediate value of ɸ, α,
β and n linear interpolation may be done. It was further
found that (Nacm)dyn. is independent to Ah and Av .
Therefore the value given in fig 2 may be adopted as
(Nacm)dyn.

15

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

15

16

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

16

8
 5/27/2021

17

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

17

18

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

18

9
 5/27/2021

19

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

19

20

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

20

10
 5/27/2021

21

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

21

22

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

22

11
 5/27/2021

23

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

23

24

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

24

12
 5/27/2021

25

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

25

26

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

26

13
 5/27/2021

27

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

27

Tables for λ1 and λ2

n = 0, β = 0°, λ1 = λ2

ɸ Ah = 0.05 Ah = 0.10 Ah = 0.15

α= -20° α = 0° α = 20° α= -20° α = 0° α = 20° α= -20° α = 0° α = 20°
20° 1.153 1.117 1.098 1.327 1.247 1.208 1.520 1.393 1.333
30° 1.187 1.133 1.108 1.392 1.278 1.228 1.620 1.438 1.360
40° 1.241 1.156 1.123 1.510 1.327 1.258 1.807 1.513 1.407

28

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

28

14
 5/27/2021

n = 0, β = 10°, λ1 = λ2

ɸ Ah = 0.05 Ah = 0.10 Ah = 0.15

α= -20° α = 0° α = 20° α= -20° α = 0° α = 20° α= -20° α = 0° α = 20°
20° 1.193 1.153 1.136 1.435 1.345 1.313 1.773 1.618 1.574
30° 1.206 1.151 1.128 1.441 1.323 1.276 1.712 1.520 1.449
40° 1.254 1.168 1.137 1.542 1.356 1.292 1.869 1.566 1.466

29

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

29

n = 0.4, β = 0°, λ1

ɸ Ah = 0.05 Ah = 0.10 Ah = 0.15

α= -20° α = 0° α = 20° α= -20° α = 0° α = 20° α= -20° α = 0° α = 20°
20° 1.206 1.117 1.073 1.440 1.247 1.154 1.709 1.393 1.246
30° 1.259 1.133 1.086 1.554 1.279 1.182 1.887 1.438 1.286
40° 1.382 1.155 1.101 1.827 1.327 1.210 2.336 1.513 1.330

30

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

30

15
 5/27/2021

n = 0.4, β = 10°, λ1

ɸ Ah = 0.05 Ah = 0.10 Ah = 0.15

α= -20° α = 0° α = 20° α= -20° α = 0° α = 20° α= -20° α = 0° α = 20°
20° 1.254 1.153 1.104 1.582 1.345 1.239 2.055 1.618 1.436
30° 1.281 1.151 1.105 1.616 1.323 1.225 2.009 1.520 1.364
40° 1.394 1.168 1.114 1.868 1.357 1.242 2.424 1.566 1.384

31

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

31

n = 0.4, β = 0°, λ2

ɸ Ah = 0.05 Ah = 0.10 Ah = 0.15

α= -20° α = 0° α = 20° α= -20° α = 0° α = 20° α= -20° α = 0° α = 20°
20° 1.169 1.117 1.090 1.356 1.247 1.192 1.570 1.393 1.307
30° 1.205 1.133 1.102 1.433 1.279 1.214 1.684 1.438 1.337
40° 1.270 1.156 1.116 1.575 1.327 1.243 1.917 1.513 1.382

32

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

32

16
 5/27/2021

n = 0.4, β = 10°, λ2

ɸ Ah = 0.05 Ah = 0.10 Ah = 0.15

α= -20° α = 0° α = 20° α= -20° α = 0° α = 20° α= -20° α = 0° α = 20°
20° 1.211 1.153 1.127 1.478 1.345 1.292 1.854 1.618 1.536
30° 1.226 1.151 1.122 1.488 1.323 1.262 1.790 1.520 1.425
40° 1.287 1.168 1.130 1.619 1.357 1.277 1.997 1.566 1.442

33

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

33

Q.1 A retaining wall of height 6m is inclined 20° to

vertical away from backfill and retains an inclined backfill
(𝑖=10°). There is superimposed with a surcharge of 15
kN/m2. A soil with a cohesion of 6 kN/m2 and density of
soil is 18 kN/m2, angle of shearing resistance in
degrees is 30˚ Wall is located in seismic zone having
horizontal seismic coefficient of 0.1. Calculate the earth
pressure Components and show their location on the
back of retaining wall.

