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Class : XI
ECONOMICS
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BapJw
]Ø-\w-Xn´ Pn√-bnse lb¿sk°≥Udn hnZym-

`ymkw anI-hp-‰-Xm-°m≥ Dt±-in-®p-sIm≠v Pn√m-]-©m-
bØv Bhn-jvI-cn® "\Ω-sfØpw ap∂n-seØpw' F∂
]≤Xn Bcw-`n-°p-I-bm-Wv. hnZym-`ymk hIp-∏p-ambn
kl-Ic - n®v A≤ym-]I - c
- p-sSbpw a‰p hnZ-Kv≤∑
- m-cp-sSbpw
]¶m-fn-Ø-tØmsS 2022˛2023 h¿j-ß-fn¬ \S-∏m-°p-∂-
XmWv Cu ]≤-Xn. Ign™ h¿jw lb¿sk°≥Udn
hnP- b - i - X - a m- \ - Ø ns‚ Imcy- Ø n¬ \ΩpsS Pn√
]nt∂m°w t]mbXv Gsd Kuc-h-tØmsS \mw ImtW-
≠-Xm-Wv. kwÿm\ k¿°m¿ \S-∏nem-°n- h-cp∂
s]mXp hnZym-`ymk kwc-£-W-b⁄w hnP-b-I-c-ambn
apt∂-dp∂ kml-N-cy-Øn¬ \ap°v IqSp-X¬ Db¿∂
\ne-hm-c-Øn-te°v Pn√sb FØn-°m≥ Ign-b-Ww.
c≠mw-h¿j hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°p-th≠n 15 hnj-bß - -
fn¬ ASn-ÿm\ ]mT-`m-Kß - ƒ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-s°m-≠p≈
]T-\-k-lm-bn-bmWv ssI∏p-kvX-I-ambn hnZym-e-b-ß-
fn¬ FØn-®-Xv. H∂mw h¿j-tØ-°v 17 hnj-b-ß-fpsS
]T-\-k-lm-bn-bmWv Xøm-dm-°n-bn-´p-≈-Xv. Pn√-bnse
F√m k¿°m¿ kvIqfp-If - nepw kzImcy kvIqfp-If- nepw
CXv {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øm-\p≈ \S-]-Sn-Iƒ kzoI-cn-°-
Ww.
lb¿sk°≥Udn hnP- b - i - X - a m\w Db¿Øn
\ΩpsS Pn√sb ap∂n-se-Øn-°m-\p≈ ]cn-{i-a-Øn¬
F√m A≤ym-]-Icpw hnZym¿∞n-Ifpw c£n-Xm-°fpw
]¶m-fn-I-fm-I-W-sa∂v A`y¿∞n-°p-∂p.
hniz-kvX-X-tbm-sS,
AUz. Hma-√q¿ i¶-c≥
{]kn-U‚ v, Pn√m ]-©m-bØv, ]Ø-\w-Xn´
Iq-´m-bn- {]-h-¿-Øn-°mw-; ap-∂nseØmw-.
hn-Zym-`ym-k]-c-hpw- kmw-kvIm-cn-I-hp-am-bn- ap-≥-]-¥n-bn-em-Wv ]-Ø-

\w-Xn-´- Pn-√-. ]-Ømw-¢m-knse hnP-b-Øn-¬- \n-c-h-[n- h-¿-j-ß-fn-¬- kw-
ÿm-\-X-e-Øn-¬- H-∂m-a-Xv Pn-√-bm-bn-cp-∂p-. F-∂m-¬- Cu- an-I-hp- ]p-e-
¿-Øm-≥- l-b-¿-sk°-≥-U-dn- -taJ-e-bn-¬- \-ap-°v ]-et∏mgpw- I-gn-bmsX
-t]mIp-∂p-. C-Xn-\p- \n-c-h-[n- Im-c-W-ß-ƒ- Is≠Øm-≥- I-gn-bpw. A-
hsb°p-dn-®v im-kv{Xo-b-am-bn- ]-Tn-®v ]-cn-lm-cw- Im-Wm-\m-Wv Pn-√m-]-
©m-b-Øv B-{K-ln-°p-∂-Xv. h-cpw-h-¿-j-ß-fn-¬- A-Xn-\pth≠n-bp-≈-
{]-h-¿-Ø-\-ß-ƒ- \-StØ≠-Xp-≠v.
F-∂m-¬- A-Sn-b-¥-c-am-bn- Cu- h-¿-jsØ ]-co-£-sb-gp-Xp-∂- Ip-
ń-Isf, hn-in-jym- ]-T-\-Øn-¬- ]nt∂m°w- \n-¬-°p-∂- Ip-ń-Isf klm-
bn-®psIm≠v hn-P-b- i-X-am-\-ap-b-¿-Øm-\m-Wv "\-ΩsfØpw- ap-
∂nseØpw'- ]-cn-]m-Sn- Cu- A-[y-b-\- h-¿-jw- e-£y-an-Sp-∂-Xv. c-≠mw-h-
¿-j- hn-Zym-¿-∞n-I-ƒ-°p-≈- ]-T-\- klm-bn-]cn-jvI-cn-°p-I-bpw- H-∂mw-
h-¿-j- hn-Zym-¿-Yn-I-ƒ-°v ]p-Xn-b-Xm-bn- ]-T-\- klm-bn- \n-¿-Ωn-°p-I-bpw-
sNbvXn-´p-≠v. ]-co-£-bpsS kΩ-¿-±-ß-fn-√msX Ip-ń-I-ƒ-°v ]-co-£-
F-gp-Xp-hm-≥- B-h-iy-am-b- aps∂mcp°ß-ƒ- Cu- ]-T-\- km-a-{Kn-I-fn-
eqsS A-h-¿-°v e-`y-am-Ipw.- Np-cp-ßn-b- ka-bw- -sIm≠v Cu- {]-h-¿-Ø-
\ß-ƒ- ]q-¿-Øo-I-cn-°p-hm-≥- klm-bn-®- {]n-≥-kn-∏-¬-am-¿-, A-[ym-]-I-¿-
F-∂n-htcmSp-≈- kv-t\l-hpw- \-μnbpw- Cu-b-h-kc-Øn-¬- A-dn-bn-°p-
∂p-.
\-Ω-ƒ- X-øm-dm-°n-b- ]-T-\-km-a-{Kn-I-ƒ- Ip-ń-I-ƒ- D-]tbmKs∏Sp-
Øn- ]-Tn-°p-∂psh∂v D-d-∏p-h-cp-ØemWv Cu- ]-cn-]m-Sn-bpsS hn-P-b-
Øn-\v A-Sn-kvYm-\-am-Ip-∂-Xv. A-XpsIm≠p-Xs∂ h-cpw- Zn-h-kß-fn-¬-
CXn\p th≠n- c-£-mI-¿-Øm-°-fpw- A-≤ym-]-I-cpw- Iq-´m-bn- h-en-b- {i-
aw- \-StØ≠-Xp-≠v. Cu- {]-h-¿-Ø\ßƒ- Gs‰Sp-Øv hn-P-bn-∏n-°p-hm-
≥- F-√m- hn-Zym-e-b-ß-fpw- D-≠m-h-Ww-. B-h-iy-am-b- klm-b-ß-fpw- I-
cp-X-ep-am-bn- Pn-√m-]-©m-b-Øv H-∏-ap-≠m-Ipsa∂v D-d-∏p-X-cp-∂p-. H-cp-an-
®v apt∂dmw-, \-Ω-ƒ- F-Øpw,- ap∂nseØp-I- Xs∂ -sNøpw-.
B-iw-kItfm-sS
B-¿-. A-P-b-Ip-am-¿-
sNb¿am≥, BtcmKy hnZym-`ymk Ãm≥UnwKv IΩn‰n
Pn√m]©m-bØv ]Ø-\w-Xn´
Class : XI
ECONOMICS
Prepared by
P. R .GIRISH
Govt. Boys HSS Adoor, Ph: 94475 93834
JAYAPRAD.B
C.V.K.M. HSS East Kallada, Ph: 944618860
HARIKUMAR. M .G
Govt., H.S.S., Angadical South Ph: 9495370851
BENOY SKARIAH
Govt. BOYS HSS ADOOR, Ph: 9447095882
km¼-¯n-I-imkv{Xw
bqWnäv 1 : hnI-k\ \b-§fpw A\p-`h - §

- fpw (1947 þ 1990)
A[ymbw 1 : kzmX{ýw e`n-¡p-¶X
- n\v ap¼p-ff Cý³ k¼ZvLS\
kzmX{ý-¯n\v ap¼p-ff Cý³ k¼Zvhyh-Ø-bpsS AhØ \ap¡v hni-Ie - \w sN¿mw.
(1) Xmgv¶ \ne-bn-ep-ff km¼-¯nI hnI-k\w
tZiob hcp-am-\-¯n-sâbpw {]Xn-ioÀj hcp-am-\¯ - n-sâbpw hmÀjnI hfÀ¨m-\n-c¡v
Ipd-hm-bn-cp¶p
{_n«ojv `c-W-Im-e¯v Cý Hcp sImtfm-Wn-bÂ k¼-Zvhy-hØ Bbn-cp-¶p.
Ah-cpsS ZznapJ e£y-§-fpsS ê-am-bn,
• {_n«ojv hyh-km-b§ - Ä¡v Bh-iy-amb Akw-kvIr-X-hk - vXp-¡Ä Cý Ibän Ab¨p.
• {_n«WnÂ \n¶pw ^mIvSdn \nÀ½nX Ańa DÂ¸-¶§ - Ä Cý Cd¡p-aXn sNbvXp.
{_n«sâ km¼-¯nI XmÂ¸-cy-§Ä kwc-£n-¡pI Bbn-cp-¶p e£yw.
tImf\n `c-W-Im-e¯v tZiob hcp-am-\hpw {]Xn-ioÀj hcp-am-\hpw IW-¡m-¡n-b-hÀ
ZmZm-_mbv \hvtdm-Pn, hneyw ZnKv_n,^n³Uvte jndm-kv, hn.-sI..BÀ.hn dmhp, BÀ.kn tZimb.v
CXnÂ hn.-sI.-BÀ.hn dmhp-hnsâ IW-¡m-¡Â Gähpw IqSp-XÂ anI-¨-Xmbn IW-¡m-¡s - ¸-Sp-¶p.
(2) ImÀjnI taJe
85% P\-§f - p-sSbpw {][m\ sXmgnÂ Irjn Bbn-cp-¶p.
ImÀjn-It- a-Je kvXw`-\m-h-Øb - nÂ Bbn-cp-¶p. DXv]m-Z-\-£-aX hfsc Ipd-hm-bn-cp-¶p.
CXnsâ {][m\ Imc-W§ - Ä Xmsg ]d-bp-¶p.
a) hnhn[ `qhp-Sa k{¼-Zm-bw DZm:-þ Pao-µmcn k{¼-Zmbw
Pao-µmÀamÀ IÀj-Ic - nÂ \n¶pw DbÀ¶ ]m«w CuSm-¡n. IÀj-IÀ Zpcn-X-¯nÂ Bbn.
b) Ipdª kmt¦-XnI hnZy
c) Pe-tk-N\ kuI-cy-§f - psS A`mhw
d) cmk-hf - §- f - psS Ipdª D]-tbmKw
e) {_n«ojv `c-W-Im-e¯v \mWy-hn-fI - -fpsS DXv]m-Z\w hÀ²n-¨p. Irjn hmWn-Py-hÂ¡-cn-¡þ
-s¸-«p. `£yZuÀe`y¯n\v CXv Imc-Wa - m-bn.
(3) hyh-kmb taJe
{_n«ojv `c-W-Im-e¯ - v,
• hymh-km-bnI inYn-eo-Ic - W-am-bn-cp¶p e£yw. \Ã hymh-km-bnI ASn-¯d krjvSn-¨n-Ã.
• {_n«WnÂ \n¶pw hne-Ip-dª ^mIvSdn \nÀ½nX Ańa DXv]¶-§Ä Cý Cd-¡p-aXn
sNbvXp.
• IcIuie hyh-km-b-§Ä XIÀ¶p. sXmgn-en-Ãmbva cq£-am-bn.
Hä-s¸« Nne hyh-km-b-§Ä Øm]n-s¨-¦nepw XIÀ¡-s¸« Ic-Iu-i-e-hy-hk - m-b-¯n\v
]I-c-am-bn-Ã.
{_n«ojv `c-W-Im-es¯ {][m\ hyh-km-b§ - Ä
(i) ]cp¯n NW hyh-km-b§ - Ä
(ii) Ccp-¼p-cp¡v hyh-kmbw
DZm :þ Smäm Ccp-¼p-cp¡v I¼\n (TISCO). CXv Øm]n-¨Xv 1907 emWv.
Pwj-Uv]q-cnÂ PwjUvPn Smä BWv Øm]n-¨X - v.
(iii) cmw temI-a-lm-bp-²-¯n-\p-tijw ]©-km-c, t]¸À, knaâ v XpS-§nb hyh-km-b§ - Ä
Øm]n-¡-s¸-«p.
(iv) s]mXp-ta-Je - -bpsS {]hÀ¯\w sdbnÂth, hÀ¯m-hn-\n-a-bw, Xpd-apJw apX-em-b-h-bnÂ
]cn-an-X-s¸-Sp¯n.
• aqe-[\ hyh-km-b§ - Ä CÃm-bn-cp-¶p. hyh-km-bh - Â¡-cWw t{]mÕm-ln-¸n-¡-s¸-«nÃ.
• Ipdª hymh-kmbnI hfÀ¨m-\n-c¡v
(4) hntZi hym]mcw
DbÀ¶ Ib-äp-aXn an¨w Dm-bn-cp¶p. A\p-Iq-ea - mb hym]mc an¨w Cý¡v KpW-I-c-am-bn-Ã.
“\½sf¯pw ap¶nse¯pw” 2021þ22, ]¯\wXn« PnÃm ]©mb¯v -1 -

km¼-¯n-I-imkv{Xw
cmPy-t¯¡v kzÀ®-¯n-sâbpw shf-fn-bp-sSbpw Hgp¡v hÀ²n-¨n-Ã. Cý-bpsS k¼¯v {_n«-\n-

te¡v Hgp-In.
CXnsâ Imc-W§ - Ä Xmsg ]d-bp-¶p.
(i) Cw¥-nÂ `c-W-¯n-\mbn Bcw-`n¨ Hmô-knsâ sNehv
(ii) bp²-§-fpsS sNehv
(iii) Ah-iy-hk - vXp-¡Ä, AZriy C\-§Ä F¶n-hb - psS Cd-¡p-aXn sNehv
(5) P\-kw-Jym-ØnXn
Cý-bpsS BZy HutZym-KnI sk³kkv 1881 Â Bbn-cp-¶p. ]n¶oSv Hmtcm 10 hÀjhhpw C-ý-
bpsS P\-kwJy IW-s¡-Sp¸v \S-¯p-¶p. Ah-km\ sk³kkv 2011 Â Bbn-cp-¶p.
(a) 1921 \v ap¼v hsc P\-kwJy ]cn-hÀ¯-\-¯nsâ H¶mw L«w (P-\-kwJy hfÀ¨m-\n-c¡v
Ipd-hm-bn-cp-¶p).
(b) 1921 \v tijw P\-kwJy ]cn-hÀ¯-\-¯nsâ cmw L«w (P-\k - wJy hfÀ¨m-\n-c¡v
hÀ²n-bv¡m³ XpS-§n).
{_n«ojv `c-W-Im-e¯v kmaq-lnI km¼-¯nI kqNI-§Ä Ipd-hm-bn-cp¶p.
(i) km£-cXm \ne-hmcw þ 16% ¯nÂ Xmsg.
(ii) kv{Xokm-£-cX þ 7% Â Xmsg.
(iii) s]mXp-P\ BtcmKy kuI-cy-§Ä `qcn-`m-K-¯n\pw e`y-a-Ãm-Xn-cp¶p.
hmbp-þ-P-eP - \y tcmK-§Ä IqSp-X-em-bn-cp-¶p.
(iv) DbÀ¶ ac-W-\n-c¡v
(v) DbÀ¶ inip-ac - -W-\n-c¡v ((IMR). CXv 218/1000. Ct¸mÄ CXv 33/1000 BWv.
(vi) BbqÀssZÀLyw hfsc Ipd-hm-bn-cp¶p þ 44 hbÊv Bbn-cp-¶p.
(vii) ISp¯ Zmcn{Zyw \ne-\n-¶p.
(6) sXmgnÂ]-ca - mb LS\
hnhn[ taJ-e-I-fnÂ sXmgnÂ sN¿p-¶h - c
- psS F®w BWv sXmgnÂ]-c-amb LS-\.
tImf\n `c-W-Im-e¯v tZio-b-X-e-¯nÂ CXnÂ Imcy-amb amä-ap-m-bn-Ã.
(a) ImÀjnI taJ-e-bnse sXmgnÂ iàn 70-þ75% Bbn-cp-¶p.
(b) \nÀ½mW hyh-km-b¯ - nse sXmgnÂ iàn 10% Bbn-cp-¶p.
(c) tkh\taJ-eb - nse sXmgnÂ iàn 20-þ25% Bbn-cp-¶p.
• sXmgnÂ]-ca - mb LS-\-bnÂ hÀ²n¨ {]mtZ-inI Ak-aXzw Dm-bn-cp-¶p.
(a) t_mws_, a{Zmkv {]hn-iy, _wKmÄ F¶n-hn-S-§f - nÂ ImÀjn-It- a-J-eb- nse sXmgnÂ
iàn-bpsS ]¦v Ipd-ªp. hyh-kmb tkh\ taJ-e-I-fnÂ hÀ²n-¨p. Xzcn-X-K-Xn-bn-ep-ff
hyh-km-bh - Â¡-cWw Bbn-cp¶p ImcWw.
(b) Hdo-Ê, cmP-Øm³, ]©m_v F¶o Øe-§f - nÂ ImÀjnI taJ-e-bnÂ sXmgnÂ iàn-bpsS
]¦v hÀ²n-¨p. hyh-kmb taJ-e-bnÂ Ipd-ªp-h-¶p.
(7) ASn-Øm\ kuI-cy-§Ä/]Ým-¯e kuI-cy-§Ä
{_n«ojv `c-W-Im-e¯v ASn-Øm\ kuI-c y-§Ä hnI-kn-¨n-« p- v. F¶mÂ tImf\n
XmÂ¸cy§Ä kwc£n¡p-Ib - m-bn-cp¶p e£yw.
(a) tdmUp-IÄ
Akw-kvIr-X-hk - vXp-¡Ä sImpt]m-Ip-¶X - n\pw ssk\nI \o¡-¯n\pw BWv tdmUp-
IÄ hnI-kn-¸n-¨X - v. {KmaoW tdmUp-If - psS AhØ tami-am-bn-cn-¶p.
(b) sdbnÂth
1850 Â sdbnÂth Bcw-`n-¨p. BZy sdbnÂth ]mX 1853 Â Bcw-`n-¨p.
sdbnÂthbpsS t\«-§Ä
(i) ZoÀL-Zqc bm{X-IÄ kpK-aa - m-¡n. (ii) `qan-im-kv{Xhpw kmwkvIm-cn-Ih - p-amb XSÊ§Ä
CÃm-Xm¡n (iii) Irjn-bpsS hmWn-Py-hÂ¡-cWw hÀ²n-¸n-¨p. {KmaoW k¼-Zvhy-hØ - b
- psS kzbw-
]-cym-]vX-Xbv¡v tZmj-Ic - -ambn (iv) CýbpsS Ib-äp-aXn hnI-kn-¨p. F¶mÂ IÀj-IÀ¡v t\«w
Dm-bn-Ã.
km¼-¯n-I-imkv{Xw
sdbnÂth-bn-eqsS Cý³ P\-Xbv¡v e`n¨ kmaq-lnI t\«-§Ä, henb km¼-¯nI \jvS-

§sf adn-I-S¡- p-¶-Xm-bn-cp-¶nÃ.
(c) thyma-bm\ taJe hnI-k\w Bcw-`n-¨p.
(d) DÄ\m-S³ Pe-K-Xm-KXw Bcw-`n-¨p. F¶mÂ CXv km¼-¯n-I-ambn em`-I-c-am-bn-Ã.
(e) sshZyp-Xo-IrX I¼n-¯] - mÂ kwhn-[m\w Bcw-`n¨p. (f) Ce-Iv{SnIv sSen-{Km^v Bcw-`n-¨p.
(g) t]mÌÂ kÀÆokv Bcw-`n-¨p. (h) Xpd-ap-J-§Ä hnI-kn-¸n-¨p.
A²ymbw 2 Cý³ k¼-Zvhy-hØ 1950þ90

hnhn-[Xcw k¼-Zvhy-h-Ø-IÄ
aq¶v km¼-¯nI kwhn-[m-\§ - Ä Dv
(1) apX-em-fn¯ k¼-Zvhy-hØ :þ kzImcy DS-a-ØX - , {][m-\-e£- yw em`w, hne sa¡m-\n-k-
¯nsâ {]hÀ¯\w F¶n-hb - mWv khn-ti-j-X-IÄ.
(2) tkmjy-enkw:þ Kh¬saâ v DS-a-ØX - , {][m-\-e£- yw kmaq-ly-t£-aw, tI{µ Bkq-{XW
AtXm-dn-än-bpsS {]hÀ¯\w F¶n-hb - mWv khn-ti-j-X-IÄ.
(3) an{i k¼-Zvhy-hØ:þ s]mXp-ta-Je - b- pw kzIm-cy-ta-Je
- bpw tNÀ¶v {]hÀ¯n-¡p-¶p. {][m\
e£yw em`hpw kmaq-ly-t£-ahpw BWv. hne sa¡m-\n-khpw ¹m\n§pw {]hÀ¯n-¡p-¶p.
Cý Hcp an{i k¼-Zvhy-hØ - -bmWv.
Bkq{XWw
cmPy-¯nsâ hn`-h§- f- psS tI{µo-Ir-Xhpw a\x-]qÀÆ-hp-amb D]-tbmKw BWv Bkq-{X-Ww.
• 1950 amÀ¨v 15 \v Cý³ ¹m\n§v I½o-j³ Øm]n-¨p. (F-¶mÂ P\p-hcn 1, 2015 \v Bkq-{XW
I½o-j\v ]Icw \oXn BtbmKv \ne-hnÂ h¶p).
• C´-y-bnÂ \S-¸m-¡n-bXv ]©-hÕ - c ]²-Xn-IÄ (FYP) BWv. BZy ]©-hÕ - c
- -]-²Xn
1951 emWv Bcw-`n-¨X- v.
]©-hÕ - c ]²-Xn-I-fpsS e£y-§Ä
Hmtcm ]©-hÕ- c ]²Xn-If - nepw {lkz-Ime e£y-§Ä hyXym-k-s¸-«n-cn-¡p-¶p. F¶mÂ
20 hÀjw sImv t\tS ZoÀL-Ime e£y-§fpw Dv. ZoÀL-Ime ]²-Xnsb ]cn-t{]£y ]²Xn
F¶pw hnfn-¡p-¶p.
(1) DbÀ¶ km¼-¯nI hfÀ¨
km[\ tkh-\-§-fpsS ]c-am-h[n DXv]m-Z\w F¶-mWv AÀ°w. sam¯w B`y-ć DXv]¶w
(Pn-Un-]n) BWv km¼-¯nI hfÀ¨-bpsS kqN-Iw.
(2) B[p-\n-I-hÂ¡-cWw
kmt¦XnI-hn-Zy-bpsS ]p-tcm-K-Xn-bmWv B[p-\n-I-hÂ¡-c-Ww. DXv]m-Z-\-£-aX hÀ²n-¡p-¶p.
kaq-l¯ - nsâ at\m-`mh-¯nepw amäw DmIWw.
(3) kzm{i-bXzw
hntZ-i-cm-Py-§sf B{i-bn-¡p-¶Xv Ipd-bv¡pI F¶-XmWv e£yw. kz´w hn`-h§ - Ä
D]-tbm-Kn¨v Xt±-io-b-ambn DXv]m-Zn-¸n-¡Ww. Cd-¡p-aXn Ipd-bp-¶p.
(4) kaXzw
hfÀ¨-tbm-sSm¸w \oXnbpw e£y-an-Sp-¶p. hcp-am-\-¯nsâ hnX-c-W¯ - nse Ak-aXzw
Ipd-bv¡Ww. km¼-¯nI hfÀ¨-bpsS KpW-§Ä Zcn{Z P\-hn-`m-K-§Ä¡v e`n-¡-Ww.
]²-XnI-fpsS t\«-§fpw ]cm-Pb

- -§fpw
Xmsg-¸-d-bp¶ taJ-e-I-fn-eqsS Cu 4 e£y-§Ä F{X-t¯mfw ]qÀ¯o-bm-¡n-bn-«pv F¶v
hni-Ie- \w sN¿mw.
I Irjn
ImÀjn-It- a-J-eb
- psS AhØ sa¨-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶-Xn\v Kh¬saâ v kzoI-cn¨ {][m\ cv
\S-]-Sn-IÄ BWv (a) `q]-cn-jv¡c - Ww (b) lcn-X-hn-¹hw

km¼-¯n-I-imkv{Xw
(a) `q]-cn-jv¡c - Ww
• ImÀjnI taJ-e-bnÂ kaXzw (\o-Xn) \S-¸m-¡p-Ib - m-bn-cp¶p e£yw.
• `qan A[zm-\n-¡p¶ P\-hn-`m-K-¯n\v F¶-Xm-bn-cp¶p \bw.
`q]-cn-jv¡c - W \S-]-Sn-IÄ
(i) CS-\n-e-¡msc CÃm-Xm¡n
(ii) `qhp-S-a-Øm-h-Imiw IpSn-b-m·mÀ¡v \ÂIn
(iii) Irjn-`q-anbv¡v ]cn[n \nÝ-bn-¨p. Hcp hyàn¡v ssIhiw shbv¡m³ Ign-bp¶ `qan-bpsS
Af-hmWv ]cn-[n.
(iv) an¨-`qan `qc-ln-XÀ¡v hnX-cWw sNbvXp.
(v) Irjn-`qan GIo-Ic - n-¨p.
`q]-cn-jvI-cWw Cý-bnÂ hnP-ba - m-bn-cpt¶m?
tIc-f¯ - nepw ]Ýn-a-_w-Km-fnepw `q]-cnjvvI-cWw hnP-b-am-bn-cp-¶p. F¶mÂ aäv kwØm-\-
§-fnÂ `q]-cn-jvIc - Ww ]qÀ®-ambn hnP-bn-¨n-Ã.
\nb-a¯ - nÂ [mcmfw ]gp-Xp-IÄ Dm-bn-cp¶p. Nne {]tZ-i-§f - nÂ `qhp-S-a-IÄ Xs¶ Irjn
`qan kz´-am-¡n. _Ôp-an-{Xm-Zn-If- psS t]cnÂ `qan cPn-ÌÀ sNbvXp. \nb-a§ - Ä tImS-Xn-bnÂ tNmZyw
sN¿-s¸-«p. `qcn-`mKw bYmÀ° IÀj-IÀ¡pw {]tbm-P\w e`n-¡msX h¶p.
(b) lcn-X-hn-¹hw
AXyp-ev]m-Z-\t- i-jn-bp-ff hn¯p-IÄ, cmk-hf
- §
- Ä, IoS-\m-in-\n-IÄ, Pe-tk-N\ kuI-cy-
§Ä, B[p-\nI ]¼v skäp-IÄ, {Sm-IvSÀ apX-em-b-h-bpsS D]-tbm-K¯ - n-eqsS ImÀjn-tIm-ev]m-Z\w
hÀ²n-¸n-¡p¶ X{´w BWv lcn-X-hn-¹-hw.
lcn-X-hn-¹h
- -¯n\v cv L«-§-fpv
H¶mw L«w (1965-þ1975) þ ]©m-_v, Xan-gn-\m-Sv, B{Ôm-{]--tZiv F¶o kwØm-\§ - f
- nÂ BWv
\S-¸m-¡n-bXv. t\«-ap-m-¡nb {][m\ hnf tKmX¼v B-bn-cp¶p.
cmw L«w (1975 þ 1985) þ aäv kwØm-\§ - f- n-te¡pw IqSp-XÂ hnf-I-fn-te¡pw CXv hym]n-¸n-¨p.
lcnX-hn-¹h- -¯nsâ A\-ć - ^-e§

- Ä
(i) `£y kzbw ]cym-]vXX ssIh-cn-¨p.
(ii) It¼mf an¨w : ImÀjnI DXv]-¶-¯nsâ Hcp-`mKw It¼m-f¯ - nÂ hnäv em`w t\Sn.
Irjn hmWn-Py-hÂ¡-cn-¡-s¸-«p.
(iii) DbÀ¶ DXv]m-Z\w Bt]-£n-Ia - mbn `£y-[m-\y-§-fpsS hne Ipd-¨p.
(iv) Kh¬saâ v `£y-[m-\y-§Ä kw`-cn-¨p. `£y ZuÀe`yw t\cn-Sm³ CXv Kh¬saâns\
klm-bn-¨p.
(v) Ah-iy-km-[-\-§Ä \ymb-hn-ebv¡v \ÂIm³ Kh¬saân\v Ign-ªp.
(vi) sNdp-InS IÀj-IÀ¡pw [\nI IÀj-IÀ¡pw {]tbm-P-\-am-bn.
lcn-X-hn-¹h
- -¯nsâ tZmj-§Ä
(i) IoS-_m[ hÀ²n-¨p.
(ii) a®v, Pew- F-¶n-hsb aen-\-am¡n.
(iii) H¶mw L«-¯nÂ lcn-X-hn-¹hw Gsd¡psd tKmX¼v hn¹-h-ambn amdn.
(iv) [\nI IÀj-Icpw Zcn{Z IÀj-Icpw X½n-ep-ff Aćw hÀ²n-¨p.
(v) Pe-tk-N\ kuI-cy-§sf Aan-X-ambn B{i-bn-¨p.

km¼-¯n-I-imkv{Xw
k_-vknUn hnhmZw
k_vknUn kw_-Ôn¨v NqtS-dnb hmZ-§Ä \S-¡p-¶p-v.
A\p-Iqe hmZ-§Ä
(i) ]p¯³ kmt¦-XnIhnZy IÀjIÀ¡v Nne-th-dn-bX - m-Wv. AXv ]co-£n-¡p-t¼m-Ä
IÀj-IÀ¡v k_vknUn \ÂI-Ww.
(ii) k_vknUn DXv]m-Z-\-s¨-ehv Ipd-bv¡pw.
(iii) k_vknUn CÃm-Xm-bmÂ Zcn-{Z-þ-[-\nI IÀj-IÀ X½n-ep-ff Aćw hÀ²n-¡pw.
(iv) Cý-bnÂ Irjn \jvS-km-[y-X-bp-ff Hcp _nkn-\kv BWv.
{]Xn-Iqe hmZ-§Ä
(i) ]p¯³ kmt¦-Xn-Ih - nZy em`-Ic
- -am-bmÂ hopw k_vknUn \ÂI-cp-Xv.
(ii) Kh¬saânsâ _m[yX hÀ²n-¸n-¡p-¶p.
(iii) k_vkn-Un-bpsS KpWw bYmÀ° KpWt`màm¡Ä¡v e`n-¡p-¶n-Ã.
CXv `qcn-`m-Khpw k¼¶ IÀj-IÀ¡pw cmk-hf \nÀam-Xm-¡Ä¡pw e`n-¡p-¶p.
(iv) sshZyp-Xn, shffw apX-em-bh kuP-\y-ambn \ÂIp-t¼mÄ AXv ]mgm-¡-s¸-Smw.
hne CuSm-¡n-bmÂ {i²m-]qÀÆw D]-tbm-Kn-¡pw.
II hyh-km-bhpw hym]m-chpw
hyh-kmb hnI-k-\-¯nÂ s]mXp-þk - z-Im-cy-ta-J-eI
- -fpsS ]¦v
cmw ]©-h -Õ c ]²XnbpsS {][m\ e£yw hyh-k m- b-h Â¡-- c Ww Bbn- c p-¶ p.
Kh¬saân\v henb ]¦v hln-bvt¡n h¶p. CXnsâ {][m\ Imc-W§ - Ä,
(i) kzIm-cy-ta-J-eb - -A-]-cym-]vXX (ii) henb It¼m-f¯
- psS aqe-[\ - nsâ A]-cym-]vXX
(iii) tkmjy-enÌv NmbvhnÂ Du¶n-bp-ff hnI-k\w
s]mXp-ta-Je- bv¡v ]q-cI-ambn kzIm-cy-ta-J-ebpw F¶ \b-amWv kzoI-cn-¨X - v.
hyh-kmb \b-{]-tabw (IPR) -þ 1956

CXv cmas¯ hyh-kmb \b-am-bn-cp-¶p. cmw- ]-©h - Õ - c ]²Xn ASn-Øm-\a - m-¡n-bp-
Å-Xm-bn-cp¶p CXv. hyh-km-b§ - sf aq¶mbn Xcw-Xn-cn-¨p.
(i) s]mXp-ta-Je ]qÀ®-ambpw \nb-{ń-¡p¶ hyh-km-bw. DZm:þ ASn-Øm\ hyh-km-b§ - Ä,
X{´ {][m\ hyh-km-b-§Ä, s]mXp-P-t\m-]-Imc hyh-Ø-IÄ
(ii) s]mXp-ta-Je
- -bpsS DS-a-ØX
- -bn-ep-f-f-Xpw, AXn\p ]qc-Ia - mbn {]hÀ¯n-¡m³ Ign-bp¶
kzImcy taJ-e.
(iii) _m¡n-bp-ff hyh-km-b§ - Ä kzIm-cy-ta-J-eb - nÂ Bbn-cp-¶p.
F¶mÂ Kh¬saânÂ \n¶pw ssek³kpw A\p-aX - nbpw kzIm-cy-ta-Je t\S-Wa - m-bn-cp¶p.-
Iq-SmsX tijn hÀ²n-¸n-¡p-¶-Xn\pw sshhn-[y-hÂ¡-c-W-¯n\pw ssek³kv t\S-Ww.
F¶mÂ ]nt¶m¡ {]tZ-i-§f - nÂ ssek³kv thKw e`n-¡pw. \nIp-Xn-bn-fh - p-Ifpw Ipdª
Xmcn-^nÂ sshZyp-Xnbpw \ÂIn. A§-s\ -{]m-tZ-inI k´p-enXm-hØ t{]mÕm-ln-¸n-¨p.
sNdp-InS hyh-kmbw (SSI)

\nt£] ]cn-[n-bpsS ASn-Øm-\-¯n-emWv sNdp-InS hyh-km-b-§Ä \nÀh-Nn-¡p-¶-Xv.
t\cs¯ \nt£]]cn[n 5 e£w cq]-bm-bn-cp-¶p. Ct¸mÄ CXv 1 tImSn cq]-bmWv.
sNdp-InS hyh-km-b¯nsâ {]m[m\yw
(1) IqSp-XÂ sXmgn-eh- k- -c-§Ä krjvSn¡p-¶p (2) Ipdª aqe-[\w
(3) {KmaoW hnI-k\s¯ klm-bn-¡p¶p (4) {]tZ-inI hn`-h§
- Ä D]-tbm-Kn-¡p¶p
(5) Ipdª Cd-¡p-aX - n (6) ]cn-ØnXn kulr-Z-am-Wv.
(7) {KmaoW hnI-k\ - ¯- n\pw t£a-¯n\pw klm-bn-¡p-¶p.

km¼-¯n-I-imkv{Xw
ImÀsh I½nän (1955) or {KmaoW sNdp-InS hyh-kmb I½nän

{KmaoW hnI-k\ - ¯
- nÂ sNdp-InS hyh-km-b-§-fpsS km[yX Cu I½nän ]d-bp-¶p.
sNdp-InS hyh-km-b-§f - psS (SSIs) sâ kwc-£-W-¯n-\p-thn Kh¬saâ v kzoI-cn¨ \S-]-Sn-IÄ.
(1) Nne hyh-kmb-§Ä kwh-cWw sNbvXp (2) Ipdª ]eni \nc-¡nÂ hmbv] \ÂIn
(3) \nIp-Xn-bn-fhv (4) kmt¦-XnI klmbw (5) hn]-W-\- ku-Icyw
III hym]mc- \bw : Cd¡paXn _ZÂ X{´w

\½psS hyh-km-b\ - bw hym]mc \b-hp-ambn _Ô-s¸-«-XmWv. Cd-¡p-aXn _ZÂ X{´-amWv
\S-¸m-¡n-b-Xv.
Cd-¡p-aXn _ZÂ X{´w:þ B`y-ć DXv]m-Z-\-¯n-eqsS km[-\-§-fpsS Cd-¡p-aXn Ipd-bv¡p-¶-
XmWv Cu X{´w.- hn-tZi aÕ-c-¯nÂ \n¶pw Xt±i hyh-km-b§sf kwc-£n-¨p. hntZi cmPy-§-
fn-ep-ff B{i-bXzw Ipd¨p. Kh¬saâ v kw-c£ - W \bw kzoI-cn-¨p. CXn-\mbn cv \S-]-Sn-IÄ
kzoI-cn-¨p.
(a) Xmcn^v (C-d-¡p-aXn Np¦w) :þ Cd-¡p-a-Xn-bnÂ Npa¯p¶ \nIpXn (Np-¦w) BWv CXv.
Cd-¡p-aXn km[-\§- f- psS hne hÀ²n-¸n-¡p¶p. Cd-¡p-aXn Ipd-bv¡p¶p.
(b) tIzm«:þ Cd-¡p-a-Xn km[-\-§-fpsS Afhv \nP-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶p. Cd-¡p-aXn Ipd-bv¡p-¶p.
hyh-kmb hnI-k\ \b-§f

- psS ê-§Ä (1950-þ1990)
ta·-IÄ
(1) Pn.-Un.]n bnepff hyh-kmb taJ-e-bpsS kw`m-h\ hÀ²n-¨p.
(2) hyh-kmb taJ-e-bpsS icm-icn hmÀjnI hfÀ¨m-\n-c¡v Cu Ime-bf - h
- nÂ 6% Bbn-cp¶p.
(3) hyh-kmb taJ-e- sshhn-[y-hÂ¡-cn-¡-s¸-«p. CXn\v {][m\ ImcWw s]mXp-ta-Je
-
-Bbn-cp¶p.
(4) sNdp-InS hyh-km-b-§Ä hnI-kn-¨p.
(5) Ce-Ivt{Sm-Wn-Ivkv, Hmt«m-sam-ss_Â XpS-§nb Xt±-iob hyh-km-b-§Ä hnI-kn-¨p.
t]mcm-bvaI
- Ä
(1) s]mXp-ta-Jem Øm]-\§
- f
- psS Imcy-£-a-a-Ãm¯ amt\-Pvsaâ v. an¡-Xpw òa-amb \jvS-¯n-
em-bn. hn`-h§
- f
- psS tNmÀ¨-bv¡v Imc-Wa
- m-bn.
(2) ssek³kv s]Àanäv cmPvk{¼-Zmbw Nph-¸p-\m-Sbv¡pw Agn-aX
- nbv¡pw Ime-Xm-a-k¯
- n\pw
Imc-W-am-bn.
(3) aÕ-c-an-Ãmbva aqew KpW-ta· Dm-bn-Ã.
(4) ]e kzImcy kwcw-`-§fpw hnI-kn-¡p-¶X
- n\pw Imcy-£-a-am-¡p-¶-Xn\pw XS-Ê-ambn.
(5) Cd-¡p-aXn \nb-{´Ww aqew Xt±i km[-\§
- Ä am{Xw hm§p-hm³ \nÀ_-Ôn-X-cm-bn.
(6) s]mXp-ta-Je A\m-hiy taJ-e-I-fnepw {]th-in-¨p. DZm:þ {_Uv \nÀ½m-Ww, tlm«Â
hyh-kmbw apX-em-bh
(7) kwh-cWw s]mXp-ta-Je
- -bpsS Ip¯-Ibv¡v Imc-Wa
- m-bn.
F¶n-cp-¶mepw s]mXp-ta-J-esb em`-¯nsâ ASn-Øm-\-¯nÂ am{X-aÃ
- , kmaq-ly-t£-a¯
- nsâ
ASn-Øm-\¯
- nepw hne-bn-cp-¯-s¸-S-W-sa¶pw hmZn-¡p-¶p.

km¼-¯n-I-imkv{Xw
A²ymbw 3
Cý³ k¼-Zvhy-h-Ø 1991 \p tijw
(DZm-c-hÂ¡cWw, kzImcyhÂ¡cWw, BtKm-f-hÂ¡-cWw)
km¼-¯nI ]cn-jvImc§fpsS ]Ým¯ew
1980 Ifnse k¼ZvhyhØbnse ImcytijnbnÃmsXbpff {]hÀ¯\w.
hmbv]bpsS ]eni ASbv¡phm³ IgnbmsX Kh¬saâ v _p²nap«nembn.
KÄ^v {]XnkÔn ImcWw s]t{Smfnbw DÂ]¶§fpsS hne IpXn¨pIbdn.
Ahiy km[\§fpsS hne hÀ²n¨p.
cq]bpsS hnebnSnhv aqew NRI \nt£]§Ä hen¡s¸«p.
AShpinjvS (BOP) {]Xn-k-Ôn AXnPohn¡phm³ IcpXÂ tiJc¯nepÅ
kzÀ®w Bank of England \v ]Wbs¸Sp¯n.
Cu AhØmhntijw XcWw sN¿p¶Xn\mbn Cý temI _m¦nt\bpw IMF t\bpw
kao]n¡pIbpw Nne D]m[ntbmsS 7 _nÃy¬ (700 tImSn) tUmfÀ hmbv]sbSp¡pIbpw sNbvXp.
Cu D]m[nIÄ Cý AwKoIcn¡pIbpw AX\pkcn¨v k¼ZvhyhØbnÂ ]p¯³ km¼-¯nI
\bw \S¸nem¡pIbpw sNbvXp.
]p¯³km¼-¯nI \bw 1991 (NEP 1991)
. ---- --- - LPG
]p¯³km¼-¯nI \bw 3 Xe¯nemWv Adnbs¸Sp¶Xv
I. - Â¡cWw. (Liberalisation)
DZm-ch
A\m-hiy \nb-{´-W§ - fnÂ \n¶v k¼Zv hyh-Øs - b tamNn-¸n-¡p-¶X
- mWv DZm-ch
- Â¡cWw.
DZm-c-hÂ¡cW¯nsâ `mK-ambn \S-¸m-¡nb {][m\ ]cn-jvImc§Ä.
1) hyh-kmb taJ-e.
 H«pan¡ taJeIfnepw- hyh-km-b- ssek³kn-Mv Hgn-hm-¡n.
 s]mXptaJ-e-bpsS Ip¯Ibmbncp¶ ]e taJeIfnepw kzImcy \nt£]w.
 hyh-km-b- bqWn-äp-IÄ¡v hnI-k-\m-\p-aXn \ÂIn.
 kmt¦XnIhnZymssIamä¯n\pff XSÊ§Ä ]eXpw CÃmXmbn.
2) [\-ImcytaJ-e.
 _m¦v {_m©v sse-k³knMv DZm-c-am-¡n.
 ]eni \nc¡nsâ LS\bnÂ DZmcamb kao]\w.
 ]p-Xp P\-td-j³ _m¦p-IÄ¡pw hntZi _m¦p-IÄ¡pw A\p-aXn.
 C³jz-d³kv taJ-e-bnÂ kzIm-cy-ta-J-ebv¡v A\paXn e`n-¨p.
3) \nIp-Xn-ta-Je
{]Xy£\nIpXnbnepw ]tcm£ \nIpXnbnepw \nIpXn\nc¡v Ipd¡pIbpw \nIpXn LS\
eLqIcn¡pIbpw sNbvXp.
4) hntZi \mWb ta-Je
 AShpinjvS {]XnkÔn ]cnlcn¡m³ cq]bpsS aqeyw Ipd¨p.(Devaluation)
 hntZi\mWb hn\nab\nc¡v hn]Wn \nÝ-bn-¡pw. (Flexible exchange rate system)
5) hym]mc \nt£] ta-Je
 Cd¡p-a-Xn-bnepw Ibäp-aX - n-bnepapff \nb-{´Ww eLqIcn¨p.
 Ibäp-aX - n- Np¦hpw sse-k³kn§pw an¡-hmdpw \nÀ¯-em-¡n.

km¼-¯n-I-imkv{Xw
II. kzImcyhÂ¡cWw. (Privatisation)

cmPy-¯nsâ km¼-¯nI Imcy-§-fnÂ s]mXp-ta-Je
- -bpsS ]¦m-fn¯w Ipd-bv¡p¶ {]{In-
bbmWv kzImcyhÂ¡cWw. I¼\nbpsS DSaØXbnÂ \n¶v Kh¬saâ v ]n³amdp¶XneqsSbpw
s]mXptaJem Øm]\§fpsS hnÂ¸\bneqsSbpamWnXp km[yamIp¶Xv . HmlcnIÄ
hnägn¡p¶XneqsS s]mXptaJem Øm]\§sf kzImcyhÂ¡cn¡p¶Xns\ Unkv
C³shÌpsaâ v F¶p ]dbpw.
III. BtKmfhÂ¡cWw. (Globalisation)
DZm-c-hÂ¡cW¯ntâbpw kzImcyhÂ¡cW¯ntâbpw A\ćêamWv BtKmf
hÂ¡cWw. B`yć hn]Wnsb temIhn]Wnbpambn _Ôn¸n¡p¶ {]Xn`mkamWnXv. temI
cmPy§fpsS GIoIcWamWv CXneqsS \S¸mhp¶Xv. AXphgn km[\§Ä, tkh\§Ä, aqe[\w,
hnÚm\w, a\pjy aqe[\w F¶nh cmPymXnÀ¯n ¡¸pdt¯¡v kzX{ámbn HgpIp¶p.
]pdwIcmÀ /Hu«vtkmgvknKv
BtKmfhÂ¡-cW¯nsâ A\ć êamWv ]pdwhm§Â(]pdwIcmÀ). Hcp I¼\n
AXnsâ Nne tPmenIÄ sN¿p¶Xn\v ]pdta\n¶v klmbw kzoIcn¡p¶XmWv ]pdwIcmÀ.
Ipdªi¼fw, sXmgnÂ sshZKv[yw, CwKvfojv `mj-bn-epÅ {]m-ho-Wyw F¶nh ImcWw ]e
BtKmfI¼\nIfpw Cýbn te¡v ]pdwhm§Â \S¯p¶pv.
]p¯³ km¼-¯nI\bw Hcp hnebncp¯Â
t\«§Ä
* BtKmf hn]Wnbnte¡pff {]thi\w
* GDP hfÀ¨m\nc¡v KWyambn hÀ²n¨p.
* hntZi aqe[\w Cýbntes¡mgpIn.
* hntZi \mWb IcpXÂtiJcw sa¨s¸«p.
* tkh\ taJebnepw hyhkmb taJebnepw {]ISamb apt¶äw.
tIm«§Ä
 km¼¯nI AkaXzw hÀ²n¨p.
ImÀjnI taJebnÂ DWÀhpmbnÃ.
A`yØhnZysc am{Xw XpW¨p.
\nt£]¡pdhpaqew ASnØm\ kuIcyhnIk\apmbnÃ.
sXmgnehkc§Ä hÀ²n¸n¡phm³ IgnªnÃ.
\nIpXnbnfhv Kh¬saânsâ \nIpXn hcpam\¯nÂ hÀ²\hv Dm¡nbnÃ.
temI hym]mc kwLS\

Km«v (GATT) 1948 emWv Øm]n¡s¸«Xv. A´mcmjv{S hym]mcw kpKaam¡pI F¶
e£yt¯msS 23 cmPy§Ä tNÀ¶v P\ohbnÂ h¨mWv CXv cq]oIcn¨Xv. F¶mÂ 1995 Â Km«n\p
]Icw temI hym]mc kwL-S\ - (WTO) \ne-hnÂ h¶p. WTO bpsS {][m\ e£y-§Ä Ch-bm-Wv.
A´mcmjv{S hn]WnbnÂ FÃm cmPy§Ä¡pw Xpey Ahkcw.
_lpapJ hym]cw t{]mÂkmln¸n¡Â.
 hym]mc cwK¯v Xmcn^n\v ]pdtabpff XSk§Ä \o¡pI (DZ: tIzm« ]mSnÃ.)
{]IrXnsb kwc£n¨psImv temI hn`h§Ä ]camh[n D]tbmKn¡pI.

km¼-¯n-I-imkv{Xw
A²ymbw: 4
Zmcn{Zyw
Zmcn{Zyw
a\pjysâ ASnØm\mhiy§fmb `£Ww, hkv{Xw, ]mÀ¸nSw, hnZym`ymkw, BtcmKyw
apXembh t\Sm\mIm¯ AhØbmWv Zmcn{Zyw.
Zcn{Zysc Xncn-¨-dnbÂ (Identification of Poor)
Cý-bnÂ Zcn{Zsc IW¡m¡m\mbn BZy-ambn Hcp cq]-tcJ X¿m-dm-¡n-bXv ZmZm-`mbn
\h-tdmPn Bbn-cp-¶p. PbnÂ Pohn-X-s¨-ehv (Jail Cost of Living) F¶mWXn\p ]d-bp-¶X - v. Hcp
XS-hp-Im-c\v Poh³ \ne-\nÀ¯m³ Bh-iy-amb `£W km[-\¯ - nsâ ASn-Øm-\¯
- n-emWv At±lw
PbnÂ Pohn-X-s¨-ehv \nÀ®-bn-¨X - v. IqSmsX [mcfw km¼-¯nI imkv{XPvR·mcpw Nne coXn-
IÄ hnI-kn-¸n-¨n-«p-v. Ah-bnÂ Nne-Xvþ
 AaÀXy-sk³ hnI-kn-¸n¨ sk³ C³sUIvkv
 t]mhÀ«n Kym]v C³sUIvkv
 kvIztbÀUv t]mhÀ«n Kym]v
Zmcn{Zyw XcwXn-cn-¡Â (Categorising Poverty)
Zmcn{Zy¯nsâ Xo{hX A\p-k-cn¨v Zcn{Zsc 4 hn`m-Ka - mbn Xncn-¨n-«p-v.
1. \nXyZcn{ZÀ (always poor). Øncw Zmcn-{Zy¯nÂ Ign-bp-¶h - À
2. km[mcW Zcn{ZÀ (usually poor) A]qÀÆ-ambn Zmcn-{Zytc-Jbv¡v apI-fnÂ hcp-¶-hÀ
3. CS¡me Zcn{ZÀ (churning poor) CS-bv¡n-Sbv¡v Zmcn-{Zy-tc-Jbv¡v apI-fnÂ hcp-¶-hÀ
4. kmµÀ`nI Zcn{ZÀ (occasionally poor) an¡-t¸mgpw Zmcn-{Zy-tc-Jbv¡v apI-fnÂ hcp-¶p.-
CXnÂ \nXyZcn{Zcpw km[mcW Zcn{Zcpw AS-§p¶ hn`m-K¯ - n\v ZoÀL-Ime Zcn{ZÀ (chronic
poor) F¶pw AXp-t]mse CS¡me Zcn{Zcpw kmµÀ`nI Zcn{Zcpw AS-§p¶ hn`m-K¯ - n\v {lkzIme
Zcn{ZÀ (transient poor)F¶pw ]d-bpw.
Zmcn{Zy tcJ (POVERTY LINE)
P\§sf Zcn{Zsc¶pw Zcn{ZcÃm¯hsc¶pw Xcw Xncn¡p¶ km¦Â¸nI tcJbmWv
Zmcn{ZytcJ. Zmcn{Zy tcJbv¡v apIfnepffhsc APL F¶pw Zmcn{Zy tcJbv¡v Xmsgbpffhsc BPL
F¶pw hnfn¡p¶p.
Zmcn{ZytcJ \nÀ®bn¡p¶Xn\mbn CýbnÂ Bkq{XW I½oj³ D]tbmKn¡p¶ Hcp
{][m\ amÀ¤amWv Ign¡p¶ `£W¯nsâ Itemdn aqey¯nsâ Afhv. CX\pkcn¨v {KmaoWÀ¡v
{]XnZn\w 2400 Itemdn DuÀÖhpw \KchmknIÄ¡v 2100 Itemdn DuÀÖhpw e`n¡p¶
`£WamWv Gähpw Ipdª Itemdnbmbn \nÝbn¨ncn¡p¶Xv. {]kvXpX D]t`mK¯n\mhiyamb
{]Xnamk sNehv (MPCE) 2012se IW¡\pkcn¨v {KmaoWÀ¡v 816 cq]bpw, \KchmknIÄ¡v 1000
cq]bpamWv. CXnÂ Xmsg hcpam\apffhsc Zmcn{ZytcJbv¡v Xmsgbpffhcmbn IW¡m¡p¶p.
Cý-bnse Zcn{ZcpsS F®w (Number of Poor in India)
Hcp {]tZis¯ P\§fnÂ F{X iXam\w t]À Zmcn{ZytcJbv ¡ v XmsgbmsW¶v
{]Xn]mZn¡p¶XmWv Xesb®Â A\p]mXw (slUvIuv tdtjym). CýbnÂ Zmcn{Zys¯
kw_Ôn¨ Gähpw B[nImcnIamb hnhc§Ä {]kn²oIcn¡p¶Xv Bkq{XW I½oj\mWv
(Ct¸mÄ \nXn BtbmKv). \mjWÂ km¼nÄ kÀtÆ HmÀKss\tkj³ (NSSO) BWv AXn\pth
tUä tiJcn¡p¶Xv.