34

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

34

17
 5/27/2021

Solution (a):

kN
𝛾 = 18 , 𝜙 = 30˚, c = 6 kPa
m3
Surcharge, q = 15 kPa, H=6 m
𝐴ℎ = 0.1, 𝐴𝑣 = ?, δ=(2/3)ϕ=(2/3)x30=20°,

Using C - ɸ method as per IS 1893 Part – 4

2𝐶 ∅ 2∗6 3
𝐻𝑐 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 45 + = 𝑛𝐻 = = 1.154
𝛾 2 18
n=Hc/H = 0.192

35

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

35

𝑁𝑎𝑐𝑚(𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡) = 1.142 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛 = 0, 𝑖 = 0, 𝛼 = 20

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

36

18
 5/27/2021

𝑛 cos 𝑖 cos 𝛼
(Nacm)stat = [1 − ] * 1.142
cos(𝛼−𝑖)
0.192 cos 10 cos 20
(Nacm)stat = [1 − ] * 1.142=0.963
cos(20−10)

(Nacm)stat = 0.963, for n=0.192, i = 10°, α=20°

Pac = cH(Nacm)st = 6.0 X 6.0 X 0.963 = 33.69 kN/m

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

37

(Naqm)stat = 0.53 for n=0, i = 10

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

38

19
 5/27/2021

(Naqm)stat = 0.48 for n=0.2, i = 10

Using interpolation ,
(Naqm)stat = 0.475 for n=0.192, i = 10°, α=20°
BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

39

(Naγm)stat = 0.52 for n=0, i = 10

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

40

20
 5/27/2021

(Naγm)stat = 0.6 for n=0.2, i = 10

Using Interpolation (Naγm)stat = 0.558 for n=0.192, i = 10°, α=20°

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

41

Value of λ1 and λ2
n = 0, i, β = 10°, λ1 = λ2

ɸ Ah = 0.05 Ah = 0.10 Ah = 0.15

α= -20° α = 0° α = 20° α= -20° α = 0° α = 20° α= -20° α = 0° α = 20°
20° 1.193 1.153 1.136 1.435 1.345 1.313 1.773 1.618 1.574
30° 1.206 1.151 1.128 1.441 1.323 1.276 1.712 1.520 1.449
40° 1.254 1.168 1.137 1.542 1.356 1.292 1.869 1.566 1.466

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

42

21
 5/27/2021

n = 0.4, β = 10°, λ1
ɸ Ah = 0.05 Ah = 0.10 Ah = 0.15
α= -20° α = 0° α = 20° α= -20° α = 0° α = 20° α= -20° α = 0° α = 20°
20° 1.254 1.153 1.104 1.582 1.345 1.239 2.055 1.618 1.436
30° 1.281 1.151 1.105 1.616 1.323 1.225 2.009 1.520 1.364
40° 1.394 1.168 1.114 1.868 1.357 1.242 2.424 1.566 1.384

n = 0.4, β = 10°, λ2
ɸ Ah = 0.05 Ah = 0.10 Ah = 0.15
α= -20° α = 0° α = 20° α= -20° α = 0° α = 20° α= -20° α = 0° α = 20°
20° 1.211 1.153 1.127 1.478 1.345 1.292 1.854 1.618 1.536
30° 1.226 1.151 1.122 1.488 1.323 1.262 1.790 1.520 1.425
40° 1.287 1.168 1.130 1.619 1.357 1.277 1.997 1.566 1.442
BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

43

Using Interpolation
Value of λ1 and λ2 are 1.251 and 1.269

(Naqm)dyn = λ1 x (Naqm)stat = 1.251x0.475=0.5909

(Naγm)dyn = λ2 x (Naγm)stat = 1.269x0.558=0.708

(Paq)st = q. H (Naqm)st = 15 X 6 X 0.475 = 42.75 kN/m

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

44

22
 5/27/2021

Paγ = 0.5 γH2 (Naγm)st = 0.5 X 18 X 6.02 X 0.558 = 180.8 kN/m

PIγ = 1/2 γH2 (λ2 – 1) (Naγm)st = 0.5 X 18 X 62X (1.27 – 1) X0.558 =

48.8 kN/m

PIq = qH (λ1 – 1) (Naqm)st = 15 X 6 X (1.25 – 1) X 0.475 = 10.7

kN/m

45

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

45

α=20°, δ=(2/3)ϕ=20°, β or i=10°

46

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

46

23
 5/27/2021

Thanks !!

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

47

24