km¼-¯n-I-imkv{Xw
Zmcn{Zy\nÀ½mÀÖ\ ]cn]mSnIÄ
Kh¬saâ v \S-¸m-¡nb Zmcn{Zy \nÀ½mÀÖ\ ]cn]mSn-Isf aq¶mbn XcwXncn¡mw.
I. kzbwsXmgnÂ ]²-Xn-Ifpw sXmgnÂZm\ ]²-Xn-Ifpw
Ph-lÀ tdmkvKmÀ tbmP\bpw s\{lp tbmP\bpw (JRY&NRY) 1989
{KaoW taJ-e-bnse sXmgnÂ cln-Xsc e£y-an«pÅ ]²-Xn-bmWv JRY. JRYbpsS \K-c- {]-tZ-i-
§Ä¡pÅ ]²-Xn-bmWv NRY.
ss{]w an\ntÌgvkv tdmkvKmÀ tbmP\ (PMRY)1994
Xmgv¶ hcpam\¡mcmb IpSpw_§fnÂs¸« A`ykvXhnZycmb sXmgnÂ clnXÀ¡v
kzbwsXmgnÂ Bcw`n¡m³ Kh¬saâ v [\klmbw \ÂIp¶ ]cn]mSn.
 {KmaoW sXmgnepev]mZ\ ]cn]mSn (REGP)1995
{Kma§fnepw sNdp]«W§fnepw sXmgnehkc§Ä krjvSn¡pIbmWpt±iw.
kzÀ® Pbń jlmcn tdmkvKmÀ tbmP\ (SJSRY) 1997
\Kc {]tZi§fnse sXmgnenÃmbva ]cnlcn¡emWv e£yw.
-kzÀ®Pbń {Kma ktcmkvKmÀ tbmP\ (SGSY) 1999
Zmcn{ZytcJbv¡v Xmsgbpff IpSpw_§sf kzbwsXmgnÂ Is¯m³ klmbn¡p¶
]cn]mSnbmWnXv.
 tZiob {KmaoW sXmgnepd¸v ]²Xn (NREGP) 2006
Cu ]²Xnb\pkcn¨v ]WnsbSp¡m³ X¿mdpff BÀ¡pw sXmgnÂ \ÂIpw. Hmtcm
kwØm\¯nepw \nehnencn¡p¶ an\naw thX\ \nbaa\pkcn¨mWv thX\w \ÂIp¶Xv.
hÀj¯nÂ 100 Znhks¯ tPmen CXv Dd¸m¡p¶p. 2011 apXÂ Cu ]²Xn almßmKmÔn tZiob
{KmaoW sXmgnepd¸v ]²Xn F¶mWv Adnbs¸Sp¶Xv.
II. `£ykpc-£m- ]-²X
- n-IÄ
 s]mXp hnXcW k{¼Zmbw (PDS)
`£ykm[\§Ä Ipdªhnebv¡v \ymbhnetjm¸pIÄ hgn hnXcWw sN¿Â.
 kwtbmPnX inip hnIk\ ]²Xn.(ICDS)
Ip«nIÄ¡pw, KÀ`nWnIfmb kv{XoIÄ¡pw thnbpff t]mjImlmc ]²Xn.
 D¨ `£W ]cn]mSn. (MMS)
kvIqfpIfnÂ ]mIwsNbvX `£Ww hnZymÀ°nIÂ¡v \ÂIp¶ ]²Xn.
 A¶ ]qÀ® ]²Xn (AS)
s]³j³ e`n-¡m¯ hr²-P-\-§Ä¡v 10 Intem `£y-[m\yw \ÂIp¶ ]²Xn.
 Atým-Zb A¶-tbm-P\ (AAY)
Zcn-{Z-Ip-Sp-_§
- Ä¡v Ipdª hnebv¡v `£y-[m\yw \ÂIp¶ ]²Xn.
III. kmaqlykpc-£m- ]-²X - n-IÄ
-  tZiob kmaq-lnI klmb ]²Xn
Bcpw ]cn-c-£n-¡m\nÃm¯ Zcn{Zcmb hr²P\§Ä¡v s]³j³ \ÂIp¶ ]²-Xn.
 ASÂ s]³j³ tbmP\
Akw-LS- nX taJ-e-bnÂ 18 apXÂ 40 hb-Êp-h-sc-bpÅhÀ¡mbpÅ s]³j³ ]²-Xn.
{][m³a{ń P³[³ tbmP\
]mh-s¸« P\-§-fnÂ k¼m-Zy-ioew Dm-¡p-¶-Xn-\pÅ ]²-Xn-. Kh¬saâ v B\p-Iq-ey-
§fpw k_vkn-Un-Ifpw Cu A¡u-n-epsS P\-§-fnÂ t\cn-s«-¯n-¡m³ Ignbpw.

km¼-¯n-I-imkv{Xw
A²ymbw -5 þ a-\pjy aqe-[\ cq]o-I-cWw Cý-bnÂ

km¼¯nI hnI-k\
- ¯
- nepw km¼-¯nI hfÀ¨-bnepw a\pjy aqe-[\w AYhm a\pjyhn`-
h-§Ä Hcp {][m\ ]¦p-hln-¡p-¶p. a\p-jys\ hnZym-`ym-k-¯n-eq-sSbpw ]cn-io-e-\-¯n-eq-sSbpw
a\pjy hn`-h-§Ä B¡n amäp-¶X
- mWv a\pjy aqe-[\ cq]o-Ic
- Ww F¶p ]d-bp-¶X
- v.
a\pjy aqe-[-\-¯nsâ Dd-hn-S§
- Ä
a) hnZym`ymkw b) BtcmKyw c) sXmgnÂ ]cn-io-e\w d) IpSn-tbäw e) hnhcw
a\pjy aqe-[\w sImp-ff t\«-§Ä
1. a\pjy aqe-[\w Hcp hyàn-bpsS hcp-am\w Dm-¡m-\p-ff Ignhv hÀ²n-¸n-¡p-¶p.
2. sXmgn-ensâ DÂ¸m-Z\£aX hÀ²n-¸n-¡p-¶p.
3. \qX\ Bi-b-§sf Dt¯-Pn-¸n-¡p-¶p.
4. ]pXnb kmt¦-Xn-Ih
- nZy DÄs¡m-ff
- m-\p-ff Ignhv Dm-Ip-¶p.
5. kaq-l¯
- nse amä-§fpw imkv{X-cw-Ks¯]ptcm-K-Xnbpw a\-Ên-em-¡m\p-ff Adn-hp-m-Ip-¶p.
6. ]pXnb Ip-]n-Sp-¯§
- Ä¡pw ]pXp-aI
- Ä¡pw t{]c-Ia
- m-Ip-¶p.
7. cmPy-¯nsâ hfÀ¨bv¡pw hnI-k-\¯
- n\pw kw`m-h\ sN¿p-¶p.
hnZym-`ymkw: hnZym-`ym-k-¯n-\p-ff aqe-[\ \nt£-]s¯ a\pjy aqe-[\ cq]o-Ic
- -W-¯nsâ Hcp
{][m\ Dd-hn-Sa
- mbn IW-¡m-¡p-¶p. hcp-am\w hÀ²n-¸n-¡pI F¶ e£y-t¯m-Sp-Iq-Sn-bmWv hyànI-
IÄ hnZym-`ym-k-¯n-\mbn aqe-[\ \nt£]w \S-¯p-¶-Xv.
BtcmKyw: Btcm-Ky-kw-c-£-W¯
- n-\mbn ]Ww sNehm¡p¶Xv ]e-hn-[¯
- n-emWv þ
1) {]Xn-tcm[ Huj-[§
- Ä (Ip-¯n-h-bv¸p-IÄ) 2) tcmK-\n-hm-cW Huj-[§
- Ä (NnIn-Õ)
3) tkmjyÂ saUn-kn³ (B-tcmKy km£-cXm {]Nm-c-Ww) 4) ip²-Pe
- -hn-X-cWw
5) ipNo-I-cW kuIcyw \nÀ½mWw
sXmgnÂ ]cn-io-e\w: sXmgnÂ ]cn-io-e\
- ¯
- n\v thn-bp-ff sNe-hp-IÄ aqe-[\ kzcq-]-W-¯nsâ
Hcp Dd-hn-Sa
- mbn IW-¡m-¡p-¶p.- Im-cWw AXnsâ ê-ambn hÀ²n-¡p¶ DÂ¸m-Z-\£
- -aX aqe-
apÅ hcp-am\w AXnsâ sNe-hn-t\-¡mÄ IqSp-X-em-Wv.
IpSn-tbäw: IpSn-tbäw a\pjy aqe-[\ kzcq-]o-I-c-W-¯nsâ {][m-\s
- ¸« Hcp Dd-hn-S-am-Wv.
IpSn-tb-ä-¯n-\p-ff ImcWw cm-Wv.
1) sXmgn-en-Ãmbva 2) DbÀ¶ hcp-am-\a
- p-ff sa¨-s¸« tPmen t\SpI
hnhcw: sXmgnÂ It¼m-fw, Btcm-Kyw, hnZym-`ymkw F¶n-hsb Ipdn¨v Adn-hp-IÄ e`n-¡p-¶-Xn\v
thn \S-¯p¶ sNe-hp-IÄ a\pjy aqe-[\kzcq-]o-I-c-¯nsâ Dd-hn-S-am-Wv.
a\pjy aqe-[\
- hpw a\pjy hnI-k-\hpw: DÂ¸m-Z-\£
- -aX hÀ²n-¸n-¡pI F¶ e£y-¯n-te-¡p-
ff amÀ¤w BWv hnZym-`ym-khpw Btcm-Kyhpw F¶mWv a\pjy aqe-[\w ]cn-K-Wn-¡p-¶X
- v.
Cu ImgvN-¸m-SnÂ km[-\-§-fp-sSbpw tkh-\§
- f
- p-sSbpw DÂ]m-Z\w hÀ²n-¨n-sÃ-¦nÂ hnZym-`ym-k-
¯n\pw Btcm-Ky-¯n\pw Dff \nt£]w \njv^-ea
- m-Wv F¶v Icp-Xp-¶p. a\p-jy-hn-Ik
- \ ImgvN-
¸m-SnÂ a\p-jy-cpsS D¶-a\w Xs¶-bmWv e£yw. Btcm-Ky-þ-hn-Zym-`ymk taJ-e-I-fnÂ ape-[\
\nt£-]-¯n-eqsS DXv]m-Z-\-£aX hÀ²n-¨n-sÃ-¦nÂ t]mepw a\p-jy-t£aw hÀ²n-¡p-¶X
- n\v Imc-
W-am-Ip-¶p.

km¼-¯n-I-imkv{Xw
ùXnI aqe-[-\hpw a\p-jy-aq-e[

- -\hpw:
1) ùXnI aqe-[\w ]qÀ®-ambpw Ne-\m-ß-Ia
- m-Wv. a\p-jy-aq-e[
- \w Ne-\m-ß-I-a-Ã.
2) ùXnI aqe-[\w kv]Ài\ km[yhpw hn]-Wn-bnÂ hnÂ¡m³ Ign-bp-¶X
- p-am-Wv. a\p-jy
aq-e-[\w kv]Ài\ km[y-aÃ
- . hn]-Wn-bnÂ hnÂ¡m³ Ign-bn-Ã.
3) ùXnI aqe-[\
- s¯ AXnsâ DS-a-bnÂ \n¶v thÀs¸-Sp-¯mw. F¶mÂ a\pjy aqe-[\
- s¯
DS-a-bnÂ \n¶ thÀs¸-Sp-¯m³ Ign-bn-Ã.
4) ùXnI aqe-[\
- ¯
- n\v D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-t´mdpw tXbvam\w kw`-hn-¡mw. a\pjy aqSe-[\
- ¯
- n\v
tXbvam\w kw`-hn-¡p-¶Xv {]mbw IqSp-t¼m-gm-Wv.
5) ùXnI aqe-[\ kzcq-]Ww km¼-¯n-Ihpw kmt¦Xn-Ih
- p-amb {]{InbbmW.v a\pjy aqe-[\
kzcq-]Ww kmaq-lnI {]{In-bb
- m-Wv.
hnÚm\ k¼¯v hyhØ F¶ \ne-bnÂ CýbpsS Icp¯pw Ah-k-c§

- fpw:
1) temI-¯nÂ Gähpw IqSp-XÂ imkv{X, kmt¦-XnI, amt\-Pvsaâ v sshZ-Kv[y-apÅ cm-as¯
cmPy-amWv Cý. 2) Cw¥ojv `mj-bnse Cý-¡m-cpsS {]mhn-Wyw. 3) Ipdª Nnehv.
a\pjy aqe-[\ cq]o-I-cWw: henb {]Xo-£I
- Ä: hnZym-`ymkþBtcm-Ky-cw-K¯v {]hÀ¯n-¡p¶
Nne \nb{´W Øm]-\§
- f
- psS t]cp-IÄ Xmsg sImSp-¡p-¶p.
1) F³.-kn.-C.-BÀ.Sn (hn-Zym-`ymk Kth-jW
- ¯
- n\pw ]cn-io-e-\-¯n-ep-ff tZio-b-ka
- n-Xn)
2) bpPnkn (bq-Wn-th-gvknän {Kmâ vkv I½o-j³)
3) F.-sF.-kn.-Sn.C (km-t¦-XnI hnZym-`ym-k-¯n-\p-ff AJn-teý Iu¬knÂ)
4) sF.-kn.-Fw.-BÀ. (sa-Un-¡Â KthjW-¯n-\p-ff Cý³ Iu¬knÂ)
BtcmKytaJ-eb
- nÂ Kh¬saâ v CS-s]-S-ensâ Bh-iy-IX:
1) kaq-l¯
- nÂ ]nt¶m¡w \nÂ¡p¶ P\-hn-`mK§Ä¡v Kh¬saâ v kuP-\y-amb hnZym-`ymk
BtcmKy kwhn-[m-\§
- Ä Hcp¡n sImSp-t¡--Xm-Wv.
2) Zmcn-{Zy-tc-Jbv¡v Xmsgbpff P\-§Ä¡v hnZ-Kv[-Nn-InÕ e`n-¡p-¶X
- n\pw D¶X hnZym-`ymkw
t\Sp-¶X
- n\pw Kh¬saâ v CS-s]-SÂ Bh-iy-am-Wv.
3) hnZym-`ymk ---- Btcm-Ky-cw-Ks¯ KpW-ta· Dd¸phcp-¯p-hm\pw icn-bmb \nc-¡p-IÄ CuSm¡p-
hm\pw Kh¬saânsâ CS-s]-SÂ Bh-iy-am-Wv.
4) hnZym-`ym-k-þB
- -tcmKy cwK-§-fnÂ {]hÀ¯n-¡p¶ kzImcyØm]-\§
- Ä D]-t`m-àm-¡sf
NqjWw sN¿m-Xn-cn-¡p-¶Xv Kh¬saâ v \nb-{´Ww Bh-iy-am-Wv.
Cý-bnse hnZym-`ymk taJe Kh¬saâ v sNe-hnsâ hfÀ¨: 1962 Â \n¶pw 2014 te¡v F¯p-
t¼mÄ hnZym-`ym-k-¯n\v thn kÀ¡mÀ sNe-hn-«Xv BsI sNe-hnsâ 7.92 iX-am-\-¯nÂ \n¶pw
15.7 iX-am-\-ambn hÀ²n-¨p. AXv PnUn-]n-bpsS A\p-]m-X-¯nÂ -Bs
- W-¦nÂ 0.64 iX-am-\-¯nÂ
\n¶v 4.13 iX-am-\-ambn Cu Ime-bf
- h
- nÂ hÀ²n-¨n-«p-v. 2009 Â Cým-K-h¬saâ v hnZym-`ymk
Ah-Imi \nbaw \S-¸n-em-¡n. AXp-{]-Imcw 6 apXÂ 14 hb-Êp-h-sc-bp-ff Ip«n-IÄ¡v kuP\y
hnZym-`ymkw Dd-¸m-¡p-¶p. AXv auenI Ah-Im-i-ambn AwKo-I-cn-¡s
- ¸-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp.
`mhn-bn-te-¡p-ff {]Xymi:
1) FÃm-hÀ¡pw hnZym-`ymkw þ Ct¸mgpw Hcp hnZqc kz]v\w: {]mb-]qÀ¯n-bm-b-h-cn-tebpw

km¼-¯n-I-imkv{Xw
bphm-¡-fn-tebpw km£-c-Xm-\n-c¡v hÀ²n-¨p-sh-¦-nepw Cý-bnse Ct¸m-gs¯ \nc-£-c-cpsS

F®w Cýbv¡v kzmXýw In«p-t¼mÄ Dm-bn-cp¶ P\-kw-Jy¡v Xpey-am-Wv.
2) kv{Xo]pcpj kaXzw: km£-c-X-bnÂ Dm-bn-cp¶ kv{Xo]p-cpj hnShv Ipdªp sImn-cn-
¡p-¶p F¶Xv ip`-Ic
- -amb Imcy-am-Wv.
3) D¶-Xh
- n-Zym-`ymkw t\Sn-bh
- À Ipd-¨p-am{Xw: Cý-bnÂ kvIqÄ ]T\w ]qÀ¯nbm-¡n-b-h-
cnÂ sNdn-sbmcp iX-am\w am{Xta D¶-X-hn-Zym-`ym-k¯
- n\v a-pXn-cp-¶p-ff
- q. Cu ØnXn
amd-Ww.
4) A`y-kvXh
- n-Zy-cpsS sXmgn-en-Ãmbva: {]mY-anI hnZym-`ymkw hsc am{X-ap-ff bphm-¡-fpsS
sXmgn-en-Ãmbva 11.6 iX-am-\-amWv, ]t£ hnZym-k¼
- -¶-cmb bphm-¡-fpsS sXmgn-en-Ãmbva \nc¡v
18.1 iX-am-\-am-Wv.
A²ymbw 6 þ {KmaoW hnI-k\w
]n¶-Wn-bnÂ InS-¡p¶ {Kma-{]-tZ-i-§s
- f kÀ¡m-cnsâ IÀa-]-cn-]m-Sn-IfneqsS hnI-kn-¸n-
s¨-Sp-¡pI F¶-XmWv {KmaoW hnI-k-\¯
- nsâ e£yw. {KmaoW hnI-k-\¯
- n\v Ah-ew-_n-¡p¶
amÀ-¤§-- Ä:
(1) {Kma-{]-tZ-i-§f
- nse a\pjy hn`h hnI-k\w (2) `q\b-]cn-jvImcw (3) {Kma-{]-tZ-i-§f
- nÂ
Dev]m-Z\
- m-ßI hn`-h§
- f
- psS hnI-k\w (4) ASn-Øm\ kuI-cy-§f
- psS hnI-k\w (5) Zcn-{ZÀ¡mbn
sXmgn-eh
- k
- -c-§Ä krjvSn-¡epw Zmcn{Zy\nhm-cW \S-]-Sn-IÄ kzoI-cn-¡e
- pw.
ImÀjnI cwK-¯p-ff
- -hÀ A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-¡p¶ {]iv\-§Ä:
(1) lpn-I¡
- m-tcm-Sp-ff IS-_m-[yX (2) ImÀjnI DÂ¸-¶§
- Ä¡v In«p¶ Ipd-ªh
- ne (3) cmk-
hfw, IoS-\m-in\n XpS-§nb ImÀjnI \nth-i-§-fpsS DbÀ¶ hne (4) ImÀjnI Dev]-¶-§Ä hn]-
Wn-bnÂ F¯n-bv¡m³ th{X KXm-K-X-ku-Icyw CÃmbva (5) ImÀjn-tI-X-c-amb sXmgn-eh
- k
- -c-
§-fpsS A`m-hw.
{KmaoW hmbv]m kwhn-[m-\-¯nse {][m\ Øm]-\-§Ä:

(1) NABARDþ\m-j-WÂ _m¦v t^mÀ A{Kn-IÄ¨À B³Uv dqdÂ Uh-e]
- vsaâ v (2) hmWn-Py
_m¦p-IÄ (3) {KmaoW taJe _m¦p-IÄ (4) kl-Ic
- -W-Øm-]-\-§Ä (5) `qhn-I-k\ _m¦p-IÄ
(6) kzbw-k-lmb kwL-§Ä
{KmaoW _m¦nwKv þ hnaÀi-\m-ßI hne-bn-cp-¯Â:
KpW-§Ä: (1) {KmaoW _m¦nwKv kwhn-[m-\¯
- nse {ZpX-K-Xn-bn-ep-ff hnI-k\w IÀj-IÀ¡v KpW-
I-c-ambn amdn. (2) CXv lcn-X-hn-¹-h¯
- nsâ hnP-b¯
- n\p Imc-Wa
- m-bn. (3) IÀj-IÀ¡v Dev]m-Z\
Bh-iy-§Ä¡pÅ hmbv]m kuI-cy-§Ä e`y-am¡n (4) £maw F¶Xv Hcp `qX-Ime kw`-h-ambn
amdn (5) ImÀjnI hmbv]-bnÂ {KmaoW ]W-an-S-]m-Sp-Im-cpsS kzm[o\w Xt¶ Ipd-ªp.
tZmj-§Ä: (1) IÀj-IÀ hmbv]I
- Ä Xncn-¨S- -bv¡m-¯Xv {]iv\§
- Ä krjvSn-¨p. (2) ImÀjnI hmbv]
a\-x]qÀÆw Xncn-¨-S-bv¡m-¯-h-cpsS F®w òa-ambn hÀ²n-¨p (3) sN-dp-InS IÀj-IcnÂ hen-
sbmcphn`mKw Ct¸mgpw Igp-¯d
- -¸³am-cmb {KmaoW lpn-I¡m-sc-bmWv B{i-bn-¡p-¶X
- v.
ImÀjnI hn]-W\w: cmPy-¯p-S-\o-fa
- p-ff ImÀjnI DÂ¸-¶-§-fpsS tiJ-cW
- w, kwkvIm-cw, ]m¡n-
§v, Xcw-Xn-cn-¡Â, hnX-cWw F¶nh DÄs¡m-ff
- p¶ Hcp {]{In-bb
- mWv ImÀjnI hn]-W-\w.

km¼-¯n-I-imkv{Xw
ImÀjnI hn]-W-\¯nse {]iv\-§Ä: (1) ImÀjnI DÂ]-¶§

- f
- psS A\m-Zm-bI
- -c-amb hne
(2) anI¨ kw`-cW kwhn-[m-\-§-fpsS A`m-hw.
ImÀjnI hn]-W\w sa¨-s¸-Sp-¯m³ Kh¬saâ v kzoI-cn¨ \S-]-Sn-IÄ: (1) sdKp-te-äUv amÀ¡-
äp-IÄ Øm]n-¨p. (2) tdmUv, sdbnÂth, shbÀlu-kv, tKmUu¬, tImÄUv tÌmtd-Pv, kwkvI-c-
W-ime XpS-§nb ASn-Øm-\k
- u-Ic
- y-§Ä hnI-kn-¸n-¨p. (3) IÀ-jIcpsS Dev]-¶-§Ä¡v \ymb-
hne Dd-¸m-¡p¶ kl-Ic
- W hn]-W\w (4) ImÀjnI DÂ¸-¶§
- Ä¡p-ff Xm§p-hne Dd-¸m-¡Â
(5) ^pUv tImÀ¸-td-j³ Hm^v Cý hgn Acn, tKmX¼v F¶n-hb
- psS kw`-cWw (6) s]mXp-hn-X-
cW k{¼-Zmbw hgn `£y-[m-\y-§Ä, ]©-kmc F¶n-hb
- psS hnX-cWw Dd-¸m-¡Â
_ZÂ hn]-W\ amÀ¤-§-fpsS DZbw: IÀj-IÀ X§-fpsS DÂ]-¶§
- Ä t\cn«v D]-t`m-àm-¡Ä¡v
hnÂ¡m³ thn-bmWv _ZÂ hn]-W\ kwhn-[m-\§
- Ä Dm-¡nbn-cn-¡p-¶Xv. DZm-l-c-W-§Ä þ
A]v\n aÞn (]-©m-_v, lcn-bm-\, cmP-Øm³), lUm-kv]À aÞn (]q-\), dbXp _kmÀ (B{Ô
þ]-gw, ]¨-¡dn amÀ¡-äp-IÄ) DghÀ kÔn (X-an-gv\mSv þ Irjn amÀ¡-äv)
sshhn-[y-hÂ¡-cW
- w:- sshhn-[y-hÂ¡Ww cp-Xc
- ¯
- n-epv. (1) hnf-I-fnÂ Dff sshhn-[y-hÂ¡-
cWw (2) ImÀjnI taJ-e-bnÂ \n¶v A\p-_Ô taJ-e-bn-te¡pw ImÀjn-tI-Xc tPmen-I-fn-te¡pw
Dff amäw.
sshhn[yhÂ¡-c-W-¯nsâ Bh-iy-IX: (1) D]-Po-h\ amÀ¤-¯n\v Irjnsb am{Xw B{i-bn-¡p-
¶Xv aqe-ap-ff \jvS km[yX CÃm-Xm-¡p-¶X
- n\v (2) {KmaoW P\-§Ä¡v Dev]m-Z-\]
- -chpw kpØn-
c-hp-amb D]-Po-h\ km[y-X-IÄ Xpd¶p sImSp-¡p-¶X
- n\v (3) BZm-bI
- -c-amb sXmgnÂ Is-¯p-
¶--Xn\v (4) {KmaoW P\-§Ä¡v Zmcn{Zy \nÀ½mÀP-\¯
- n\v Bhiy-amb DbÀ¶ hcp-am\w t\Sn-sb-
Sp-¡p-¶-Xn-\mbn.
I¶p-Imen hfÀ¯Â: sNdp-InS IÀj-Icpw IÀjI sXmgn-em-fn-Ifpw AS¡w Ggv tImSn {Kmao-W-
cpsS _ZÂ D]-Po-h\ - a- mÀ¤-amWv I¶p-Imen hfÀ¯Â.
I-¶p-Imen hfÀ¯-ensâ {][m\ KpW-§Ä:
(1) _ZÂ D]-Po-h\ - a - mÀ¤w (2) hcp-am-\-¯n\p kpØn-cX (3) `£y-kp-c-£n-XXzw
(4) IpSpw-_¯
- n\v t]mj-Im-lmcw (5) Irjn-¡m-hi - y-amb hfw (6) ]mN-I¯ - n\v th CÔ\w.
[h-f-hn-¹hw: ]mep-ev]m-Z-\¯ - nÂ hen-sbmcp IpXn-¨p-Nm«w \S-¯m³ \t½ klm-bn¨ ]²-Xn-
bmWv [h-fh - n-¹-hw. Cu ]²Xn aptJ\ £oc-IÀj-I-cpsS kl-Ic - -W-Øm-]-\-§Ä cq]o-Ic - n¨v
£oc-IÀj-I-cnÂ \n¶pw ]mÂ kw`-cn-¡p-Ibpw AXns\ hnhn[ DÂ]-¶§ - Ä B¡n amän \K-c-ta-
J-e-bnÂ hnX-cWw sN¿p-Ibpw sNbvXp. KpP-dm-¯nse B\-µnÂ Bcw-`n¨ AapÂ Cu taJ-e-
bnse BZys¯ kwcw-`-am-Wv. [h-fh - n-¹-h¯
- nsâ ê-ambn 1960-þ2002 Ime-L-«-¯nÂ cmPys¯
£otcmÂ]m-Z\w \men-c-«n-bnÂ A[n-I-ambn hÀ²n-¨p.
aÕy-_Ô - \w: Cý-bnÂ e£-¡-W-¡n\v t]cpsS PohnX amÀ¤-amWv aÕy-_Ô - \ - w. sam¯w
B`y-ć DÂ]m-Z-\¯ - nÂ 1.4 iX-am-\amWv aÕy-k-¼¯ - nsâ kw`m-h-\. Cý-bnÂ aÕyw Dev]m-
Zn-¸n-¡p¶ apJy kwØm-\§ - Ä Xan-gv\mSv, tIc-fw, KpP-dm-¯v, alm-cmjv{S F¶n-hb - m-Wv.
ao³]n-Sp-¯-¡mÀ A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-¡p¶ {]iv\-§Ä:

(1) th{X sXmgn-en-Ãmbva (2) Xmgv¶ hcp-am\w (3) \nc-£-cX (4) sXmgnÂ]-c-amb DbÀ¨-bv¡p-
ff km[yX Ipdhv (5) IS-_m-[yX.

km¼-¯n-I-imkv{Xw
]gw, ]¨¡dn Irjn: temI-¯nÂ Gä-hp-a-[nIw ]g-§fpw ]¨-¡-dn-Ifpw Irjn sNbvXp-m-¡p¶

cmPy-§f
- nÂ cmw Øm\w Cý-¡m-Wv. ImÀjn-I- cw-Ks¯ lcn-X-hn-¹hw t]msebpw ]mepev]mZ-
\-ta-J-eb
- nÂ [h-fh
- n-¹hw t]msebpw ]gw, ]¨-¡dn Irjn-bnÂ Hcp kphÀ® hn¹-hhpw ChnsS
Dm-bn-s¡m-n-cn-¡p-¶p.-am-¼g
- w, hmg-¸-gw, \mfn-tI-cw, Iip-h-n, kpKÔhy-RvP\-§Ä F¶n-h-
bpsS Dev]m-Z-\¯
- nÂ temI-cm-jv{S-§Ä¡n-Sb
- nÂ t\Xr-Øm\w Cý-¡m-Wv. GI-tZiw 19% sXmgn-
em-fn-IÄ¡v sXmgnÂ sImSp-¡p¶ taJ-e-bmWv ]gw, ]¨-¡dn Irjn.
aäv Poh-t\m-]m-[n-IÄ: Hcp {][m-\s
- ¸« Poh-t\m-]m-[n-bmbn amdn-s¡m-n-cn-¡-bmWv hnh-c-km-t¦-
Xn-Ih
- n-Zy. CXv Cý-bnÂ Zi-e£
- -¡W
- ¡
- n\v t]À¡v sXmgn-eh
- k
- cw sImSp-¯p-sIm-n-cn-¡p-¶p.
`£y `{Z-Xbpw kpØn-c-hn-I-k-\hpw t\Sn-sb-Sp¡p¶ Imcy-¯nÂ hnh-ck
- m-t¦-Xn-I-hn-Zybv¡v {][m-
\-s¸« Hcp ]¦pv. ]pXnb kmt¦-XnI hnZy-sb-¡p-dn-¨v, AXnsâ {]tbm-K-s¯-¡p-dn-¨v, hne-\n-e-
hm-cw, hnf-IÄ¡v A\p-tbm-Py-amb Imem-hØ
- , a®nsâ hf-¡qdv F¶n-hs
- b-¡p-dn-¨p-ff Aaq-ey-
amb Adn-hp-IÄ ]I-cp-hm³ hnh-c-km-t¦-Xn-I-hnZy klm-bn-¡p-sa-¶X
- n-\mÂ ImÀjn-It- a-J-eb
- nepw
sFkn-Sn-bpsS kzm[o\w hep-Xm-Wv.
]c-¼c
- m-KX Irjn-bpsS AYhm cmk-hf
- -§-fpsS tZmj-^-e-§Ä:
1) a®nsâ hf-¡qdv \jvS-s¸«p. 2) a®pw shf-fhpw hnjmwiw IeÀ¶-Xmbn.
3) `t£ym-ev]-¶§
- f
- nÂ IoS-§sf IoS-\m-in-\n-IÄ IeÀ¶p. 4) IÀj-Ia
- n-{X-§f
- mb IoS-§sf
IoS-\m-in-\n-IÄ \in-¸n-¨p. 5) ]cn-Øn-Xn¡v £X-taÂ¸n¨p.
ssPh-Irjn: {]Ir-Xn-bpsS k´pen-Xm-hØsb ]p\-cp-Öo-hn-¸n-¡p-Ibpw \ne-\nÀ¯p-Ibpw ]cn-
t]m-jn-¸n-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p¶ FÃm ImÀjnI coXn-Is
- fbpw tNÀ¯v ssPh-Irjn F¶p-]-d-bmw.
ssPh-Ir-jn-bpsS KpW-§Ä:
1) ssPhn-Ia
- mbn Dev]m-Zn-¸n-¡-s¸« `£-W-¯n\v AXy-[nIw t]mj-Ia
- qeyw Dm-bn-cn-¡pw.
2) IqSp-XÂ sXmgn-eh
- k
- -c-§Ä krjvSn-¡p-¶p.
3) ssPh Dev]-¶-§Ä¡v h¼n¨ A´m-cm-jv{S-hn-]Wn Dv. Bb-Xn-\mÂ Ib-äp-a-Xn-bn-eqsS
IÀj-IÀ¡v IqSp-XÂ hcp-am-\ap-m-¡m³ Ign-bpw.
4) AXv ]cn-ØnXn kulr-Zhpw \ne-\nÂ¡p-¶-Xp-am-Wv.
ssPh-Ir-jn-bnse {]iv\-§Ä:
1) ssPh-Ir-jn¡v {]Nmcw e`n-¡W-sa-¦nÂ IÀj-IÀ¡n-S-bnÂ t_m[-hÂ¡-cWw \S-t¯-Xv
Bh-iy-am-Wv. am{X-a-Ã, ]pXnb kmt¦-Xn-Ih
- nZy kzoI-cn-bv¡m³ AhÀ k¶-²-am-tI-Xp-v.
2) ASn-Øm\ kuI-cy-§f
- psS A]-cym-]vX-Xbpw amÀ¡-än-ep-ff {]ivv\-§fpw.
3) ssPh-Ir-jn-bnÂ \n¶p-ff hnf-hnsâ e`yX B[p-\nIIrjn-bnÂ \n¶p-ff hnfhn-t\-¡mÄ
XoscIpd-hmWv.
4) thK-¯nÂ tISm-hp-¶-Xn\v km[y-X-bp-f-f-Xn-\mÂ Cu DÂ]-¶§
- Ä ZoÀL-Im-et- ¯¡v
kw`-cn-¡m³ {]bm-k-am-Wv.
5) ssPh-Ir-jn-bnÂ Imew amdn Irjn-sN-¿mhp--¶ hnf-IÄ XoÀ¯pw ]cn-an-X-am-Wv.

km¼-¯n-I-imkv{Xw
A²ymbw 7
sXmgnÂ hfÀ¨bpw A\u-]-Nm-cnI hXv¡cWhpw aäv {]iv\§
- fpw
sam¯ tZiob DÂ¸-¶¯ - n-te¡v kw`m-h\ sN¿p¶ GsXmcp {]hÀ¯-\t- ¯bpw km¼-
¯nI {]hÀ¯\w F¶v hnfn-¡mw. km¼-¯nI {]hÀ¯-\§ - f
- nÂ GÀs¸-«n-cn-¡p¶ FÃm-hs - cbpw
sXmgn-em-fn-IÄ F¶v hnfn-¡p¶p. s]mXpsh Hcp sXmgn-ep-Sa - bv¡v Iogn-Â thX\w e`n-¡p¶ sXmgn-
enÂ-GÀs¸-Sp-¶h - scbpw kzbw sXmgnÂ sN¿p-¶h - tcbpw sXmgn-em-fn-I-fmbn IW-¡m-¡mw. 2011-
þ12 Â GI-tZiw 47.3 tImSn Dd¨ sXmgnÂiàn Cý-¡p-m-bn-cp-¶p.
`qcn-`mKw P\-§fpw {Kma-§f - nÂ Xma-kn-¡p-¶X - n-\mÂ sXmgnÂ iàn-bnÂ IqSp-Xepw {Kmao-
W-cm-Wv. 47.3 tImSn sXmgnÂ iàn-bnÂ \menÂ aq¶v `mKhpw {KmaoW sXmgn-em-fn-I-fm-Wv. sXmgn-
em-fn-If
- nÂ 70% hpw ]pcp-j·- m-cm-Wv, _m¡n kv{XoI-fpw. {KmaoW sXmgnÂ iànbnÂ aq¶n-sem¶pw
kv{XoI-fm-Wv. \K-c-§-fnÂ CXv A©n-sem¶v am{X-am-Wv.
P\-§-fpsS sXmgnÂ ]¦m-fn¯w
Hcp cmPys¯ sXmgnÂ kml-Ncyw hni-Ie - \w sN¿m-\p-ff kqN-Ia - mWv sXmgn-emfn
P\-kw-Jym-\p-]m-X-w. Cu kqNIw cmPy-¯nse Nc-¡p-tk-h\ DÂ]m-Z-\¯ - nÂ kPoh ]¦m-fn-¯-
apÅ P\-§f - psS A\p-]mXw ImWn-bv¡p-¶p.
Cu A\p-]mXw DbÀ¶-Xm-sW-¦nÂ P\-§f - psS ]¦m-fn¯w DbÀ¶-Xm-sW¶pw A\p-]mXw
icmi-cntbm Xmgv¶tXm BsW-¦nÂ P\-§f - nÂ hfsc hen-sbmcp `mKw km¼-¯nI {]hÀ¯-\-
§-fnÂ t\cn«v ]s¦-Sp-¡p-¶nÃ F¶p-am-WÀ°w.
sXmgn-em-fn-I-fpsS F®w
sXmgn-emfn þ P\-kwJy A\p-]mXw = X 100
P\-kwJy
Cý-bnÂ Hmtcm 100 hyàn-If - nepw GI-tZiw 39 t]À sXmgn-em-fn-I-fm-Wv. \K-c-{]-tZ-i-§-fnÂ Cu
A\p-]mXw 36 Dw {Kma-{]tZi§-fnÂ 40 Dw BWv.
kv{XoI-tfmSv Xmc-Xayw sN¿p-t¼mÄ ]pcp-j·m-cmWv sXmgn-en-Â GÀs¸-Sp-¶h - c - nÂ IqSp-
XÂ. kv{XoIÄ sN¿p¶ ]e ho«p-tPm-en-Ifpw DÂ]m-Z\]c-amb {]hÀ¯-\a - mbn AwKo-Ic - n-¡s
- ¸-
Sp-¶n-Ã. sXmgn-ensâ k¦p-Nn-X-amb Cu \nÀh-N\w kv{XoI-fpsS sXmgnÂ AwKo-Ic - n-¡m-Xn-cn-¡p-¶-
Xn\pw AXv hgn cmPys¯ kv{Xo sXmgn-em-fn-I-fpsS F®s¯ Npcp¡n IW-¡m-¡p-¶X - n\pw Imc-
W-am-Ip¶p.
kzbw sXmgnÂ Is-¯n-b-hcpw Iqen¡v sXmgn-se-Sp-¡p-¶-hcpw
Xsâ D]-Po-h\w Is-¯p-¶X - n-\mbn Hcp hyh-kmb kwcw-`-¯nsâ DSa Bbn-cn-¡p-Ibpw
B kwcw`w \S-¯n-s¡m-p-t]m-hp-Ibpw sN¿p¶ Hcmsf kzbw sXmgnÂ sN¿p-¶h - ³ F¶v hnfn-
¡mw. Cý-bnse sXmgnÂ iàn-bnÂ GI-tZiw 52 iX-am-\hpw C¯-c-¡m-cm-Wv. XmÂ¡m-en-I-
ambn tPmen sN¿p¶ sXmgn-em-fn-Isf XmÂ¡m-enI Iqen sXmgn-em-fn-IÄ F¶v hnfn-¡p-¶p. sXmgnÂ
iàn-bpsS 30% Ch-cm-Wv.
Hcp hyàntbm Øm]-\tam Hcp sXmgn-em-fnsb Ønc-ambn tPmen¡v sh¡p-Ibpw AbmÄ¡v
Ønc-amb i¼fw \ÂIp-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p-sh-¦nÂ A¯cw sXmgn-em-fn-Isf Ønc i¼-f¡ - mÀ F¶p
hnfn-¡p-¶p. 18% C¡q-«-cm-Wv.

km¼-¯n-I-imkv{Xw
kzbw sXmgnÂ sN¿p-¶h - cpw Iqen sXmgn-em-fn-Ifpw {KmaoW taJ-e-bn-emWv IqSp-XÂ.

\K-c-§-fnÂ kzbw sXmgnÂ Is-¯n-b-hcpw Ønc i¼-f¡ - m-cp-amWv IqSp-XÂ. {Kma-§f - nÂ `qcn-
`mKw t]cpw kz´w Irjn-bn-S-§f - nÂ sXmgn-se-Sp-¡p-¶h - cpw kz´-ambn Irjn sN¿p-¶h - cpw Bb-
Xn-\m-emWv kzbw sXmgnÂ sN¿p-¶-h-cpsS ]¦v DbÀ¶n-cn-¡-p-¶X - v. \K-c-{]-tZ-i-§-fnÂ sXmgn-ense
kz`mhw hyXy-kvX-am-Wv.
sXmgnÂ : DÂ]m-Z\ bqWn-äp-I-fnÂ, hyh-km-bi - m-eI - -fnÂ, Hmô-kp-I-fnÂ
Hcp cmPy-¯nsâ km¼-¯nI hnI-k\w ]ptcm-Ka - n-¡p-t¼mÄ Irjn-bp-sSbpw A\p-_Ô
{]hÀ¯-\§ - f - p-sSbpw taJ-ebnÂ\n¶v sXmgnÂ hymh-km-bnI tkh\ taJ-eI - -fn-te¡v Hgp-Ipw.
Cu {]{In-bb - nÂ sXmgn-em-fn-IÄ {Kma-§f - nÂ\n¶v \K-c-§-fn-te¡v sNt¡-dpw. Ah-km-\-
L-«§ - f- nÂ tkh-\-ta-Je AXn-thKw hnI-kn-¡p-¶X - n-t\m-sSm¸w sXmgn-enÂ hyh-km-bt- a-Je - b
- psS
]¦v Npcp-§p-¶p.
DXv]m-Z\ taJ-e-IÄ
1. {]mY-anI taJe (Ir-jnbpw A\p-_Ô taJ-e-I-fpw)
2. ZznXob taJe (hy-hk - m-bw)
3. XrXob taJe (tk-h\ taJ-e) F¶n-hb - mWv DXv]m-Z\ taJ-e-IÄ
sXmgnÂ taJ-e-Ifpw CXv aq¶p-am-Wv.
`qcn-`mKw sXmgn-em-fn-I-fp-sSbpw sXmgn-ensâ apJy Dd-hnSw {]mY-anI taJe Xs¶-bmWv
(48.9). sXmgnÂ iàn-bpsS 24 iX-am-\-¯n\v am{Xta ZznXob taJe sXmgnÂ \ÂIp-¶p-ff - q. GI-
tZiw 27 iX-am\w sXmgn-em-fn-IÄ tkh\ taJ-e-bn-emWv (2011-þ12 se IW-¡m-Wn-Xv). 1950-þ2010
Ime-L-«¯nÂ sam¯w B`y-ć Dev]m-Z-\¯ - nsâ hfÀ¨ sXmgn-eh - k
- -c-§f - psS hfÀ¨-tb-¡mÄ
DbÀ¶ tXmXn-em-bn-cp-¶p. F¶n-cp-¶mepw Pn.-Un.-]n.-bpsS hfÀ¨-bnÂ Ft¸mgpw hyXn-bm-\-§Ä
Dm-bn-cp-¶p. Cu Ime-L-«-¯n-Â sXmgnÂ hfÀ¨ cv iX-am-\-t¯mSv ASp-¯m-bn-cp-¶p.
sXmgnÂ clnX hfÀ¨
1990 IfpsS Ah-km-\¯ - nÂ {]Xn-Iq-e-amb sXmgnÂ hfÀ¨m-hy-Xn-bm-\§ - f - mWv Dm-b-Xv.
C¡m-eL - «- ¯ - nÂ Pn.-Un.-]n.-bpsS hfÀ¨bpw sXmgnÂ hf-À¨bpw X½n-ep-ff Aćw hÀ²n¨p h¶p.
CXn-\À°w sXmgn-eh - k
- c- §- Ä hÀ²n-¡msX IqSp-XÂ Nc¡v km[-\-§Ä DXv]m-Zn-¸n-¡m³ Cý³
k¼-Zvhy-hØ - bv¡v Ign-ªp-sh-¶m-Wv. Cu {]Xn-`m-ks¯ sXmgnÂc-lnX hfÀ¨ F¶mWv hnZ-
Kv[À hnti-jn-¸n-¡p-¶X - v.
sXmgn-ensâ hfÀ¨bpw LS-\m-am-ähpw
Cý Hcp ImÀjnI cmPy-am-Wv. _lp-`q-cn-`m-Khpw {Kma-hm-kn-Ifpw apJy-Po-ht- \m-]m[nbmbn
Irjn-sb-IW - ¡- m-¡p-¶h
- c
- p-am-Wv. \½psS hnI-k-\X
- {´w e£yw sh¨-Xv, Irjnsb B{i-bn-¡p¶
P\-hn-`m-K-§-fpsS A\p-]mXw Ip-d-¨p-sIm-p-h-cpI F¶p-f-f-Xm-Wv.
ImÀjnI taJ-eb
- nse sXmgn-enÂ \n¶v ImÀjn-tI-Xc taJ-eb
- n-te¡v kmc-amb amäw
Cý-bnÂ 1972-þ73 Â 74 iX-am\w sXmgnÂi-ànbpw GÀs¸-«n-cp-¶Xv {]mY-anI taJ-e-bn-
em-bn-cp-¶p. 2011-þ12 Â CXv 50 iX-am-\-ambn Ipd-ªp. ZznXo-bþ- -Xr-Xob taJ-e-I-fn-emWv Cý³
sXmgnÂ iàn-bpsS tim`-\-amb `mhn IW-¡m-¡p-¶X - v. Cu taJ-e-bpsS ]¦v bYm-{Iaw 11% ¯nÂ
\n¶v 24% Bbpw 22% ¯nÂ \n¶v 27% Bbpw hÀ²n-¨n-cn-¡p-¶p.
sXmgnÂi-àn-bpsS XmXv¡m-enIhXv¡-cWw
sXmgnÂ iàn hnX-cWw ImWn-¡p-¶Xv Ignª \mev Zim_vZIme-L«- -¯nÂ (1972-þ2012)
kzbw sXmgnÂ sN¿p-¶h - cpw Ønc i¼-f¡- mcpw XmÂ¡m-enI Iqen sXmgn-em-fn-I-fmbn amdn-s¡m-
n-cn-¡p¶p F¶m-Wv. C§s\ kzbw sXmgnÂ sN¿p-¶h - cpw Øncw i¼-f¡ - mcpw XmÂ¡m-enI
Iqen sXmgn-em-fn-I-fmbn amdp¶ {]{In-bbv¡v sXmgnÂ iàn-bpsS XmÂ¡m-en-I-hÂ¡-cWw F¶p

km¼-¯n-I-imkv{Xw
]d-bp¶p. CXv sXmgn-em-fn-I-fpsS ØnXn At§-bäw t¢i-Ic - -am¡n XoÀ¡pw.

Cý³ sXmgnÂ iàn-bpsS A\u-]-Nm-cn-I-hÂ¡-cWw
Bkq-{X-W-hn-Ik - -\¯- nsâ 70 hÀj-§Ä ]n¶n-«n«pw Cý³ sXmgnÂ iàn-bpsS ]Ip-Xn-
bn-e-[n-Ihpw apJy D]-Po-h\ - ¯
- n-\mbn B{i-bn-¡p-¶Xv Irjn-sb-bm-Wv. Cý-bnse Hcp sNdnb
hn`m-K¯- n\p am{Xta Ønc-hc - p-am\w e`n-¡p-¶p-ff - q. sXmgnÂta-J-esb Hu]-Nm-cnI taJe (kw-
L-SnXtaJ-e) F¶pw A\u-]-Nm-cnI taJe (A-kw-LS- n-X-ta-J-e) F¶pw cmbn Xncn-¡mw.
kwL-SnX taJ-e-bnÂ FÃm s]mXp-ta-Jem Øm]-\§ - fpw ]¯nÂ IqSp-XÂ sXmgn-em-fn-IÄ sXmgn-
se-Sp-¡p¶ kzIm-cy-ta-Jem Øm]-\-§fpw DÄs¸-Sp-¶p.
e£-¡-W-¡n\v IÀj-Icpw IÀjI sXmgn-em-fn-Ifpw sNdp hyh-kmb kwcw-`-Icpw AhnsS
sXmgnÂ sN¿p¶ P\-§fpw kzbw sXmgnÂ sN¿p-¶h - cpw ImÀjn-tI-Xc Iqen sXmgn-em-fn-Ifpw
DÄs¸-Sp-¶X - mWv A\u-]-Nm-cnI taJ-e.
Hu]-Nm-cnI taJ-e-bnÂ sXmgn-se-Sp-¡p-¶h - Às¡Ãmw kmaqly kpc£m ]²-Xn-IÄ Dv
Cu taJ-e-bnÂ Df-fh - À¡v am{Xta Ønc-hc - p-am\w e`n-¡p-¶p-f-fq.
k¼-Zvhy-hØ hf-cp-t¼mÄ IqSp-XÂ t]À Hu]-Nm-cnI taJe sXmgn-em-fn-If - mbn amdp-Ibpw
A\u-]-Nm-cnI taJ-eb - nÂ GÀs¸«ncn-¡p¶ sXmgn-em-fn-I-fpsS F®w Ipd-bpIbpw sN¿psa-¶mWv
Bkq-{X-W-hn-Ik - \w hn`m-h\w sN¿p-¶X - v. ]t£ Cý-bnÂ kw`-hn-¡p-¶Xv t\sc adn-¨m-Wv.
Cý-bns-se -G-It- Ziw aq¶p tImSn t]À (6%) am{X-amWv Hu]-Nm-cnI taJ-e-bnÂ ]Wn-sb-Sp-¡p-
¶-Xv. _m¡n 94 iX-am\w sXmgn-em-fn-Ifpw A\u-]N - m-cnI taJ-e-bn-emWv. CXnÂ 20% am{X-amWv
kv{XoIÄ.
Cý-bnÂ Hu]-Nm-cnI taJ-e-bnÂ sXmgn-eh - k - -c-§Ä hf-cm-Xn-cn-¡p-Ibpw A\u-]N - m-cn-I-
ta-J-eb
- nÂ sXmgn-em-fn-I-fpsS F®w IqSp-Ibpw sNbvXp. CXns\ sXmg-n-ensâ A\u-]-Nm-cn-I-
hÂ¡-cWw F¶v ]d-bp-¶p.
sXmgn-en-Ãmbva
Cý-bnÂ ]e-Xcw sXmgn-en-Ãmbva Dv
1. Xpd¶ sXmgn-en-Ãmbva
\ne-hn-ep-ff kml-N-cy-¯nepw {]Xn-ê - -¯nepw sXmgnÂ sN¿p-hm³ Ignhpw k¶-²-Xbpw
Dff HcmÄ¡v sXmgnÂ CÃm¯ kml-Nc - ys¯ Xpd¶ sXmgn-en-Ãmbva F¶v ]d-bp-¶p.
2. {]Ñ¶ sXmgn-en-Ãmbva
Cý-bnÂ Irjn-bn-S§- f
- nÂ ImW-s¸-Sp¶ sXmgn-en-Ãm-bvasb {]Ñ¶ sXmgn-en-Ãmbva
F¶v hnfn-¡mw. Hcp tPmen ]qÀ¯o-I-cn-¡p-¶X - n\v Bh-iy-amb sXmgn-em-fn-I-sf-¡mÄ IqSp-
XÂ Bfp-IÄ tPmen sN¿p-¶p-s-¦nÂ B Ah-Øsb {]Ñ¶ sXm-gn-en-Ãmbva F¶v hnfn-
¡p¶p. Cý³ ImÀjnI taJ-e-bnÂ sXmgnÂ sN¿p-¶-h-cnÂ aq¶n-sem¶p t]cpw {]Ñ¶
sXmgn-en-Ãmbva A\p-`-hn-¡p-¶pv.
3. ImenI sXmgn-en-Ãmbva
Cý-bpsS ImÀjnI taJ-e-bnÂ ImenI sXmgn-en-Ãmbva \ne-\nÂ¡p-¶p. Cu taJ-e-bnse
sXmgn-ep-IÄ Imen-I-am-Wv. hÀj-¯nse FÃm amk-§f - nepw ImÀjnI taJ-e-bnÂ sXmgnÂ
Ah-kc - -§Ä e`n-¡p-¶n-Ã. Cu kabw AhÀ sXmgnÂ tXSn \K-c-{]-tZ-i-§-fnÂ t]mIp-¶p.

km¼-¯n-I-imkv{Xw
A[ymbw 8
]Ým-¯e kuI-cy-§Ä
cmPy-¯nsâ hnI-k-\¯
- n\v kuI-cy-sam--¡p¶ ]n´pWmLS-I§
- sf ]Ým-¯e kuI-cy-
§Ä F¶v ]d-bp-¶p.
tdmUp-IÄ, sdbnÂth, Xpd-ap-J§ - Ä, hnam-\-¯m-h-f-§Ä, AW-s¡-«p-IÄ, sshZyp-X-]-²-
Xn-IÄ, F® hmXI ss]¸v sse\p-IÄ, hmÀ¯m-hn-\n-ab kuI-cy-§Ä, kvIqfp-Ifpw tImtf-Pp-
Ifpw DÄs¸-sS-bp-ff hnZym-`ymk hy-hØ
- -IÄ,Bip-]{XnIÄ DÄs¸-Sp¶ Btcm-Ky-ta-J-e, IpSnþ
sh-ffw DÄs¸-sS-bp-ff ipNo-I-cW kuI-cy-§Ä, _m¦p-IÄ, C³jp-d³kv, aäv [\-Imcy hyh-Ø-
IÄ XpS-§n-bh DÄs¸-Sp¶ [\-k-{¼-Zmbw F¶n-h-sbÃmw tNÀ¶-XmWv ]Ým-¯e kuI-cy§Ä.
]Ým-¯e kuI-cy-§sf cmbn Xcw-Xn-cn-¡mw. km¼-¯n-I]Ým-¯e kuI-cy-§fpw
kmaq-ln-I]Ým-¯e kuI-cy-§fpw. DuÀÖw, KXm-KX hmÀ¯m-an-\n-abw F¶n-ht- bmSv _Ô-
ap-ff kuI-cy-§f
- m-Wv km¼-¯nI ]Ým-¯e kuIcy§Ä. hnZym-`ym-kw, Btcm-Kyw,- ]mÀ¸nSw
XpS-§n-bh kmaq-lnI ]Ým-¯e kuI-cy-§f- nÂs¸-Sp-¶p.
]Ým-¯e kuI-cy-§-fpsS {]kàn
Hcp B[p-\nI hymh-km-bnI k¼-Zvhy-hØ - -bpsS Imcy-£-a-amb {]hÀ¯-\¯ - n\v ]Ým-
¯e kuI-cy-§Ä A\n-hm-cy-am-Wv. B[p-\nI ImÀjnI taJ-ebpw Chsb h³tXm-XnÂ B{i-bn-
¡p-¶p. ]Ým-¯e kuI-cy-§Ä Dev]m-Z\ - L
- -S-I-§-fpsS DÂ¸m-Z\- £
- -aX hÀ²n-¸n-¨p-sImpw P\-
§-fpsS PohnX KpW-\n-e-hmcw DbÀ¯n-s¡m-p-amWv km¼-¯nI hnI-k-\¯ - nÂ klm-bn-¡p-¶-
Xv. Btcm-Ky-c£m Imcy-§-fnÂ ]Ým-¯e kuI-cy-§Ä henb kw`m-h\ sN¿p-¶p-v.
Cý-bnse ]Ým-¯e kuI-cy-§-fpsS AhØ

2001-þse Imt\-jp-amcn IW¡v {]Imcw Cý³ {Kma§-fnse 56% hoSp-IÄ am{Xta sshZyp-
Xo-I-cn-¡s- ¸-«n-«p-f-fq. 43% t]À Ct¸mgpw as®-®-bmWv D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶-Xv. GI-tZiw 90 iX-am\w
{KmaoW IpSpw-_§ - fpw ]mN-I¯ - n\v ssPh CÔ-\§ - Ä Xs¶-bmWv D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶-Xv. Ch-cnÂ
24 iX-am-\-¯n\v am{Xta ss]¸v shffw e`y-am-Ip-¶p-ff - q. GI-tZiw 76 iX-am\w P\-§fpw IpSn-
sh-ff
- ¯
- n\v Xpd-Êmb IpSn-sh-ff t{kmX-Êp-If - mb InW-dp-IÄ, Ipf-§Ä, Pe-kw-`-c-Wn-IÄ, XSm-
I-§Ä, \Zn-IÄ, tXmSp-IÄ apX-em-b-h-sb-bmWv B{i-bn-¡p-¶X - v. {Kma-{]-tZ-i-§f - nse 20 iX-am-\-
¯n-\v am-{Xta B[p-\nI coXn-bn-ep-ff ipNo-I-cW kuI-cy-§Ä e`n-¡p-¶p-ff - q.
Pn.-Un.-]n.-bpsS 34 iX-am\w am{X-amWv Cý ]Ým-¯e kuI-cy-§Ä¡mbn amän-sh-bv¡p-
¶-Xv. CXv ssN\, Ct´m-t\jy F¶o cmPy-§sf At]-£n¨v hfsc Ipd-hm-Wv. Nne km¼-¯nI
imkv{X-ÚÀ kqNn-¸n-¡p-¶Xv Ipd¨v Zim-_vZ-§Ä¡p-f-fnÂ Cý temIs¯ aq¶m-as-¯ henb
km¼-¯nI iàn-bmIpw F¶m-Wv. CXv kw`-hn-¡W - s- a-¦nÂ Cý-bpsS ]Ým-¯e kuI-cy-§-
fnse \nt£]w Ip¯s\ DbÀt¯--Xp-v. ]Ým-¯e kuI-cy-§f - psS hnI-k-\hpw km¼-¯nI
hnI-k-\hpw ssItImÀ¯p-sIm-mWv apt¶-dp-¶X - v.
DuÀÖw (Energy)
cmPy-¯nsâ hnI-k\ {]{In-bb
- nÂ \nÀ®mbI LS-Ia - mWv DuÀÖw. hyh-km-b§
- Ä¡pw
Irjn¡pw hoSp-IÄ¡pw FÃmw DuÀÖw AXym-hi - y-am-Wv.

km¼-¯n-I-imkv{Xw
DuÀÖ t{kmX-Êp-IÄ
DuÀÖ-t{km-X-Êp-IÄ cv Xcw Dv:þ hmWn-Pyhpw hmWn-tPy-X-chpw.
s]t{Sm-fn-bhpw sshZyp-Xnbpw hmWn-Py-t{kmX-Êp-I-fm-Wv. Ch ]p\-cp-]-tbmKw sN¿p-hm³ Ign-bp-
¶-hb- Ã
- . ImÀjn-Im-h-in-jn-S-§Ä, DW¡ NmWIw XpS-§nbh hmWn-tPy-Xc DuÀÖt{kmX-Êp-
I-fm-Wv.
hmWn-Py-þ-hm-WntPyXc DuÀÖ Dd-hn-S§
- sf ]c-¼c - m-KX DuÀÖ Dd-hn-S§
- Ä F¶v ]d-bp-¶p.
60% IpSpw-_-§fpw ]c-¼c
- m-KX DuÀÖ Dd-hn-S§
- sf B{i-bn-¡p-¶p.
]c-¼-tcy-Xc DuÀÖ Dd-hn-S§
- Ä
kutcmÀÖw, ImänÂ \n¶p-ff DuÀÖw, Xnc-am-e-If - nÂ \n¶p-ff DuÀÖw F¶n-hsb
]c-¼t- cy-Xc DuÀÖ Dd-hn-S§
- Ä F¶v ]d-bp-¶p. Ch-sbÃmw ]p\-cp-]-tbmKw sN¿m³ Ign-bp-¶-
h-bm-Wv.
hmWnPy DuÀÖ-¯nsâ D]-t`mK LS\
Cý-bnÂ D]-tbm-Kn-¡p¶ sam¯w DuÀÖ-¯nsâ 74% hmWnPy DuÀÖ-am-Wv. CXnÂ
Gähpw IqSp-XÂ IÂ¡-cn-bpw, sXm«p ]n¶nÂ F® 33 -i-X-am-\hpw, {]IrXn hmXIw 9 iX-am-
\hpw Pe-ssh-ZypXn 3 iX-am-\hpw BIp-¶p. hnd-Iv, NmW-Iw, ImÀjn-Im-h-in-jvS-§Ä XpS-§n-b
hmWn-tPy-Xc DuÀÖw sam¯w DuÀÖ D]-t`m-K-¯nsâ 36% hcp-¶p.
sshZyp-tXmÀÖw
B[p-\nI kwkvIm-c-¯nÂ Gähpw IqSp-XÂ hnI-kn-¸n-¡-s¸« DuÀÖ-amWv sshZyq-
tXmÀÖw. Hcp cmPy-¯nsâ, km-¼¯
- nI hnI-k\w \nÝ-bn-¡p-¶-XnÂ \nÀ®m-bI Øm\-amWv
sshZyp-Xnbv¡v. Cý-bnÂ 2013 Â DuÀtÖmÂ]m-Z-\¯ - nsâ 70 iX-am-\hpw Xmt]mÀÖ t{kmX-
Êp-If
- nÂ \n¶m-Wv. Pe-ssh-Zyp-Xn, ImänÂ \n¶p-ff sshZypXn F¶nh Bbn-cn-¡p-t¼mÄ BW-
thmÀÖw shdpw cv iX-am\w am-{X-am-Wv.
Ipdª sNe-hnÂ sshZypXn DXv]m-Zn-¸n-¡m-hp¶ amÀ¤-amWv BW-thmÀÖw. Ct¸mÄ
sam¯w DuÀtÖm-]t- bm-K¯
- nsâ tIhew 2% am{X-amWv Cu DuÀÖ-¯nsâ kw`m-h\
- . CXv Xptemw
Ipd-hm-Wv.
DuÀÖ-ta-J-eb
- nse Nne shÃp-hn-fn-IÄ
1. DXv]m-Zn-¸n-¡p¶ DuÀÖw apgph\pw Ańa D]-t`m-àm-¡-fnÂ F¯p-¶n-Ã.
Hcp `mKw DuÀÖ \ne-b§
- f
- nÂ Xs¶ D]-t`mKw sN¿-s¸-Sp-¶p. IqSmsX Hcp `mKw
{]-kc-W\
- -jvS-amWv.
2. 7% apXÂ 8% hsc hmÀjnI hfÀ¨m-\n-c¡v ssIh-cn-¡p-¶X- n\v Cý-bpsS DuÀtÖmÂ]m-Z-\-
¯nsâ Øm]n-X-tijn ]cym-]vX-a-Ã. hÀ²n-¨p-h-cp¶ sshZyp-Xn-bpsS Bhiyw \nd-th-äm³
Cý-bpsS hmWn-tPymÀÖ-¯nsâ DXv]m-Z-\¯ - nÂ 7 iX-am\w hmÀjnI hÀ²-\hv
t\tS--Xpv.
3. sshZypXn hnX-cWw sN¿p¶ kwØm\ sshZypXn t_mÀUp-IÄ henb \jvS-¯n-em-Wv.
{]k-cW hnX-cW \jvShpw sshZypXn hne \nÝ-bn-¡p-¶-Xnse ]nghpw, Imcy-£-aX Ipdhpw
aqe-amWv CXv kw`-hn-¡p-¶X
- v. sshZypXn tamj-Whpw \jvSw hÀ²n-¸n-¡p-¶p.
4. sshZypXn \nÀ½m-Wc
- w-K¯v kzImcytaJ-eb
- psS ]¦pw hntZ-i\
- n-t£-]I
- c
- psS ]¦pw DbÀ¯Ww

km¼-¯n-I-imkv{Xw
5. cmPy-¯nsâ hnhn[ `mK-§f

- nÂ Dm-Ip¶ ZoÀL-t\-c-ap-ff ]hÀI-«p-Ifpw DbÀ¶ sshZypXn
NmÀÖpw s]mXp-P-\§fnÂ Akzm-ckyw Dm-¡p-¶p.
6. Cý-bnse DuÀÖ-¯nsâ apJy Dd-hn-S-amb Xm]-ssh-ZypX taJ-ebnÂ IÂ¡-cn-bp-sSbpw aäv
Akw-kvIrX hkvXp-¡f
- p-sSbpw e`yX Ipdhv A\p-`-h-s¸-Sp-¶p.
BtcmKyw (Health)
BtcmKyw F¶Xv tcmK-§-fpsS A`mhw am{X-a-Ã, Hcm-fpsS tijn Xncn-¨d
- n-bp-¶-Xn-\p-ff
Ignhv IqSn-bm-Wv. Hcm-fpsS t£a-¯nsâ Af-hp-tIm-em-Wn-Xv.
s]mXpsh inip-ac
- -W-\n-c-¡v,amXr-a-c-W-\n-c-¡v,BbqÀssZÀLyw,t]mj-Im-lmc \ne-hm-cw,
]I-cp-¶Xpw AÃm-¯X
- p-amb Akp-J§
- f
- psS km¶n²yw XpS-§nb kqN-I§
- Ä ]cn-K-Wn-¨p-sIm-
mWv P\-X-bpsS Btcm-Kys¯ hnZ-Kv[À Af-¡p-¶X
- v.
Bip-]-{Xn-IÄ, tUmIvSÀamÀ, \gvkp-amÀ, aäv ]mcm-sa-Un¡Â s{]m^-j-We
- p-IÄ, InS-¡-
IÄ, Bip-]{Xn D]-Ic
- -W-§Ä, sa¨-s¸« Huj[ \nÀ½mW hyh-kmbw XpS-§n-b-h-sbÃmw DÄs¸-
Sp-¶-XmWv BtcmKy ]Ým-¯e kuI-cy-§Ä.
BtcmKy ]Ým-¯e kuI-cy-§-fpsS Ah-Ø
Cý¡v Imem-Im-e-§-fmbn hfsc hnim-e-amb BtcmKy ]Ým-¯e kuI-cy-§fpw
hyXykvX Xe-§-fn-ep-ff a\p-jy-hn-`h§fpw hfÀ¯n-sb-Sp-¡m³ km[n-¨n-«p-v. {]mY-an-Im-tcm-Ky-
tI-{µ-§Ä (PHCs) F¶-dn-bs
- ¸-Sp¶ Bip-]-{Xn-IÄ {Kmao-W-X-e¯
- nÂ Øm]n-¡s
- ¸-«n-«p-v. AXp-
t]mse kzIm-cy-ta-J-eb
- nepw ]e k¶² kwL-S\
- I
- Ä \S-¯p¶ [mcmfw Bip-]-{Xn-IÄ Chn-sS-
bp-v. 2013 Â Bipp-]-{Xn-bp-sSbpw Unkvs]³k-dn-If
- p-tSbpw F®w 44000 BWv. B-ip-]{Xn InS-
¡-If
- psS-F®w 6.3 e£w BWv. \gvkp-am-cpsS F®w 23.44 e£hpw Atem-¸Xn tUmIvSÀam-cpsS
F®w 9.2 e£-ambpw DbÀ¶p.
kzImcy taJ-eb
- ns-se -B-tcmKy ]Ým-¯e kuI-cy-§Ä
Cý-bnse 70 iX-am-\-¯n-tesd Bip-]-{Xn-Ifpw kzImcy taJ-e-bn-em-Wv. e`y-amb Bip-
]{Xn¡nS-¡-bnÂ A©nÂ cv `mKw kzIm-cy-ta-J-eb
- n-em-Wv. 60% Unkvs]³k-dn-Ifpw kzImcy
taJ-e-bnÂ Xs¶-bm-Wv. InS¯n NnIn-Õn-¡p-¶hcpsS 46 iX-am\¯n\pw AÃm-¯h
- c
- psS 80
iX-am-\-¯n\pw BtcmKy c£m-kw-hn-[m-\§
- Ä \ÂIp-¶Xv kzImcy taJ-e-bm-Wv.
Cý-bnse sshZy-imkv{X k{¼-Zm-b-§Ä
BbqÀth-Z, tbmK, bp\m-\n, kn², {]IrXn NnIn-Õ, tlman-tbm-¸-Xn, (AYUSH) F¶o
Bdv k{¼-Zm-b§
- Ä tNÀ¶-XmWv Cý-bnse sshZy-imkv{X k{¼-Zm-bw.
BtKmf tcmK `mcw
temI P\-kw-Jy-bpsS 17% am{X-ap-ff Cý-bnÂ `bm-\I
- -amb coXn-bnÂ 20 iX-am-\-t¯mfw
BtKmf tcmK `mcw (GBD) Dv. Hcp {]tXyI tcmKw aqew AIm-e¯
- nÂ ac-W-a-Sb
- p¶ Bfp-I-
fpsS F®w BWv BtKmf tcmK `mcw F¶v ]d-bp-¶-Xv.
• {Kmao-W-ta-Je
- -bnÂ BtcmKy kwhn-[m-\§
- Ä \K-c-{]-tZ-i-§-tf-¡mÄ hfsc ]n¶n-em-Wv.
• kv{XoI-fpsS Btcm-Ky-Im-cy-§fpw Xr]vXn-Ic
- -a-Ã.

km¼-¯n-I-imkv{Xw
-A²ymbw: 9
]cnØn-Xnbpw kpØnc hnI-k-\hpw
]cnØn-Xn
`qan-bnse FÃm hn`-h§
- f
- p-sSbpw k©-b-amWv ]cnØn-Xn F¶p ]d-bp-¶X
- v.- A-Xm-bXv
ssPhhpw(P´p kkyPme-§Ä) AssPhhpamb (hmbp, shÅw, a®v) FÃm LS-I§ - fpw DÄs¸-
Sp-¶-XmWv ]cnØn-Xn.
]cnØn-XnbpsS [À½-§Ä
1. hn`-h§
- Ä {]Zm\w sN¿p¶p.
2. ]mgvhkvXp-¡fpsS \nÀ½mÀÖ\w.
3. ssPh sshhn-[y-¯n-eqsS Poh³ \ne-\nÀ¯p¶p.
4. kpµ-cm-\p-`qXn \ÂIp-¶p.
]p\cpev]mZ\tijnbpw kzmwioIcWtijnbpw
]cnØn-Xnbv¡v kzm`m-hn-I-am-b- Hcp ]p\cpÂ¸mZ\tijnbpw (Xm§m-\pÅ tijn) AXp-
t]mse PoÀ®n- ¡ p- ¶ - h sb DÄs¡m- f - f m- \ p- f f Hcp tijnbpapv . {]IrXnhn`h§fpsS
]p\ÀkrjvSnbpsS \nc¡nt\¡mÄ thK¯nÂ Ah D]tbmKn¡pt¼mgpw ]mgvhkvXp-¡fpsS
\nÀ½mÀÖ\ tijntb¡mÄ Ah Ipan-ªp- Iq-Spt¼mgpw ]cnØn-Xn \mi-¯nemIpw.
]cnØn-Xn t\cn-Sp¶ shÃp-hn-fn-IÄ
]cnØn-Xn t\cn-Sp¶ 2 shÃp-hn-fn-IfmWv BtKmfXm]-\hpw Hmtkm¬ timj-Whpw
1. BtKmf Xm]-\w.
ùam-´-co-£-¯nsâ ic-micn Xm]\ne-bn-ep-ff hÀ²\hn-s\-bmWv BtKm-f-Xm-]\w F¶p
]d-bp-¶X- v. hyhkmbhÂ¡cW¯nsâ `mKambn lcn-XK - r-lh
- m-XI
- §
- Ä (NqSns\ BKncWw sN¿p-
¶ hmX-I-§Ä) \nc-ćw A´-co-£-¯n-te¡v F¯p¶-Xn-\m-emWv ùam-´-co-£-¯n\v NqSv
hÀ²n¡p¶-Xv.
Imc-W§
- Ä
 IÂ¡cn, s]t{Sm-fnbw XpS-§nb CÔ-\§ - fpw ssPh amen\y§fpw I¯n-¡p-¶Xv.
h\-\i
- o-IcWw
hyhkmbhÂ¡cWw.
BtKmf Xm]-\¯nsâ `hn-jy-¯p-IÄ.
 {[ph-{]-tZ-is¯ aªp-ae
- -IÄ -D-cpIn IS-ense Pe-\n-çv Dbcpw.
 ip² Pe-£m-a-ap-mIpw.
 Poh-Pm-e-§Ä¡v hwi-\miw kw`-hn-¡pw.
 {]Ir-Xn-t£m-`-§Ä Dm-Ipw.
 DjvWt- a-Jem tcmK-§Ä Dm-Ipw.
2. Hmtkm¬ timj-Ww.
kqcy-\nÂ \n¶p-ff A]-I-SI- -c-amb AÄ{Sm-hb
- e
- äv civan-IÄ `qan-bn-se-¯msX XS-bp¶
`qan- b psS Hcp kwc- £ W Ih- N - a mWv Hmtkm¬ ]mfn. F¶mÂ a\p- j y- c psS \m\m- h n[
{]hÀ¯\§Ä aqew `qan-bnÂ \n¶p-b-cp¶ t¢mdn³ kw-bp-à§ - -fpsS ê-ambn Cu ]mfn¡v \miw
kw`-hn-¨p- sIm-n-cn-¡p-Ib
- m-Wv.

km¼-¯n-I-imkv{Xw
Hmtkm¬ timj-W¯nsâ `hn-jy-¯p-IÄ.

 kqjva Pohn-IÄ¡v \miw kw`-hn¡pw.
 NÀ½mÀ_pZw DmIpw.
 Pe-Po-hn-IÄ \in¡pw.
]cnØn-Xn kwc-£W¯n\v ap³K-W\ \ÂtI {]iv\-§-Ä.
1. a®nsâ A]-Nbw.
a®nsâ ê`qbnjvSX \jvSs¸«v Irjn-tbm-Ky-aÃ - m-sX-bmIp¶ Ah-Øb
- mWv a®nsâ A]-
Nbw. a®n\v A]-Nbapm-Ip-¶X - nsâ {][m\ Imc-W§ - Ä
 h\-\i- o-I-c-Ww.
 hnf-am-ä-¯nsâ A`mhw.
 AanXamb `qKÀ` PeJ\\w.
 \Zn-If- nÂ \n¶p-ff Aan-X-amb aWÂ hmcÂ.
 cmk-hf - §
- f
- p-sSbpw IoS-\m-in-\n-I-fp-sSbpw Aan-tXm-]t- bmKw.
 HmSvþCjvSn-I \nÀ½mW¯n\mbn ê-]p-jvS-amb taÂa®v D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶-Xv.
2. hmbpaen-\o-Ic
- Ww.
hyh-kmbime-If - nÂ \n¶pw tamt«mÀ hml\§fnÂ\n¶pw A´-co-£-¯n-te¡v Xf-f-s¸-
Sp¶ ImÀ_¬ tamtWm-Ivssk-Uv, ImÀ_¬ Utbm-Ivssk-Uv, kÄ^À Utbm-Ivssk-Uv F¶o
hmX-I§
- f
- pw s]mSn]Se§fpamWv hmbp aen-\o-I-cW¯n\pff {][m-\I- mc-Ww. ]e-Xcw tcmK-
§Ä¡pw AIm-ea - r-Xyp-hn\pw hsc CXnSbm¡pw.
3. Peaen-\o-Ic
- Ww.
Cý-bnse D]-cn-X-eP - e- -¯ntâbpw `qKÀ`Pe¯ntâbpw hen-sbmcp`mKw aen-\ambn«p-v.
aen\Pe-¯nsâ D]-tbmKw hb-dn-f¡w, sl¸-ssä-än-kv, IpSÂhnc-IÄ XpS-§nb ]e tcmK-§Ä¡pw
Im-c-W-am-Ip-¶p. Pe aen-\o-I-cW¯n\pff {][m-\- Imc-W§ - Ä Xmsg-¸-d-bp¶h-bm-Wv.
 a\p-jy- hn-kÀÖyw.
 hoSp-If
- nÂ \n¶p-ff ]mgvPew
 hyh-kmb imeI-fnÂ \n¶p-ff aen\Pew.
 Irjn-`q-an-bnÂ \n¶v Hen-¨n-d-§p¶ cmk-hf
- hpw IoS-\m-in-\n-Ifpw IeÀ¶ Pew.
4. ssPh sshhn-[y-\miw
]e-- Xc¯nepff PohPme§Ä tNÀ¶ Bhmk hyhØbmWv a\pjy\mhiyw. AXn\mÂ
`qanbnse ssPhsshh[ys¯ kwc£nt¡XmhiyamWv.
5. Jcamen\y kwkvIc
- -Ww.
amen\y§fpsS DdhnS§fnÂh¨pXs¶ ssPhþAssPh amen\y§fmbn thÀXncn¨v
imkv{Xobambn kwkvIcns¨¦nÂ am{Xta Cu{]iv\¯n\v ]cnlmcamIp.
]cn-ØnXn kwc-£W \S-]-Sn-IÄ
lnam-e-b³ ImSp-I-fpsS kwc-£W¯n\mbn kpµÀemÂ _lpKpWbpsS t\XrXz¯nÂ
cq]w sIm 'Nn]vtIm" {]Øm\hpw IÀ®m-SI - -bnÂ {]hÀ¯n¡p¶ 'B¸ntIm' {]Øm-\hpw
]cn-ØnXn kwc-£W¯n\mbn {]hÀ¯n¡p¶ kw-LS- -\-If - mWv. Aim-kv{Xo-b-amb acw apdn-¡Â
XS-bp-¶-Xn\pw P\-§Ä¡n-Sb - nÂ ]cn-ØnXn Aht_m[-w Dm-¡p-¶-Xn\pw KWy-amb kw`m-h-\-
IÄ \ÂIp-¶-h-bmWv C¯cw kw-L-S\ - I
- Ä.
km¼-¯n-I-imkv{Xw
kpØnc hnI-k-\-w
]cn-ØnXn kulr-Z-amb hnI-k-\a
- mWv kpØnc hnI-k-\w- . `mhn Xe-ap-d-bpsS Bh-iy-
§Ä¡v XS-Ê-ap-m-Im¯ hn[-¯nÂ C¶s¯ Xe-ap-d-bpsS Bh-iy-§Ä \nd-th-äm³ Ign-bp¶
hnI-k-\a
- mWv kpØnc hnI-k-\w- .
kpØnc hnI-k\
- -s¯ XS-bp¶ LS-I§
- Ä
 hnI-kzc cmPy-§fnse P\-kwJym hnkvt^m-S\ - w.
 ]pXp¡m-\m-Im¯ hn`h-§sf CÃm-Xm-¡p¶ B[p-\nI kmt¦XnI hnZy-IÄ.
 h³ tXmXnÂ amen\yw krjvSn-¡p¶ Dev]m-Z\ kwhn-[m\w.
 hnI-knX cmPy-§f
- psS hÀ²n¨ D]-t`m-K-Pz-cw.
kpØnc hnI-k\
- - X{´-§Ä
{Kma§-fnÂ tKm_À Kymkpw LPG bpw D]-tbm-Ks - ¸-Sp-¯pI.
\K-c-§-fnÂ hml\§fnÂ CNG D]-tbm-Kn¨mÂ hmbpaen\oIcWw Ipdbpw.
 iàamb Imäpff Øe§fnÂ ImämSn b{´§Ä Øm]n¨mÂ sshZypXn e`n¡pw.
kutcmÀÖs¯ sshZypXnbm¡n amäpI.
an\n Pe-ssh-ZypX ]²-Xn-IÄ Bcw-`n-¡p-I.
]c-¼c- mK-X Adn-hp-IÄ kzoIcn¡pI.
ssPhhf§Ä D]-tbm-Kn¨pff Irjnk{¼Zmbw t{]mÂkmln¸n¡pI.
]mc-¼t- cy-Xc DuÀÖ Dd-hn-S§
- Ä D]-tbm-Ks¸Sp¯Ww.
ssPh-Ir-jn
ssPhhf§fpw ssPhIoS\min\nIfpw am{Xw D]tbmKs¸Sp¯ns¡mpff
Irjnk{¼ZmbamWv ssPhIrjn. cmkIoS\min\nIsfÃmw AXv Hgnhm¡p¶p. ]¨neIÄ,
tImgn¡mjvS w, NmWIw F¶nh D]tbmKn¨pm¡p¶ ssPhIt¼mÌmWv ssPhhfambn
D]tbmKn¡p¶Xv . th¸v , ]pIbne XpS§nb ssPhhkv X p¡fnÂ \n¶pw Dm¡p¶
IoS\min\nIfmWv ssPhIoS\min\nIÄ. ]cnØnXnt¡m PohPme§Ät¡m bmsXmcphn[
\mi\jvS§Ä hcp¯m¯ ssPhhf§Ä ImÀjntImev]¶§fpsS t]mjIKpWw hÀ²n¸n¡p¶p.
A²ymbw: 10
CýbpsSbpw AbÂ cmPy§fpsSbpw
hnIk\m\p`h§Äþ Hcp XmcXay ]T\w
Cý, ssN\, ]mInØm³ Ch AbÂ cmPy§fmsW¦nepw X½nÂ henb hyXymkapv.
Cý Hcp atXXc _lpI£n P\m[n]Xy cmPyamWv . ssN\bnÂ GII£n cmjv{Sob
kwhn[m\amWpffXv. ]mInØm\mIs« cmjv{Sobambn AØncamWv. F¶mÂ s]mXphmb Hcp
Imcyw Ch aq¶pw hnIkzc cmPy§fmWvv.
hnIk\ X{´§Ä Hcp \nco£Ww
Cýbpw, ssN\bpw, ]mInØm\pw GXmv Htc kab¯v kzX{ámhpIbpw hnIk\
{]hÀ¯\§Ä Bcw`n¡pIbpw sNbvX cmPy§fmWv. Cýbpw ]mInØm\pw 1947epw ssN\
1949 epw kzX{ámbn. km¼¯nI hfÀ¨bv ¡ v ¹m\nMv X{ámWv aq¶p cmPy§fpw

km¼-¯n-I-imkv{Xw
kzoIcn¨ncn¡p¶Xv. Cý-bpsS BZy ]©-hÂkc ]²-Xn 1951 Â XpS-§n-b-t¸mÄ ssN\bp-tS-Xv

1953 epw ]m¡nØmtâXv 1956 epamWv XpS-§n-b-Xv. aq¶p k¼Zv hyhØIfnepw {]m[m\
]¦phln¨Xv s]mXptaJebmWv. F¶mÂ aq¶p cmPy§fpw DZmchÂ¡cWw \S¸m¡nbt¸mÄ
Kh¬saâns\m¸w It¼mf¯n\pw {]m[m\yw \ÂIn.
ssN\bpsS hnIk\m\p`hw
1949 Â amthm tk XqMnsâ t\XrXz¯nÂ GII£n `c-W-coXn kzoI-cn-¨psImv
ssN\bnÂ P\Iob dn¸»nIv Øm]nXambn. ImÀjnI þ hyhkmbnI taJeIfpsS
]ptcmKXn¡mbn 1958 Â al¯mb IpXn¨p Nm«]cn]mSn \S¸m¡n. Iayq¬ k{¼Zmbw \S¸m¡n.
F¶mÂ ssN\bpsS C¶p ImWp¶ hymhkmbnI hfÀ¨bv¡v ImcWw 1978 Â sUMv knbmthm
]nMv \S¸m¡nb km¼¯nI ]cnjvImc§fmWv.
{][m\ ]cnjvImc§Ä
 Iayq¬ k{¼Zmbw Dt]£n¨v D¯chmZnXz IrjncoXn \S¸m¡n.
 Cc«hne k{¼Zmbw \S¸m¡n.
 kzImcy \nt£]IÀ¡v aqe[\ \nt£]w \S¯m³ kzmX{ýw \ÂIn.
 hntZi\nt£]w BIÀjn¡m³ {]tXyI km¼¯nItaJeIÄ Øm]n¨p.
]mInØmsâ hnIk\m\p`hw
Cýsb t]mse ¹m\nMpw an{ik¼ZvhyhØbpamWv ]m¡nØm³ hnIk\ X{ámbn
kzoIcn¨n«pffXv. lcnXhn¹hw \S¸nem¡nbXv ImÀjnItaJebnÂ h³ amäw krjvSn¨p. 1970
IfnÂ ]m¡nØm³ ]e hyhkmb§fpw tZikmÂ¡cn¨p. 1988 Â km¼¯nI ]cnjvImc§Ä¡v
XpS¡an«p. hntZi aqe[\ \nt£]s¯bpw kzImcy aqe[\ \nt£]s¯bpw t{]mÂkmln¸n¨p.
hnIk\kqNI§Ä þ Cý,ssN\,]m¡nØm³
1. GDP bpw _Ôs¸« kqNI§fpw
GDP hfÀ¨m \nc¡v Gähpa[nIw ssN\bnemWv. 1980 IfnÂ GDP hfÀ¨m \nc¡nÂ
Cýtb¡mÄ ap¶nembncp¶ ]m¡nØm³ 2000- \v tijw Cýbv¡v ]n¶nembn. CýbnÂ
Cu ASp¯Ime¯mbn B`yć ØnXnKXnIÄ hfsc sa¨¸«phcp¶Xv Ccp cmPy§fpw
Bi¦tbmsSbmWv ImWp¶Xv.
2. P\kwJym]camb kqNI§Ä.
 P\kwJy hfÀ¨m \nc¡v IqSpXÂ ]m¡nØm\nepw Ipdhv ssN\bnepamWv.
 kv{Xo ]pcpjm\p]mXw aq¶p cmPy§enepw Gsd¡psd XpeyamWv.
 P\km{µX IqSpXÂ Cýbnepw Ipdhv ssN\bnepamWv.
 s^À«nenän \nc¡v IqSpXÂ ]m¡nØm\nepw Ipdhv ssN\bnepamWv.
 \KchÂ¡cWw IqSpXÂ ssN\bnepw ]m¡nØm\nepamWv, Ipdhv Cýbnepw.
3. a\pjyhnIk\ kqNI§Ä (HDI). UNDP BWv CXv hnIkn¸n¨Xv.
 HDI kqNnIbnepw dm¦nepw aäv cv cmPy§tf¡mfpw ssN\ ap¼nemWv.
 Btfmlcn hcpam\w BbpÀssZÀLyw, km£cX \nc¡v, t]mjImlmce`yX,
F¶nhbnepw ssN\ ap¼nemWv.
 inip acW\nc¡v, {]kh ac-W-\n-c¡v F¶nh ssN\bnÂ Ipdhpw Cýbnepw
]mInØm\nepw IqSpXepamWv.
 Zmcn-{ZytcJbv¡v XmsgbpffhcpsS A-\p-]mX-¯nÂ aäv cv cmPy§tf¡mfpw
Cý ap¼nemWv.
 km£cX,ip²Pe hnXcWw F¶nh ]mInØmt\¡Ä sa¨s¸«Xv CýbnemWv.


km¼-¯n-I-imkv{Xw
STATISTICS
ØnXnhnh-c-I-W¡v
(kmwJn-Iw)

km¼-¯n-I-imkv{Xw
A²ymbw 1 : ØnXnhnhc imkv{Xw þ BapJw
kmwJyIw (ØnXnhnhc imkv{Xw or Ìmän-Ìn-Ivkv)

hkvXp-X-Isf kwJym-]-ca
- mbn {]kvXm-hn-¡p-¶-XmWv Ìmän-Ìn-Ivkv.
Ìmän-Ìn-Ivkns\ GI hN-\¯ - nepw _lp-hN - -\-¯nepw \nÀh-Nn-¡mw.
• _lp-h-N\ - ¯
- nÂ ]cn-am-Wm-ßI hnh-c§- Ä AYhm Z¯-§Ä (Umä) F¶mWv AÀ°w.
• GIh-N-\-¯nÂ Ìmän-Ìn-¡Â coXn-IÄ F¶mWv AÀ°wþAXm-bXv Z¯-§-fpsS
tiJ-cWw, hÀ¤o-Ic - -Ww, Ah-Xc
- -Ww, hni-I-e\- w, hymJym\w F¶n-hb
- m-Wv.
km¼-¯nI imkv{X-¯nÂ kmwJy-I-¯nsâ {]m[m\yw or kmwJyIw sN¿p-¶sX´v?

1) km¼-¯n-I-{]-iv\§ - Ä a\-Ên-em-¡m³ klm-bn-¡p¶p
2) k¼-Zvhy-hØ
- b
- psS ASn-Øm\ {]iv\-§Ä¡v D¯cw \ÂIm³ klm-bn-¡p¶p
3) km¼-¯nI \b-§Ä cq]o-I-cn-¡p-¶-Xn\pw ]²Xn \nÀh-l-W¯ - n\pw klm-bn-¡p¶p
4) cp hkvXp-X-IÄ X½n-ep-ff kl-_Ôw ]Tn-¡m³ klm-bn-¡p¶p
5) `mhn {]h-W-XI- Ä {]h-Nn-¡p-¶-Xn\v klm-bn-¡p¶p
6) km¼-¯nI Nc-§-sf-¡p-dn¨v ]Tn-¡p-¶-Xn\v klm-bn-¡p¶p
7) P\-§-fpsS Pohn-X\ - n-eh
- mcw \nÀ®-bn-¡p-¶-Xn\v klm-bn-¡p¶p
8) Ak-aXzw a\-Ên-em-¡p-¶X - n\v klm-bn-¡p¶p
9) k¦oÀW-amb Z¯-§sf eLq-Ic - n-¡p¶p
10) _rl-¯mb tUäsb GXm\pw kwJy-If - n-te¡v Npcp-¡p¶p
11) Xmc-Xay ]T-\-¯n\v kuI-cy-sam-cp-¡p¶p
]cn-am-WmßI Z¯-§fpw KpWm-ßI Z¯-§fpw
]cn-am-WmßI Z¯-§Ä
• kwJym-]c - -ambn Af¶p Xn«-s¸-Sp-¯m-hp-¶X - mWv CXv.
• Ch kwJy-If - n-eqsS {]Xn-]m-Zn-¡p¶p
DZm-l-cWw :þ Db-cw, `mcw, hcp-am-\w, hne, amÀ¡v, Dujvam-hv, hnÂ¸\ apX-em-bh
KpWm-ßI Z¯-§Ä
• kwJym-]c - -ambn Af-¡m³ Ign-bm-¯h-bmW.v
• Chsb kwJy-I-fneqsS {]Xn-]m-Zn-¡p-hm³ Ign-bnÃ. KpW-¯nsâ ASn-Øm-\-¯nÂ dm¦v
sN¿p-¶p.
DZm-l-cWw:þ kuµcyw, kXy-k-Ô-X, _p²niàn, A`n-cp-Nn, at\m-`m-hw, hyànXzw,
Xe-ap-Sn-bpsS \ndw apX-em-bh.
km¼-¯nI {]hÀ¯-\-¯nÂ GÀs¸-Sp¶ hn`m-K-§Ä
1) D]-t`m-àmhv (Xsâ Bh-iy-§Ä Xr]vXn-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶-Xn-\mbn km[\ tkh-\§ - Ä hm§p-¶p).
2) DXv]m-Z-IÀ (km-[\ - §- Ä DXv]m-Zn-¸n-¡p-¶p. DZm-l-cWw:þIÀj-I³, \nÀ½n-¡p¶ BÄ).
3) hnÂ¸-\-¡m-c³ (em`w t\Sp-¶X - n-\mbn km[-\-§Ä hnÂ¡p-¶p).
4) sXmgn-emfn (a-säm-cmÄ¡p-thn tPmen sNbvXv thX\w kzoI-cn-¡p-¶p).
5) sXmgn-ep-Sa (th-X\w \ÂIn asäm-cmsf tPmen¡v \ntbm-Kn-¡p-¶p).

km¼-¯n-I-imkv{Xw
ASn-Øm\ km¼-¯nI {]hÀ¯-§Ä þ D]-t`m-Kw, DXv]m-Z-\w, hnX-cWw

1) D]-t`mKw:þ GXv km[-\-§Ä hm§Ww F¶ Xocp-am\w D]-t`m-àmhv FSp-¡p-¶p.
2) DXv]m-Z\w:þhn]-Wn-bnÂ F´v km[-\-§Ä DXv]m-Zn-¸n-¡-W-sa¶v DXv]m-Z-I³
Xocp-am-\n-¡p-¶p.
3) hnX-cWw:þ tZiob hcp-am\w hnX-cWw sN¿p-¶p. (hm-SI
- , thX-\w, ]en-i, em`w F¶n-§s
- \)
- psS tiJ-cWw (Collection of Data)

A²ymbw 2 : Z¯-§f
Z¯-§-fpsS Dd-hn-S§
- Ä
Z¯-§Ä¡v 2 Dd-hn-S-§f- pv þ a) {]mY-anI Dd-hn-Sw b) ZznXob Dd-hn-Sw
{]mY-anI Z¯-§Ä
• At\zj-I³ t\cn«v tiJ-cn-¡p¶ Z¯-§Ä BWv CXv.
• CXv auenIw BWv
• sNethdn-b-XmWv
• kab-ssZÀLyw IqSp-X-emWv
• BZy hnhcw \ÂIp¶ tUä-bmWv CXv
• IrXy-X-bp-f-f-XmWv
ZznXob Z¯-§Ä
• aäv GP³kn-IÄ t\cs¯ tiJ-cn-¨XnÂ- \n¶pw At\z-j-I³ tiJ-cn-¡p¶ Z¯-§Ä
BWv CXv. CXv {]mY-anI tUä-bnÂ \n¶pw tiJ-cn-¡p-¶p.
• CXv auenIw AÃ
• sNehv Ipd-ªXmWv
• kabem`w Dm-Ip-¶p.
• BZy hnhcw \ÂIp¶ tUä- AÃ
• B{K-ln-¡p-¶-Xp-t]mse IrXy-X-bp-ff - Xv BI-W-sa-¶nÃ
ZznXob Z¯-§-fpsS cpXcw Dd-hn-S§ - Ä
(a) {]kn-²o-I-cn¨ Dd-hn-S§
- Ä :-þ Kh¬saâ v, AÀ²-kÀ¡mÀ {]kn-²o-I-c-W-§Ä, A´ÀtZ-iob
{]kn-²o-I-c-W-§Ä, kzIm-cy-Øm-]-\§ - Ä, sh_v sskäp-IÄ apX-em-bh
(b) {]kn-²o-Icn-¡m¯ Dd-hn-S§- Ä
Z¯-§-fpsS tiJ-cWw ({]m-Y-anI Z¯-§fpsS tiJ-cW - w)

{]mY-anI tUä tiJ-c-W-¯n\v Ìmän-Ìn-¡Â kÀtÆ \S-¯p-¶p. hyàn-If
- nÂ \n¶pw hnh-
c-§Ä tiJ-cn-¡p¶ coXn-bmWv kÀtÆ.
ôÂUv kÀtÆ-bpsS {][m\ L«-§Ä
1) tNmZym-hen/A`n-ap-J¸
- -«nI X¿m-dm-¡Â
2) At\z-jW coXn (Z-¯§ - f- psS tiJ-cW coXn)
3) ]co-£W kÀtÆ
1) tNmZym-hen/A`n-ap-J-¸-«nI X¿m-dm-¡Â
kÀtÆ \S-¯p-¶-Xn-\p-ff D]-Ic - WamWv CXv.

km¼-¯n-I-imkv{Xw
X¿m-dm-¡nb Hcp Iq«w tNmZy-§f - mWv tNmZym-he- n.

tNmZym-hen X¿m-dm-¡p-t¼mÄ {i²n-t¡ Imcy-§Ä (Hcp \Ã tNmZym-he - n-bpsS KpW-§Ä)
i) tNmZy-§f - psS F®w Ipd-hm-bn-cn-¡W- w.
ii) tNmZy§Ä hyàhpw IrXyX Df-fXpw Bbn-cn-¡W - w.
iii) s]mXp-hmb tNmZy-§-fnÂ \n¶pw khn-tij tNmZy§-fn-te¡v hcp¶ coXn BIWw
tNmZy-§f - psS {Iaw.
iv) cv s\K-äohv AÀ°-§Ä Dff tNmZy-§Ä D]-tbm-Kn-¡-cp-Xv.
v) D¯-c-¯n-te¡v \bn-¡p¶ Xcw tNmZy-§Ä Hgn-hm-¡W - w.
vi) _ZÂ D¯-c-§Ä kqNn-¸n-¡p-hm³ ]mSn-Ã.
vii)tNmZy-§Ä - IqSp-XÂ IW-¡p-Iq-«-ep-IÄ hcp¶ Xc-¯n-emI-cp-Xv.
tNmZy-§Ä cp-X-ca - pv
(a) Aäw ASª tNmZy-§Ä (Closed Ended or Structured Questions):þ Ch cp Xcw Dv.
(i) Two Way Questions (Zznam\ tNmZy-§Ä)
CXnÂ cv D¯-c-§Ä am{Xta Dm-Iq. DZm-l-cWw:þ \ÃXv/tamiw, AsX/AÃ
(ii)Multi Choice Questions (_lp hnIÂ¸I tNmZy-§Ä)
H¶n-e-[nIw D¯-c-§-fnÂ Hsc®w sXc-sªSp-¡p¶p.
• C¯cw tNmZy-§Ä D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶-Xn\pw hymJym-\n-¡p-¶-Xn\pw Ffp-¸-am-Wv.
• Ch kvtImÀ sN¿p-¶X - n\pw Ffp-¸-am-Wv.
(b) Aäw Xpd¶ tNmZy-§Ä (Open Ended Questions)
• IqSp-XÂ kzX-{´-amb {]Xn-I-c-W-§Ä e`n-¡p¶p.
• C¯cw tNmZy-§Ä hymJym-\n-¡p-¶Xpw D¯-c-§Ä kvtImÀ sN¿p-¶Xpw {]bm-k-Ic
- -am-Wv.
(2) At\z-jW coXn/{]mY-anI Z¯-§Ä tiJ-cn-¡p-¶-Xn-\p-ff coXn-IÄ

At\z-j-W-¯n\v aq¶v coXn-IÄ Dv.
i) hyàn]c-amb A`n-apJ coXn
ii) X]mÂ aptJ-\-bp-ff tNmZym-hen coXn
iii)sSe-t^m¬ A`n-apJ coXn
i) hyàn]c-amb A`n-apJ coXn
D¯c ZmXm-¡f - p-ambn At\z-j-I³ apJm-apJw At\z-jWw \S-¯p-¶p. A§s\ hnh-c-
§Ä tiJ-cn-¡p-¶p.
ta·-IÄ (Kp-W-§Ä)
(a) At\zj-I\pw D¯c ZmXmhpw X½nÂ t\cn«v hyàn-_Ôw Dm-Ip-¶p.
(b) DbÀ¶ {]Xn-Ic
- W \nc¡v
(c) tNmZy-§f
- psS sXän-²m-cW Hgn-hm-¡m³ Cu coXn A\p-tbm-Py-amWv.
(d) Umä IrXyhpw hniz-k-\o-bhpw BWv.
(e) FÃm-hn[ tNmZy-§fpw D]-tbm-Kn¡mw
(f) Hm¸¬ FâUv tNmZy-§Ä D]-tbm-Ks
- ¸Sp¯p¶-Xn\v Fähpw \ÃXv

km¼-¯n-I-imkv{Xw
t]mcm-bvaI
- Ä
(a) sNe-th-dn-bX
- mWv
(b) IqSp-XÂ ka-bs - sZÀLyw
(c) At\zjW taJe hfsc hep-Xm-sW-¦nÂ Cu coXn A\p-tbm-Py-aÃ
- .
(d) hnhc ZmXm-hns\ kzm[o-\n-¡m\pff km[y-X-bp-v.
ii) X]mÂ aptJ-\-bp-ff tNmZym-hen coXn
X]mÂ amÀKw D¯c ZmXmhn\v tNmZy-§Ä Ab¨p sImSp-¡p-¶p. A§s\ hnh-c-§Ä
tiJ-cn-¡p-¶p.-
ta·-IÄ
(a) Ipdª sNehv
(b) ka-be
- m`w
(c) At\z-jW taJe hfsc hep-Xm-sW-¦nÂ Cu coXn A\p-tbm-PyamWv
(d) ]nt¶m¡ {]tZ-i-§-fnÂ \n¶pw Umä tiJ-cn-¡m³ km[n-¡p-¶p.
(e) sk³kn-äohv (Sensitive) tNmZy-§Ä¡v Gähpw D¯aw
(f) D¯c ZmXm-¡Ä kzm[o-\n-¡s
- ¸-Sp-¶nÃ
t]mcm-bvaI
- Ä
(a) \nc-£-cX Ds-¦nÂ Cu coXn ]cm-P-b-s¸Spw
(b) Ipdª {]Xn-Ic
- W \nc¡v
(c) tNmZy-§f
- psS sXän-²m-cW DmImw
(d) {]Xn-Ic
- Ww t\cn«v a\-Ên-em¡m³ km[n-¡n-Ã.
iii)sSe-t^m¬ A`n-apJ coXn

At\z-j-I³ sSet^m-Wn-eqsS tNmZy-§Ä tNmZn-¡p-¶p. A§s\ hnh-c§
- Ä tiJ-cn-¡p¶p
ta·-IÄ
(a) Ipdª sNehv
(b) ka-be
- m`w
(c) tNmZy-§f
- psS sXämb hymJym\w Hgn-hm-¡m³ Ignbpw
(d) IqSnb {]Xn-Ic
- W \nc¡v
t]mcm-bva-IÄ
(a) D¯c ZmXm-¡Ä¡v sSet^m¬ CsÃ-¦nÂ Cu coXn ]cm-P-b-s¸Spw
(b) {]Xn-Ic
- Ww \nco-£n-¡m³ Ign-bnÃ
(c) ]cn-anX D]-tbmKw
3) ]co-£W kÀtÆ (Pilot Survey)

hen-bt- Xm-Xn-ep-ff kÀtÆbv¡v ap³]v \S-¯p¶ sNdn-bt- Xm-Xn-ep-ff kÀtÆbmWv ]co-£W kÀtÆ.
ta·-IÄ
a) tNmZym-he
- n-bnse tNmZy-§-fpsS A\p-tbm-PyX ap³Iq«n ]cn-tim-[n-¡p¶p

km¼-¯n-I-imkv{Xw
(b) F\yq-a-td-äÀam-cpsS {]I-S\w \nÀ®-bn-¡m³ km[n-¡p-¶p.

(c) bYmÀ° kÀtÆ-bpsS ka-bhpw sNehpw \nÀ®-bn-¡m³ km[n-¡p¶p
(d) bYmÀ° kÀtÆbn-ep-m-Ip¶ A{]-Xo-£nX {]iv\-§Ä Hgn-hm-¡m³ km[n-¡p-¶p.
(e) bYmÀ° kÀtÆsb-¡p-dn¨v Hcp {]mY-anI Adnhv e`n-¡p¶p
sk³kkv kÀtÆbpw km¼nÄ kÀtÆbpw

k¼qÀ® IW-s¡-Sp¸v coXn (sk³kkv coXn)
(Method of Complete Enumeration Method or Census Method/Census Survey)
]T\/At\zjW taJ-e-bnse C\-§-fpsS sam¯-amWv kakvXw/kap-¨bw(Population/
Universe).
ka-kvX-¯nse (Population) FÃm C\-§-fnÂ \n¶pw Z¯-§Ä (data) tiJ-cn-¡p¶ coXn-
bmWv CXv. CXns\ k¼qÀ® F\yq-a-td-j³ coXn F¶pw ]d-bp-¶p.-
DZm:-þ Hmtcm ]¯p-hÀjw IpSp-t´mdpw Cý-bnÂ P\-kwJy IW-s¡-Sp¸v \S-¯p-¶p. 2011 Â
Bbn-cp¶p Ah-km\ P\-kwJy IW-s¡-Sp-¸v.
ta·-IÄ
(a) Hmtcm bqWn-än-t\bpw ]Tn-¡p¶p
(b) hyXykvX khn-ti-j-X-Is
- f-¡p-dn¨v ]Tn-¡p¶p
(c) Z¯-§Ä IqSp-XÂ IrXy-X-bp-ÅXpw hniz-k-\o-bhpw BWv.
(d) IqSpXÂ hnh-c-§Ä e`n-¡p¶p
(e) km¼vfnMv sXäp-IÄ Dm-InÃ
t]mcm-bvaI
- Ä
(a) ka-bs
- sZÀLyw -Iq-Sp-X-emWv
(b) sNe-th-dn-bX
- mWv
(c) IqSp-XÂ a\p-jy-tijn Bh-iy-amWv
(d) FÃm kµÀ`-§-fnepw Cu coXn A\p-tbmPyaÃ
km¼nÄ coXn (km-¼nÄ kÀtÆ) (Sample Method/Sample Survey)
kakvX (Population) s¯ {]Xn-\n-[m\w sN¿p¶ Hcp `mKw (D-]-hn-`m-Kw) BWv km¼nÄ.
- m-¡p-¶p. Z¯-§Ä (data) tiJcn-¡p-¶p. Hcp \Ã km¼nÄ ka-kvX-
km¼nÄ am{Xw ]T-\-hn-t[-ba
s¯-¡p-dn¨v IrXy-X-bpÅ hnh-c-§Ä \ÂIpw.
ta·-IÄ
(a) sNehv Ipd-ªX
- mWv
(b) ka-be
- m`w
(c) Ipdª a\p-jy-tijn aXn-bm-Ipw. AXn-\mÂ sXäp-IÄ Ipd-bv¡m³ Ignbpw
(d) tUä IrXy-X-bp-ÅXpw hniz-k-\o-bhpw BWv.
(e) Nne Imcy-§f
- nÂ Cu coXn am{Xw {]tbm-P\
- s
- ¸-Sp¶p.

km¼-¯n-I-imkv{Xw
t]mcm-bvaI
- Ä
(a) Hmtcm C-\s
- ¯bpw ]Tn-¡W
- s
- a-¦nÂ Cu coXn A\p-tbm-Py-a-Ã.
(b) Hcp km¼n-fnsâ sXämb sXc-sªSp-¡Â sXämb \nK-a\
- §
- f
- n-te¡v \bn¡pw
hnhn-[-Xcw km¼nÄ (km-¼vfn§v coXn-IÄ)

km¼nÄ sXc-sª-Sp-¡m³ cp coXn-If
- mWv DÅ-Xv.-Ah
- ,
1) bmZr-ÝnI km¼vfn§v
2) bmZr-Ýn-I-a-Ãm¯ km¼vfn§v
1) bmZr-ÝnI km¼vfn§v
Cu coXn-bnÂ ka-kvX-¯nse (t]m-¸p-te-j\
- n-se) Hmtcm C\-¯n\pw sXc-sª-Sp-¡s
- ¸-Sm-
\pÅ Xpey Ah-kcw Dv. F¶mÂ CXv Ah-kc LS-I§ - sf B{i-bn-¨n-cn-¡pw.
At\z-j-Isâ Nmbvhv kzm-[o-\n-¡p-¶nÃ. bmZr-Ýn-I-am-bmWv km¼nÄ sXc-sªSp-¡p-¶X
- v.
bmZr-ÝnI km¼n-fp-IÄ cp-X-c-ap-v.
(a) tem«dn coXn
Hmtcm C\-¯n\pw Htc Xc-¯n-epÅ t]¸À Ij-W-§Ä X¿m-dm-¡p-¶p. Ch Hcp
s]«n-bnÂ C«v IeÀ¯n Bh-iy-amb C\-§Ä sXc-sª-Sp-¡p-¶p. km¼nÄ \nÀ½n-¡p-¶p.
(b) dm³Uw \¼À ]«nI coXn
dm³Uw \¼-dp-IÄ Dff ]«n-Ib
- nse kwJy-IÄ D]-tbm-Kn¨v km¼n-fn-te¡v C\-§Ä
sXc-sª-Sp-¡p-¶p. km¼nÄ \nÀ½n-¡p-¶p.
2) bmZr-Ýn-I-aÃ
- m¯ km¼vfn§v
ka-kvX¯
- nse (t]m-¸p-te-j\
- n-se) FÃm C\-§Ä¡pw (bq-Wn-äp-IÄ¡pw) km¼n-fnÂ DÄs¸-
Sp-hm³ Xpey Ah-kcw \ÂIp-¶n-Ã.
• At\zj-Isâ Nmbvhv kzm[o-\n-¡p-¶n-Ã. bmZr-Ýn-tI-X-c-ambn km¼nÄ sXc-sª-Sp-¡p-¶p.
• At\zj-Isâ Dt±-iw, kuI-cyw, hnth-N\w apX-em-b-h-bn-eqsS km¼nÄ sXc-sª-Sp-¡p-¶p.
hnhn-[X
- cw bmZr-Ýn-I-a-Ãm¯ km¼n-fp-IÄ
(1) Purposive Sampling (2) Convenience Sampling (3) Quota Sampling (4) Judgment Sampling
km¼vfn§v sXäpIÄ (Sampling Errors)

km¼nÄ coXn D]-tbm-Kn¨v t]m¸p-te-js
- \-¡p-dn¨v \nK-a-\-§-fnÂ F¯n-t¨cp-t¼mÄ
Dm-Ip¶ sXäp-I-fm-Wn-h.
t]m¸p-te-jsâ bYmÀ° aqeyhpw km¼nÄ aqeyhpw X½n-ep-ff hyXym-k-amWv CXv.
km¼nÄ ]nghv = bYmÀ° aqeyw þ km¼nÄ aqeyw
km¼vfn§v ]nghp-IÄ ]cn-l-cn-¡p-¶X

- n-\p-ff ap³I-cp-X-ep-IÄ
• Hcp henb km¼nÄ FSp-¡pI (km-¼nÄ hep¸w DbÀ¯p-I)

km¼-¯n-I-imkv{Xw
• F\yq-a-tdäÀamÀ¡v icn-bmb ]cn-io-e\w \ÂIpI

• km¼nÄ {i²m-]qÀÆw sXc-sª-Sp-¡pI
km¼vfn§v CXc sXäpIÄ (Non Sampling Errors)
Cu sXäp-IÄ Ipd-bv¡pI {]bm-ka
- m-Wv. C¯cw sXäp-IÄ Kpcp-X-c-am-Wv.
Ch Xmsg-¸-d-bp¶p.
1) Z¯ tiJ-c-W-¯nse ]nghv
{]Xn-Ic
- -W-§Ä sXämbn tcJ-s¸-Sp-¯p-t¼mÄ CXv kw`-hn-¡p-¶p.
2) {]Xn-Ic
- -W-an-Ãmbva aqe-apÅ sXäp-IÄ
km¼n-fnÂ DÅ Hcp hyàn-bp-ambn _Ô-s¸-Sm³ Ign-bmsX hcn-I, hyàn {]Xn-Ic
- n-¡m-Xn-
cn-¡pI F¶o kµÀ`-§-fnemWv CXv kw`-hn-¡p-¶X
- v.
3) km¼vfn§v Nmbvhv
km¼vfn§v ¹m³ {]Imcw t]m¸p-te-j\
- nse Nne C\-§sf km¼n-fnÂ DÄs¸-Sp-¯msX
hcp-t¼mÄ CXv kw`-hn-¡p-¶p.
Cý-bnse sk³kkpw NSSO bpw
Ìmän-Ìn-¡Â tUä tiJ-cn¨v kwkv¡-cn-¡p¶ Nne GP³kn-IÄ Dv.
tZio-b-X-e-¯n-epÅ {][m-\-s¸« GP³kn-IÄ

• sk³kkv Hm^v Cý:þ P\-kw-Jym-]-c-amb khn-ti-j-X-IÄ tiJ-cn-¡p¶p þ P\-kwJy
- n-c¡v, ac-W-\n-c-¡v, enwKm-\p-]mXw km£-cX etc.
hep¸w, P\-\\
• \mj-WÂ km¼nÄ kÀtÆ HmÀK-ss\-tk-j³ (NSSO) :-þ cmPys¯ kmaq-ly-þk
- m-¼¯
- nI
kÀtÆ \S-¯p-¶p. NSSO bpsS ss{Xam-kn-I-bmWv ‘kÀtÆ-£W
- ’.
• sk³{SÂ Ìmän-Ìn-¡Â HmÀK-ss\-tk-j³ (CSO) :þ Cý-bpsS tZiob hcp-am\w
IW¡m¡p¶p
• cPn-kv{SmÀ P\-dÂ Hm^v Cý (RGI)
• Ub-dI
- vS-À P\-dÂ Hm^v sImta-gvkyÂ Câ-en-P³kv B³Uv Ìmän-ÌnIvkv
• te-_À _yqtdm
FIvknäv t]mÄ
sSen-hn-j³ s\äv hÀ¡pIÄ sXc-sª-Sp¸v êw {]h-Nn-¡m-dp-v. CXv FIvknäv t]mfneqsS
BWv \S-¯p-¶-Xv. t]mfnwKv _q¯nÂ \n¶pw ]pd-¯p-hc- p¶ thm«ÀamcpsS bmZr-ÝnI km¼nÄ
sXc-sª-Sp-¡pw. BÀ¡mWv thm«v sNbvXsX¶v Ah-tcmSv tNmZn-¡p¶p Cu Z¯-§fnÂ \n¶pw
{]h-N\w \S-¯p¶p.

km¼-¯n-I-imkv{Xw
A[ymbw: 3
Z¯§fpsS hÀ¤oIcWw
Z¯§fpsS hÀ¤oIcWw /XcwXncnhv (Classification of Data)
kam\ khntijXIfpff Z¯§sf Htc{Kq¸pIfmtbm ¢mkpIfmtbm {IaoIcn¡p¶
{]{Inbbv¡mWv Z¯§fpsS hÀ¤oIcWw (XcwXncn¡Â) F¶p ]dbp¶Xv. Z¯§sf 4 hn[¯nÂ
Xcw Xncn¡mhp¶XmWv.
1. Ime{Iaamb XcwXncn¡Â. (Chronological Classification)
2. `qanimkv{X]camb XcwXncn¡Â. (Geographical Classification)
3. KpWmßIamb XcwXncn¡Â. (Qualitative Classification)
4. ]cnWmßIamb XcwXncn¡Â. (Quantitative Classification)
Z¯§fpsS hÀ¤oIcWw sImpff t\«§Ä
 Z¯§sf XmcXayw sN¿m³ km[n¡pw
 hniIe\w Ffp¸amIpw
 A\mhiyhniZoIcWw Hgnhm¡mw
 Z¯§fpsS {]m[m\yw Hät\m«¯nÂ a\knem¡mw
kmwJnI t{iWnIÄ (Statistical Series)
kmwJnI t{iWnIsf 3 Bbn Xncn¡mw.
1. hyànKX t{iWnIÄ/ kzX{´ t{iWnIÄ (Individual Series)
C\§sf HäXncn¨v t{iWnIfmbn {Ia¯nÂ hn\ykn¡p¶p. DZmlcWambn:
thX\w 250 105 263 425 300 200 270 280 335
2. hn`n¶ t{iWnIÄ (Discrete Series)
\nco£W aqey§fpsS Bhr¯n DÄs¸Sp¯n hnebpsS ASnØm\¯nÂ Ahsb
{Iaambn hn\ykn¡p¶p. DZmlcWambn
amÀ¡v 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Ip«nIfpsS F®w 3 8 9 12 7 6 4 2
3. A\pkyqX t{iWnIÄ (Continuous Series)
X¶ncn¡p¶ Z¯§sf ¢mÊpw Bhr¯nbpambn XcwXncns¨gpXp¶XmWv A\pkyqX
t{iWnIÄ. Bhr¯n hnXcWw A\pkyqX t{iWn¡pZmlcWamWv. DZmlcWambn:
¢mÊv 0þ-10 10-þ20 20þ-30 30þ-40 40þ-50 50-þ60
Bhr¯n 3 8 15 16 9 4
A\pkyqX t{iWnIsf IvfmÊv CâÀhensâ ASnØm\¯nÂ cmbn Xncn¡mw.
1. Fkv¢qknhv IvfmÊv
Hcp ¢mÊnsâ DbÀ¶]cn[n ASp¯ ¢mÊnsâ Xmgv¶]cn[nbmbn hcp¶ coXn.
¢mÊv 10-þ20 20þ-30 30-þ40 40þ-50 50þ-60
Bhr¯n 3 8 15 16 9
2. C³¢qknhv IvfmÊv
Hcp ¢mÊnsâ DbÀ¶]cn[n ASp¯ ¢mÊnsâ Xmgv¶ ]cn[nbmbn hcm¯ coXn.
¢mÊv 10þ-19 20þ-29 30þ-39 40-þ49 50-þ59
Bhr¯n 3 9 15 10 4

km¼-¯n-I-imkv{Xw
Bhr¯n \nc (Frequency Array)

hn`n¶ Nc§fpsS tUämsb Xcw Xncn¡p¶Xns\bmWv Bhr¯n \nc F¶p ]dbp¶Xv.
hn`n¶ Nc§Ä Hcp hi¯pw Bhr¯n adphi¯pw ImWn¨ncn¡p¶ Hcp ]«nIbmWv Bhr¯n
\nc. Ncw, ämen amÀ¡v, Bhr¯n F¶n§s\ aq¶v tImf§fpff Hcp ]«nIbpsS klmb¯memWv
Bhr¯n \nc X¿mdm¡p¶Xv.
DZm: Hcp tânse 20 sXmgnemfnIfpsS Znhk thX\w kw_Ôn¨ hnhc§fmWv
X¶ncn¡p¶Xv. CXp]tbmKn¨v Hcp Bhr¯n \nc X¿mdm¡pI.
50, 54, 50, 55, 56, 54, 50, 57, 50, 55, 56, 54, 56, 50, 54, 55, 54, 54, 57, 56
D¯cw.
ZnhkthX\w Smen amÀ¡v Bhr¯n
50 IIII 5
54 IIII I 6
55 III 3
56 IIII 4
57 II 2
N=20
Bhr¯n hnXcWw (Frequency Distribution)
A\kyqXNc§Ä ¢mkpIfmbn Hcp hi¯pw AhbpsS Bhr¯n adphi¯pw
ImWn¨ncn¡p¶ Hcp ]«nIbmWv Bhr¯n hnXcWw.
Bhr¯n hnXcW \nÀ½Xnbnse 4 NphSpIÄ
Hcp Bhr¯n hnXcW ]«nI X¿mdm¡p¶Xn\v 4 Imcy§Ä ]cnKWn¡Ww.
1. IvfmkpIfpsS F®w \nÝbn¡Â
2. Ivfmknsâ hen¸w(IvfmÊv CâÀhÂ) Xocpam\n¡Â
3. Ivfmkv ]cn[n \nÝbn¡Â
4. Ivfmkv Bhr¯n IW¡m¡Â.
DZm: X¶ncn¡p¶ Z¯§fp]tbmKn¨v Hcp Bhr¯n hnXcW ]«nI X¿mdm¡pI.
10, 17, 15, 22, 11, 16, 19, 24, 29, 11, 25, 26, 32, 14, 17, 20, 23, 27, 30, 12,
15, 18, 24, 39, 18, 15, 21, 28, 33, 38, 34, 13, 10, 16, 20, 22, 29, 19, 23, 31
D¯cw.
Ivfmkv Smen amÀ¡v Bhr¯n
10-14 IIII I 6
14-18 IIII III 8
18-22 IIII II 7
22-26 IIII II 7
26-30 IIII 5
30-34 IIII 4
34-38 I 1
38-42 II 2
N=40

km¼-¯n-I-imkv{Xw
A²ymbw: 4
Z¯§fpsS AhXcWw (Presentation of Data)
Z¯§Ä s]mXpsh hfsc hep¸apffXmbncn¡pw. AXpsImv s]s«¶p {i²n¡
s¸Sp¶Xpw Ffp¸¯nÂ a\Ênem¡p¶Xpamb hn[¯nemhWw Ah AhXcn¸nt¡Xv .
km[mcWbmbn Z¯§Ä AhXcn¸n¡p¶Xn\v 3 amÀ¤§fmWp]tbmKn¡p¶Xv þ
sSIvkväv cq]¯nÂ, ]«nI cq]¯nÂ, {Km^pIfpsSbpw Nn{X§fpsSbpw cq]¯nÂ.
1. sSIvkväv cq]¯nepff AhXcWw.
hnhc§fpw kwJymhneIfpsaÃmw DÄs¸Sp¯n, Z¯§sf hnhcWcq]¯nÂ
AhXcn¸n¡p¶ coXnbmWnXv.
2. ]«nI cq]¯nepff AhXcWw.
]«nI cq]¯nepff AhXcW¯nÂ Z¯§sf hcnIfmbpw \ncIfmbpw AhXcn¸n¡p¶p.
Hcp anI¨ ]«nIbv¡v Xmsg¸dbp¶ `mK§fpmbncn¡pw.
a) ]«nIm \¼À
b) ioÀjIw
c) Xe¡pdn¸v
d) Ì_vkv/ tdm slUnMv
e) Iym]vj³/ tImfw slUnMv
f) DffS¡w
g) {]`h kqNnI
h) ASn¡pdn¸v
3. Nn{X§fpw {Km^pIfpw D]tbmKn¨pff AhXcWw
(Diagrammatic & Graphical Presentation)
kmwJyI Imcy§sf BIÀjIamb Nn{X§fneqsSbpw NmÀ«pIfneqsSbpw
AhXcn¸n¡p¶ coXnbmWnXv. aq¶p Xc¯nepff Ub{K§fpw {Km^pIfpamWpffXv þ
I PymaXob Ub{Kw II Bhr¯n Ub{Kw III KWnXtcJm {Km^pIÄ.
(I) PymaXob Ub{Kw (Geometric Diagram)
PymaXob Ub{Kw cphn[¯nepv. _mÀ Ub{Khpw ss] Ub{Khpw
A) _mÀ Ub{Kw
Aev]w L\apff \ohcIfmbmWv _mdpIÄ tcJs¸Sp¯p¶Xv. _mdpIfpsS \ofw
am{Xta ]cnKWn¡s¸Sp¶pffp. AXn\mÂ _mÀ Ub{K§sf GIam\ Ub{K§sf¶p (one
dimensional diagrams) ]dbpw.
1) kn¼nÄ _mÀ Ub{Kw
Hcp Ncs¯ am{Xw {]Xn\n[oIcn¡m\mWv kn¼nÄ _mÀ Ub{Kw D]tbmKn¡p¶Xv.
DZm: hnhn[ cmPy§fnse P\\ \nc¡v kw_Ôn¨ hnhc§fmWv Xmsg sImSp¯ncn¡p¶Xv.
]«nI D]tbmKn¨v Hcp kn¼nÄ _mÀUb{Kw hcbv¡pI.
cmPyw Cý PÀ½\n bp.sI \yknemâ v ssN\ kzoU³
P\\ \nc¡v 33 16 20 30 40 15

km¼-¯n-I-imkv{Xw
2) aÄ«n¸nÄ _mÀ Ub{Kw

ctm AXne[nItam Nc§Ä DÄs¡mffp¶ tUäsb {]Xn\n[oIcn¡m³
thnbmWv aÄ«n¸nÄ _mÀUb{Kw D]tbmKn¡p¶Xv. ASp¯Sp¯ _mdpIfmWv
CXn\mbn D]tbmKn¡p¶Xv. _mdpIsf X½nÂ Xncn¨dnbm³ \ndtam sjbvtUm \ÂImw.
DZm: ]¯\wXn« PnÃbnse 3 hyhkmb kwc`§fnse hnÂ]\, sam¯em`w, Aäem`w
F¶nhsb kw_Ôn¨ hnhc§fmWv ]«nIbnÂ ImWn¨ncn¡p¶Xv. CXv D]tbmKn¨v
Hcp aÄ«n¸nÄ _mÀ Ub{Kw hcbv¡pI.
I¼\n hnÂ]\ sam¯em`w Aä em`w
(e£w cq]) (e£w cq]) (e£w cq])
X 100 30 10
Y 130 45 25
Z 120 40 15
3) k_v UnsshUUv/It¼mWâ v _mÀ Ub{Kw

Hcp Nc¯nsâ D]hn`mK§sf DÄs¸Sp¯n _mdpIsf LSI§fmbn hn`P\w
sN¿p¶XmWv It¼mWâ v _mÀ Ub{Kw. Hmtcm D]hn`mK§fpw Xncn¨dnbp¶Xn\v
hyXykvX \ndtam sjbvtUm \ÂImw.

km¼-¯n-I-imkv{Xw
DZm: sImÃw PnÃbnse 3 lbÀsk¡dn kvIqfnse hnZymÀ°nIfpsS F®w ]«nI

bnÂ X¶ncn¡p¶p. CXv D]tbmKn¨v Hcp It¼mWâ v _mÀ Ub{Kw hcbv¡pI.
kvIqÄ lypam\näokv I¼yp«À _tbmfPn BsI
kb³kv kb³kv
A 112 58 60 230
B 57 59 49 165
C 60 52 120 232
B) hr¯mtcJIÄ/ss] Ub{Kw
sam¯hpw AhbpsS hn`mKhpw H¶n¨p ImWnt¡nhcpt¼mgmWv
ss]Ub{K§Ä D]tbmKn¡p¶Xv. Hcp hr¯w aptJ\bmWv sam¯s¯ ImWn¡pI.
hr¯¯nsâ JWvU§Ä hgn hn`mKt¯bpw ImWn¡p¶p. ss]Ub{Kw hcbv¡phm\mbn
BZyw sNt¿Xv X¶ncn¡p¶ LSI hneIsf iXam\am¡Ww. B iXam\ hneIsf
AsÃ¦nÂ 3.6 sImv KpWn¡pI. At¸mÄ In«p¶Xv B\p]mXnI Un{Kn
Afhmbncn¡pw. AXn\ptijw CjvSapff Bc¯nÂ Hcp hr¯w hc¨v, AXnÂ Cu
Un{Kn AfhpIÄ s{]m«dmIv S À D]tbmKn¨v Af¶v Bc§Ä hcbv ¡ pI. Hmtcm
hn`mK¯n\pw hyXykvX \ndtam sjbvtUm \ÂImw.
DZm:1 Hcp t{]mPIvSvnsâ `mKambn, AcpÔXn AhcpsS kvIqfnse 50 Ip«nIfpsS
kvIqfnte¡pff bm{XmamÀ¤§sf kw_Ôn¨v Hcp]T\w \S¯nbt¸mÄ e`n¨
hnhc§Ä Xmsg X¶ncn¡p¶p. CXns\ Hcp ss]Ub{Kam¡pI.
bm{Xm kwhn[m\w hnZyÀ°nIfpsS F®w
kvIqÄ _Êv 18
kzImcy hml\w 6
s]mXp hml\w 12
ImÂ \S 14
BsI 50

km¼-¯n-I-imkv{Xw
bm{Xm kwhn[m\w hnZyÀ°nIfpsSF®w iXam\w Un{Kn Afhv
kvIqÄ _Êv 18 x 100 = 36 36 x 3.6 = 129.6
kzImcy hml\w 6 x 100 = 12 12 x 3.6 = 43.2
s]mXp hml\w 12 x 100 = 24 24 x 3.6 = 86.4
ImÂ \S 14 x 100 = 28 28 x 3.6 = 100.8
BsI 50 100 3600
(II) Bhr¯n Ub{Kw (Frequency Diagram)

A) lntÌm{Kmw
H¶nt\msSm¶ptNÀ¶ ew_amb NXpc§fmWv lntÌm{Kmw. ¢mÊv CâÀhÂ
hoXnbmbpw Bhr¯n \ofambpamWv NXpc§Ä hcbv¡p¶Xv. lntÌm{KmanÂ \n¶v
tamUv Ip]nSn¡m³ Ignbpw. CXn\mbn lntÌm{Kmanse Gähpw \ofw IqSnb
NXpc¯nsâ CSXpaqebnÂ\n¶v heXphi¯pff NXpc¯nsâ CSXpaqebnte¡pw,
heXpaqebnÂ\n¶v CSXphi¯pff NXpc¯nsâ heXpaqebnte¡pw Htcm tcJ
hcbv¡pI. Ch kwKan¡p¶ _nµphnÂ \n¶v x A£¯nte¡v Hcp ew_w hc¨mÂ
e`n¡p¶ hnebmWv tamUv.
DZm: 1 X¶ncn¡p¶ tUäm D]tbmKn¨v Hcp lntÌm{Kmw hc¨v tamUv Ip]nSn¡pI.
amÀ¡v 0-þ10 10þ-20 20þ30 30þ40 40þ50
Ip«nIfpsS F®w 5 10 25 18 7

km¼-¯n-I-imkv{Xw
B) Bhr¯n _lp`pPw (Frequency Polygon)

lntÌm{Kmanse FÃm NXpc§fpsSbpw apIÄ`mKs¯ a[y_nµp¡Ä
ASbmfs¸Sp¯n Ahsb t\ÀtcJIÄsImv tbmPn¸n¨mÂ Bhr¯n _lp`pPw
e`n¡pw. kvsIbnensâ klmb¯memWv Bhr¯n _lp`pPw hcbvt¡Xv.
lntÌm{KmanÃmsX Bhr¯n _lp`pPw hcbv¡p¶Xn\v ¢mÊv CâÀhepIfpsS
a[y_nµp¡Ä ImWWw. Hmtcm a[y_nµp¡fptSbpw Bhr¯nIÄ Ahbv¡v t\sc
ASbmfs¸Sp¯pI. Cu _nµp¡Ä t\ÀtcJIÄ sImv tbmPn¸n¡Ww.
DZm: 1 lntÌm{Kmapw Bhr¯n _lp`pPhpw hcbv¡pI.
amÀ¡v 10þ-20 20þ30 30þ40 40þ50 50þ60

Ip«nIfpsS F®w 6 12 24 10 5
C) Bhr¯n h{Iw (Frequency Curve)

Bhr¯n_lp`pPw hcbv¡p¶Xn\pthn
ASbmfs¸Sp¯nb _nµp¡sf t\À tcJIÄ¡p
]Icw Hgp¡³tcJ sImv tbmPn¸nWpw.
D) k©nXmhr¯n h{I§Ä (Ogives)
Bhr¯nbv¡p ]Icw k©nXmhr¯n D]tbmKn¨v hcbv¡p¶ h{I§fmWv k©n
Xmhr¯n h{I§Ä. Ch cp Xcapv. eLpk©nXmhr¯nh{Ihpw (LCFC) Kpcpk©nXm
hr¯nh{Ihpw (MCFC). eLpk©nXmhr¯n D]tbmKn¨v hcbv¡p¶ h{I§sf eLp
k©nXmhr¯n h{Isa¶pw (Less than Ogive), Kpcpk©nXmhr¯n D]tbmKn¨v hcbv¡p¶
h{I§sf Kpcpk©nXmhr¯n h{Isa¶pw (More than Ogive) ]dbpw.
sekvZm³ HPohv Xmsg\n¶v apIfnte¡p Ncnªpw, tamÀZm³ HPohv apIfnÂ
\n¶v Xmtg¡v NcnªpamWv t]mIp¶Xv. cpw Hscmä {Km^nÂ hc¨mÂ Ch Hcp
_nµphnÂ kwKan¡pw. Cu _nµphnÂ\n¶v x A£¯nte¡v Hcp ew_w hc¨mÂ
aoUnbÂ e`n¡pw.
tNmZyw 2. cv Xcw k©nXmhr¯n h{I§fpw hc¨v aoUnb³ ASbmfs¸Sp¯pI.
Ivfmkv 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50
Bhr¯n 3 10 14 10 3
D¯cw:

km¼-¯n-I-imkv{Xw
(III) KWnXtcJm {Km^pIÄ/Imet{iWo {Km^pIÄ

(Arithmetic line Graph/ Time Series Graph)
kmwJnItUäsb Ime¯nsâ ASnØm\¯nÂ {IaoIcn¡p¶ coXnbmWv
Imet{iWo {Km^pIÄ. ChnsS kabs¯bmWv NcamsbSp¡p¶Xv. AXv aWn¡qtdm,
Znhktam BgvNtbm amktam hÀjtam BImw. Ch x A£¯nepw Nc§fpsS aqeyw
y A£¯nepw tcJs¸Sp¯p¶p.
tNmZyw 1. ]¯\wXn« PnÃbnse Hcp I¼\nbpsS em`s¯ kw_Ôn¡p¶
hnhc§fmWv ]«nIbnÂ \ÂInbncn¡p¶Xv. Hcp Imet{iWo{Km^v hcbv¡pI.
hÀjw 1993 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
em`w (e£¯nÂ) 60 72 75 65 80 95
D¯cw

km¼-¯n-I-imkv{Xw
Chapter - 5
- Ä (Measures of Central Tendency)
tI{µ-{]-h-WXmam\-I§
icm-icn (Average) : Hcp Iq«w aqey-§sf {]Xn-\n-[m\w sN¿p¶ Hcp GI-aq-ey-s¯-bmWv icm-
icn F¶v ]d-bp-¶X
- v.
hnhn-[-Xcw icm-i-cn-IÄ (Types of Averages)
1. - -am[yw AYhm am[yw (Arithmetic mean)
kam-ć
2. a[ym¦w AYhm am[yIw (Median)
3. _lp-eIw (Mode)
1. kam-´-ca
- m[yw
Hcp Iq«w \nco-£-W-§-fpsS BsI-Xp-Isb \nco-£-W-§-fpsS F®w sImv lcn-¨mÂ e`n-
¡p-¶-XmWv kam-´-c-am-[yw. am[ys¯ kqNn-¸n-¡m³ X D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶p.
a. hyàn-KX t{iWn (Individual series)
ChnsS am[yw ImWm³ X¶n-cn-¡p¶ FÃm kwJy-If
- p-tSbpw BsI-Xp-I-sb AXnsâ F®w
sImv lcn-¡W
- w. x
Am, X = ChnsS n = aqey-§-fpsS F®w
n
DZm-l-cWw 1 . Hcp ¢mÊnse 5 Ip«n-If

- psS amÀ¡v X¶n-cn-¡p-¶p. kam-ć
- -am[yw
Is-¯pI? 17, 13, 8, 12, 10
x
17 + 13 + 8 + 12 + 10 60
D¯cw : Am, X = = = = 12
n 5 5
b. - t- {iWn (Discrete series) : ChnsS Hmtcm \nco-£-W-§-fp-tSbpw Bhr-¯nsb
Ak-´X
AXmXv \nco-£Ww sImv KpWn-¡p-¶p. A{]-Imcw e`n-¡p¶ aqey-§-fpsS BsI-Xp-Isb
AXnsâ sam¯w Bhr-¯n-sImv lcn-¡p-¶p.
fx ChnsS N = sam¯w Bhr¯n

AM, X =

DZml-cWw 2 : NphsS sImSp¯n-cn-¡p¶ Z¯-§-fpsS kam-ć
- -am[yw Is-¯p-I.
amÀ¡v 10 20 30 40 50
Ip«n-If
- psS F®w 3 7 12 10 8

km¼-¯n-I-imkv{Xw
D¯cw :
amÀ¡v (x) Ip«n-If

- psS F®w (f) fx fx
AM, X =
10 3 30 
20 7 140 330
=
30 12 360 40
40 10 400
= 33.25
50 8 400
N = 40 fx = 1330
c. k´-X-t{iWn (continuous series) : ChnsS kam-ć
- -am[yw ImWm³ Hmtcm ¢mÊn-sâbpw
a[y-_n-µp-hns\ (midpoint) Bhr-¯n-sImv KpWn¨v In«p¶ XpIsb sam¯w Bhr-¯n-sImv
lcn-¡p-¶p.
fx ChnsS x = ¢mÊp-I-fpsS a[y-_nµp, N = sam¯w Bhr¯n
AM, X =

DZm-l-cWw 3 : NphsS sImSp¯n-cn-¡p¶ Z¯-§f
- psS kam-ć
- -am[yw IW-¡m-¡p-I.
amÀ¡v 0þ10 10-þ20 20-þ30 30-þ40 40-þ50
Ip«n-If
- psS F®w 2 8 13 10 7
D¯cw :
amÀ¡v Ip«n-If
- psS F®w (f) a[y-_nµp (x) fx
0- þ 10 2 5 10
10 þ20 8 15 120
20 þ30 13 25 325
30 þ40 10 35 350
40 þ50 7 45 315
N = 40  fx = 1120
fx 20
AM, X = = = 28
 40
am[y--¯nsâ ck-I-c-amb khn-ti-jX (An interesting property of arithmetic mean).

kam-ć
- -am-[y-¯nÂ \n¶pÅ aqey-§-fpsS hyXn-bm-\-§-fpsS BsI XpI FÃm-bvt]mgpw
]qPy-am-bn-cn-¡pw. AXm-b-Xv,
( x-x ) = 0
DZm-l-cWw 4 : NphsS sImSp¯n-cn-¡p¶ t{iWn-bnÂ kam-ć

- -am[yw Ip-]n-Sn¨v kam-ć
-
-am-[y-¯nÂ \n¶pÅ hyXn-bm-\-§-fpsS BsI XpI ]qPy-am-sW¶v sXfn-bn-¡p-I.
4, 7, 9, 8, 2

km¼-¯n-I-imkv{Xw
D¯cw :
x x-x=x-6
x
AM, X =
 4 4 - 6 = -2
7 7-6=1
4+7+9+8+2
= 9 9-6=3
5
8 8-6=2
30
= =6 2 2 - 6 = -4
5
 (x - x ) = 0
2. a[ym¦w AYhm am[yIw (median)

Z¯-§sf Ah-bpsS Af-hnsâ ASn-Øm-\¯
- nÂ {Ia-s¸-Sp-¯n-bmÂ AXnsâ a[y-¯nÂ hcp¶
aqey-amWv a[ym-¦w.
a. hyàn-KX t{iWn (Individual series)
ChnsS Z¯-§sf Gähpw sNdp-XnÂ \n¶v hep-Xn-te¡v {Ia-s¸-Sp¯n Fgp-Xp-t¼mÄ AXnsâ
a[y-¯nÂ hcp¶ aqey-amWv a[ym-¦w. a[ym¦w Xmsg-Im-Wp¶ ka-hmIyw D]-tbm-Kn¨v
IW-¡m-¡mw.
n+1 th C\w,
a[ym¦w =
( )
2
ChnsS n = Z¯-§f
- psS F®w
DZm-l-cWw 5 : NphsS sImSp¯n-cn-¡p¶ Z¯-§-fpsS a[ym¦w IW-¡m-¡p-I.

12, 16, 10, 5,8
D¯cw : Btcm-l-W-{I-a-¯nÂ 5, 8, 10, 12, 16

th
a[ym¦w = n+1 ( C\w = 5+1 th C\w = 3þm-as¯ C\w = 10
)
2 2
( )
Ipdn¸v : Z¯-§f- psS F®w Hcp Cc-«kwJy BsW-¦nÂ a[y-¯nÂ hcp¶ cv kwJy-I-
fpsS am[y-amWv a[ym-¦w.
DZm- l - c Ww 6 : Xmsg sImSp¯n- c n- ¡ p¶ Z¯- § - f psS a[ym¦w IW- ¡ m- ¡ p- I .
21, 25, 20, 18, 10, 8
D¯cw : Btcm-l-W{- I-a¯

- nÂ 8, 10, 18, 20, 21, 25
th
a[ym¦w = n+1
2
th
( )
C\w = ( ) 6+1 th
2
C\w = ( )
7
2
th
C\w = (3.5) C\w
= aq¶m-as¯ C\w + \mem-as¯ C\w  

= = = 19
2 2 2

km¼-¯n-I-imkv{Xw
b. Ak-´X t{iWn (Discrete series) : ChnsS a[ym-¦¯

- nsâ Øm\w Is-¯p-¶Xv k©n-
Xm-hr-¯n-bn-eq-sS-bm-Wv.
th
a[ym¦w = N+1
( )
2
C\w ChnsS N = sam¯w Bhr¯n
DZm-l-cWw 7 : NphsS sImSp¯n-cn-¡p¶ t{iWn-bpsS a[ym¦w IW-¡m-¡p-I.
hcp-am\w 100 200 300 400 500
hyàn-If
- psS F®w 2 4 6 5 3
D¯cw :
hcp-am\w (-x) hyàn-If

- psS F®w (f) -k©n-Xm-hr¯n (cf)
100 2 2
200 4 6
300 6 12
400 5 17
500 3 20
N = 20
20+1 th th
a[ym¦w = ( )n+1 th C\w =
2
( )2
C\w = ( )
21
2
C\w = 10.5 þmas¯ C\w
10.5-þm-as¯ C\w hcp-¶Xv 12 F¶ k©n-Xm-hr-¯n-bn-em-Wv . AXn\v t\sc-bpÅ

hcp-am\w (x) 300 BWv. Bb-Xn-\mÂ a[ym¦w = 300
c. k-´Xt{iWn (continuous series)

N/2 cf
a[ym¦w = L + xh
f
ChnsS, L = a[ym-¦- ¢mÊnsâ Xmgv¶ ]cn-[n.
a[ym¦ ¢mÊv = N/2 sâ aqeyw k©n-Xm-hr-¯n-bn-Â DÄs¸-Sp¶ ¢mÊv.
N = sam¯w Bhr¯n
cf = a[ym¦ ¢mÊnsâ sXm«pap³]pÅ ¢mÊnsâ Bhr¯n
f = a[ym¦ ¢mÊnsâ Bhr¯n
h = a[ym¦ ¢mÊnsâ CS-thf
DZm-l-cWw 8 þ NphsS sImSp¯n-cn-¡p¶ t{iWn-bpsS a[ym¦w IW-¡m-¡p-I.
¢mÊv 0þ10 10-þ20 20-þ30 30-þ40 40-þ50

Bhr¯n -- 2 6 10 8 4

km¼-¯n-I-imkv{Xw
D¯cw :
¢mÊv Bhr¯n (f) k©n-Xm-hr¯n (cf)
0 þ 10 2 2
10- þ 20 6 8
20- þ 30 10 18
30 þ 40 8 26
40 -þ 50 4 30
N=30
N/2 cf 15-8 7
a[ym¦w = L + x h= 20+ x = 20 + x = 20 + 7 = 27
f 10 10
10 10
hn`-P\ aqey-§Ä (Partition values)
Z¯-§sf cv Xpey-`m-K-§-fmbn hn`-Pn-¡p¶ aqey-amWv a[ym-¦w. aäv hn`-P\
- a
- q-ey-§Ä Xmsg
]d-bp-¶-h-bm-Wv.
i NXpÀY-I-§Ä ( Quartiles) : Z¯-§sf \mev Xpey-`m-K-§-fmbn hn`-Pn-¡p¶ Af-hp-I-
fmWv NXpÀY-I-§Ä. NXpÀY-I-§Ä 3 F®-ap-v.
a. H¶mas¯ NXpÀY-Iw AYhm Xmgv¶ NXpÀYIw (Q1) : Hcp hnX-c-W¯

- nse 25% C\-
§fpw Q1 \v Xmsgbpw 75% C\-§Ä Q1 \v apI-fn-ep-am-bn-cn-¡pw.
b. cmw NXpÀYIw AYhm a[ym¦w (Q2) : Q2\v Xmsgbpw apI-fn-ep-ambn 50% C\-§Ä
Dm-bn-cn-¡pw.
c. aq¶mw NXpÀYIw AYhm DbÀ¶ NXpÀYIw (Q3) : hnX-c-W¯
- nse 75% C\-§fpw Q3
¡v Xmsgbpw 25% C\-§Ä Q3¡v apI-fn-ep-am-bn-cn-¡pw.
ii Zi-a-I§
- Ä (Deciles) : hnX-c-Ws¯ 10 Xpey-`m-K-§-fmbn hn`-Pn-¡p¶ aqey-§-fmWv Zi-
a-I-§Ä. D1, D2, .......D9 F¶n-§s\ BsI 9 Zi-aI-§Ä Dm-Ipw.
iii iX-a-§Ä (Percentiles) : hnX-c-Ws¯ 100 Xpey `mK-§f
- mbn hn`-Pn-¡p¶ aqey-§Ä
BWv iX-a-§Ä. P1, P2, .......P99 F¶n-§s\ BsI 99 iX-a-§Ä Dm-Ipw.
3. _lp-eIw (mode)
Hcp t{iWn-bnÂ Gähpw IqSp-XÂ XhW BhÀ¯n-¡-s¸-Sp¶ Z¯-aq-ey-amWv _lp-e-

- s¯ Mo D]-tbm-Kn¨v kqNn-¸n-¡p-¶p.
Iw. _lp-eI
a. hyàn-KX t{iWn (individual series) : Mo = Gähpw IqSp-XÂ XhW BhÀ¯n-¡p¶ aqeyw
DZm-l-cWw 9 þ NphsS sImSp¯n-cn-¡p¶ t{iWn-bnse _lp-eIw IW-¡m-¡p-I.
4, 7, 5, 8, 7 , 4 , 6 , 9, 4
D¯cw : ChnsS Gd-dhpw IqSp-XÂ XhW BhÀ¯n-¡p¶ aqeyw 4 BWv. Bb-Xn-\mÂ
- w, Mo = 4
_lp-eI

km¼-¯n-I-imkv{Xw
b. - t- {iWn (discrete series):

Ak-´X
Mo = Gähpw henb Bhr-¯n-bpÅ aqeyw
DZm-l-cWw 10 : NphsS sImSp¯n-cn-¡p¶ Z¯-§f
- nÂ \n¶v _lp-eIw ImWp-I.
amÀ¡v : 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Ip«n-If
- psS F®w : 4 8 15 21 14 6 3
D¯cw : ChnsS Gähpw DbÀ¶ Bhr¯n 21 Dw AXnsâ aqeyw 40 Dw BWv.

Bb-Xn-\mÂ Mo = 40.
c. k´-X-t{iWn (continuous series)
D1
Mo L= + xh
D1D2
ChnsS, L = _lp-eI
- ¢mÊn-sâ Xmgv¶ ]cn-[n.
_lp-eI ¢mÊv = Gähpw henb Bhr-¯n-bpÅ ¢mÊv
D1 = _lp-eI ¢mÊnsâ Bhr-¯nbpw sXm«pap³]p-Å -¢m-Ênsâ
Bhr-¯nbpw X½n-epÅ hyXym-kw.
D2 = _lp-eI ¢mÊnsâ Bhr-¯nbpw sXm«pXmsgbp-Å -¢m-Ênsâ
Bhr-¯nbpw X½n-epÅ hyXym-kw.
h= ¢mÊnsâ CS-thf
DZm-l-cWw 11 : NphsS sImSp¯n-cn-¡p¶ Bhr¯n hnX-c-W¯
- nsâ _lp-eIw IW-¡m-¡p-I.
amÀ¡v : 0þ10 10-þ20 20-þ30 30-þ40 40-þ50
Ip«n-If
- psS F®w : 3 7 15 10 5
D¯cw :
D1 8 80
Mo = L + x h = 20 + x 10 = 20 + = 20 + 6.15 = 26.15
D1D2 8+5 13
kam-ć - psS Bt]-£nI Øm\w (Relative position of

- -am-[yw, a[ym-¦w, _lp-eIw F¶n-hb
Mean, Median & Mode)
FÃm-bvt]mgpw a[ym-¦-¯nsâ Øm\w kam-ć
- -am-[y-¯n\pw _lp-eI
- -¯n\pw CS-bn-em-bn-cn-
¡pw. AXm-b-Xv, Me > Mi > Mo AYhm Me < Mi < Mo. ChnsS Me - kam-ć am[yw,
Mi - a[ym¦w, Mo - _lp-eIw.

km¼-¯n-I-imkv{Xw
Chapter - 6
{]IoÀW\ am\-I-§Ä (Measures of dispersion)
Hcp hnX-c-W¯
- nse aqey-§Ä AXnsâ icm-i-cn-bnÂ\n¶v F{X-am{Xw hyXym-k-s¸-«n-cn-¡p¶p
F¶v ImWn-¡pI kmwJynI D]-I-c-W-amWv {]IoÀ¯\w AYhm hyXn-bm-\w.
1. td©v (Range)
Hcp hnX-c-W¯
- nse Gähpw henb aqeyhpw (H) Gähpw sNdnb aqeyhpw (L) X½n-epÅ hyXym-
k-amWv td©v.
td©v = H - L td©nsâ KpWm¦w = H - L
H+L
a. hyàn-KX t{iWn (individual series)

DZm-l-cWw 1 : td©pw td©nsâ KpWm-¦hpw IW-¡m-¡p-I.
5, 8, 17, 12, 10, 25
H-L 25-5 20
td©v = H - L = 25- þ 5 = 20 td©nsâ KpWm¦w = = = = 0.67
H + L 25+5 30
b. Ak-´X t{iWn (discrete series)
DZm-l-cWw þ 2 : td©pw td©nsâ KpWm-¦hpw IW-¡m-¡p-I.

amÀ¡v 10 20 30 40 50 60
Ip«n-If
- psS F®w 3 8 15 12 7 2
D¯cw :
td©v = H - L = 60- þ 10 = 50 H-L 60-10 50
td©nsâ KpWm¦w = = = = 0.71
H + L 60+10 70
c. k-´X t{iWn (continuous series) :
DZm-l-cWw þ 3 : NphsS sImSp¯n-cn-¡p¶ t{iWn-bnse td©pw td©nsâ KpWm-¦hpw

IW-¡m-¡p-I.
amÀ¡v 0þ10 10þ20 20þ30 30þ40 40þ50
Ip«n-If
- psS F®w 3 8 15 12 6
D¯cw :
H-L 50-0 50
td©v = H - L = 50- þ 0 = 50 td©nsâ KpWm¦w = H + L = 50+0 = =1
50
Ipdn¸v þ k´-X-t{i-Wn-bnÂ Gähpw DbÀ¶ ¢mÊnsâ DbÀ¶ ]cn-[nbpw (upper limit) Gähpw
sNdnb ¢mÊnsâ Xmgv¶ ]cn-[nbpw (lower limit) X½n-epÅ hyXym-k-amWv td©v.

km¼-¯n-I-imkv{Xw
2. NXpÀYI hyXn-bm\w (Quartile deviation)
Hcp hnX-c-W¯
- nsâ DbÀ¶ NXpÀY-Ihpw (Q3) Xmgv¶ NXpÀY-Ihpw (Q1) X½n-epÅ hyXym-k-
¯nsâ ]Ip-Xn-bmWv NXpÀYI hyXn-bm-\w(Q.D). Q.D F¶Xv AÀ[-NX
- pÀY-Im´ ]cn[n F¶pw
Adn-b-s¸-Sp-¶p. Q.D Ip-]n-Sn-¡p-¶-Xn\v BZyw Q1Dw Q3bpw ImtW--Xp-v.
NXpÀY-Im´ ]cn[n (Interquartile range) = Q3 - Q1

Q3 - Q1
NXpÀYI hyXn-bm\w (Q.D) =
2
Q3 - Q1
NXpÀYI hyXn-bm-\¯
- nsâ KpWm¦w =
Q3 + Q1
a. hyàn-KX t{iWn (individual series)
n+1 th n+1 th
Q1 =
( )4
C\w Q3 = 3
( )4
C\w
DZm-lcWw 4 : NphsS sImSp¯n-cn-¡p¶ t{iWn-bpsS NXpÀYI hyXn-bm-\hpw

NXpÀYI hyXn-bm\ KpWm-¦hpw IW-¡m-¡p-I.
10, 14, 5, 19, 25, 32, 28

- nÂ : 5, 10, 14, 19, 25, 28, 32
th th
n+1 th C\w =
Q1 =
( )4 ( ) 7+1
4
C\w = ( )8
4
C\w = 2nd C\w = 10
th
Q3 = 3
n+1 th C\w = 3 7+1 th C\w = 3
4 ( ) 4 ( ) ( ) 8
4
C\w = 3 x 2nd C\w
= 6th C\w = 28
Q3 - Q1 28 - 10 18
QD = = = =9
2 2 2
Q3 - Q1 28 - 10 18
QD bpsS KpWm¦w = = = = 0.47
Q3 + Q1 28 + 10 38
DZm-l-cWw 5 : NphsS sImSp¯n-cn-¡p¶ t{iWn-bnse NXpÀYI hyXn-bm-\hpw NXpÀYI

hyXn-bm\ KpWm-¦hpw IW-¡m-¡p-I.
100, 110, 90, 84, 115, 127

- nÂ : 84, 90, 100, 110, 115, 127

km¼-¯n-I-imkv{Xw
th th
N+1 thC\w =
Q1 =
( )4 ( )
6+1
4
C\w =
( ) 7
4
C\w = (1.75) th C\w
= 1þmas¯ C\w + 0.75 ( 2þm-as¯ C\w þ 1þm-as¯ C\w)
= 84 + 0.75 (90-þ84) = 84 + 0.75 (6) = 84 + 4.5 = 88.5

th
N+1 thC\w = 3
Q3 = 3 ( )
4 ( )6+1
4
C\w = 3
( ) 7
4
th
C\w = 3 x 1.75th C\w = 5.25th C\w
= 5-mas¯ C\w + 0.25 (6-þm-as¯ C\w þ 5þm-as¯ C\w)

= 115 + 0.25 (127-115) = 115 + 0.25 (12) = 115+3=118.
Q3 - Q1 118 - 88.5 29.5

QD = = = = 14.75
2 2 2
Q3 - Q1 118 - 88.5 29.5
Q3 + Q1 118 + 206.5
88.5
b. Ak-´X-t{iWn (Discrete series)
N+1 th N+1 th
Q1 =
( )
4
C\w Q3 = 3
( ) 4
C\w
DZm-l-cWw 6 : NphsS sImSp¯n-cn-¡p¶ t{iWn-bpsS NXpÀYI hyXn-bm-\hpw NXpÀYI

hyXn-bm\ KpWm-¦hpw IW-¡m-¡p-I.
amÀ¡v : 5 10 15 20 25
Ip«n-If
- psS F®w : 3 8 12 7 2
D¯cw :

- psS F®w (f) k©n-Xm-hr¯n (cf)
5 3 3
10 8 11
15 12 23
20 7 30
25 2 32
N= 32

km¼-¯n-I-imkv{Xw
N+1 th C\w = 32+1 thC\w = 33 th

Q1 =
( )4 4 ( ) ( ) 4
C\w = 8.25 th C\w
= 8.25 DÄs¸-Sp¶ k©n-Xm-hr¯n 11 BWv. AXn\v t\sc-bpÅ aqeyw 10 BWv.
... Q1 = 10
th th
N+1 th C\w = 3 C\w = 24.75 thC\w
Q3 = 3
( )4 ( )
32+1
4
C\w = 3
( )
33
4
24.75 DÄs¸-Sp¶ k©n-Xm-hr¯n 30 BWv. AXn\v t\sc-bpÅ aqeyw 20 BWv.
... Q3 = 20
Q3 - Q1 20-10 10
QD = = = =5
2 2 2
Q3 - Q1 20-10 10
Q3 + Q1 20+10 30
c. k-´X t{iWn (continuous series)

N/4 cf
Q1 = L+ xh
f
ChnsS
L = Q1 ¢mÊnsâ Xmgv¶ ]cn[n,
Q1 ¢mÊv = N/4 DÄs¸-Sp¶ k©n-Xm-hr-¯n-bpsS ¢mÊv
N = sam¯w Bhr¯n,
c.f = Q1 ¢mÊn\v sXm«p-ap³]pÅ ¢mÊnsâ k©n-Xm-hr-¯n.
f = Q1 ¢mÊnsâ B-hr-¯n,
h = ¢mÊnsâ CSthf
3N/4 cf
Q3 = L+ xh
f
ChnsS
L = Q3 ¢mÊnsâ Xmgv¶ ]cn[n,
Q3 ¢mÊv = 3 N/4 DÄs¸-Sp¶ k©n-Xm-hr-¯n-bpsS ¢mÊv
N = sam¯w Bhr¯n,
c.f = Q3 ¢mÊn\v sXm«p-ap³]pÅ ¢mÊnsâ k©n-Xm-hr-¯n.
f = Q3 ¢mÊnsâ B-hr-¯n.
h = ¢mÊv CSthf

km¼-¯n-I-imkv{Xw
DZm-l-cWw 7 : NphsS sImSp¯n-cn-¡p¶ t{iWn-bnse QD bpw QD bpsS KpWm-¦hpw

IW-¡m-¡p-I.
amÀ¡v : 0þ10 10-þ20 20-þ30 30-þ40 40-þ50 50þ60
Ip«n-If
- psS F®w : 2 9 15 10 8 6
D¯cw :
amÀ¡v Ip«n-If
- psS F®w (f) k©n-Xm-hr¯n (cf)
0 þ 10 2 2
10- þ 20 9 11
20- þ 30 15 26
30 þ 40 10 36
40 -þ 50 8 44
50- þ 60 6 50
N=50
N/4 cf 12.5-11
Q1 = L + x h = 20 + x
f 15
10
1.5 15
= 20 + x = 20 + = 20 + 1 = 21
15 15
10
3N/4 cf 3x12.5-36 1.5

Q3 = L + x h = 40 + x 10 = 40 + x
f 8 8
10
15
= 40 + = 40 + 1.88 = 41.88
8
Q3 - Q1 41.88 - 21 20.88
QD = = = = 10.44
2 2 2
Q3 - Q1 41.88 - 21 20.88
Q3 + Q1 41.88 + 21 62.88

km¼-¯n-I-imkv{Xw
3. am[y- hy-Xn-bm\w (Mean Deviation)
Hcp t{iWn-bnse Hmtcm aqeyhpw icm-i-cnbpw X½n-epÅ hyXym-k-¯nsâ kam-ć am[y-

amWv am[y hyXn-bm-\w.
MD
am[y-hy-Xn-bm-\-¯nsâ KpWm¦w =
icm-icn
am[y-hy-Xn-bm\w kam-ć am[y-¯nÂ \n¶pw a[ym-¦-¯nÂ \n¶pw IW-¡m¡m-hp-¶X

- m-Wv.
a. hyàn-KX t{iWn (individual series) :
 |d|
MD =
n
ChnsS |d| = |x-icm-icn|, n = aqey-§-fpsS F®w
DZmlcWw 8 : NphsS sImSp¯n-cn-¡p¶ Z¯-§f

- psS kam-ć
- -am-[y-¯nÂ \n¶pÅ am[y
hyXn-bm\w Ip-]n-Sn-¡p-I.
10, 8, 4, 5, 3
D¯cw :
x |d| = |x - x| = |x - 6 |
kam-ć am[yw x = nx =
 30
=6
5
10 4
8 2
 |d| 12
4 2 am[y-hy-Xn-bm\w MD = = = 2.4
5 1 n 5
3 3 MD 2.4
MD bpsS KpWm¦w = icm-icn = = 0.4
x = 30  |d| = 12 6
DZm-l-cWw 9 : NphsS sImSp¯n-cn-¡p¶ t{iWn-bpsS a[ym-¦-¯nÂ \n¶pÅ am[y-
hy-Xn-bm-\hpw AXnsâ KpWm-¦hpw IW-¡m-¡p-I.
7, 12, 5, 3, 10
D¯cw : Btcm-l-W-{I-a-¯nÂ : 3, 5, 7, 10, 12
th
n+1 thC\w = 5+1 th
a[ym¦w =
2 ( ) 2 ( )
C\w = (6/2) C\w = 3þmas¯ C\w = 7
x |d| = |x - median|
 |d| 14
7 0 MD = = = 2.8
n 5
12 5
5 2 MD
MD bpsS KpWm¦w = icm-icn
3 4
10 3 MD 2.8
= a[ym¦w = = 0.4
 |d| = 14 7

km¼-¯n-I-imkv{Xw
b. Ak-´X-t{iWn (Discrete series) :

f|d|
MD = ChnsS N = sam¯w Bhr¯n, |d| = |x- icm-icn |
N
DZm-l-cWw 10 : NphsS sImSp¯n-cn-¡p¶ t{iWn-bpsS kam-ć am[y-¯nÂ \n¶pÅ am[y-

hy-Xn-bm-\hpw AXnsâ KpWm-¦hpw IW-¡m-¡p-I.
aqeyw : 10 20 30 40 50
Bhr¯n : 4 6 10 14 6
D¯cw :
aqeyw (x) Bhr¯n (f) fx |d|=|x-x| f|d|
10 4 40 23 92
20 6 120 13 78
30 10 300 3 30
40 14 560 7 98
50 6 300 17 98
N = 40  fx=1320  f|d|=400
kam-ć am[yw X =  fx 1320 f|d| 400

= = 33 MD = = = 10
n 40 n 40
MD 10
MD bpsS KpWm¦w = = = 0.3
am[yw 33
DZm-l-cWw 11 : NphsS sImSp¯n-cn-¡p¶ t{iWn-bpsS kam-ć a[ym¦-¯nÂ \n¶pÅ
am[y-hy-Xn-bm-\hpw AXnsâ KpWm-¦hpw Ip-]n-Sn-¡p-I.
aqeyw : 10 20 30 40 50
Bhr¯n : 4 6 10 14 6
D¯cw :
aqeyw (x) Bhr¯n (f) cf |d|=|x- f|d|

a[ym¦w|
10 4 4 20 80
20 6 10 10 60
30 10 20 0 0
40 14 34 10 140
50 6 40 20 120
N = 40  fx=1320  f|d|=400

km¼-¯n-I-imkv{Xw
N+1 th C\w = th 41 th
a[ym¦w =
( )2 ( )
40+1
2
C\w =
( ) 2
C\w
th
= 20.5 C\w = 30
 f|d| 400 MD 10
MD = = = 10 MD bpsS KpWm¦w = a[ym¦w = = 0.3
n 40 30
c. k-´X-t{iWn

 f|d|
MD =
n
ChnsS |d| = |x- icm-icn|, N = sam¯w Bhr¯n, X = ¢mÊnsâ a[y-_nµp
DZm-l-cWw 12 : NphsS sImSp¯n-cn-¡p¶ t{iWn-bpsS kam-ć am[y-¯nÂ \n¶pÅ

am[y-hy-Xn-bm-\hpw am[y-hy-Xn-bm-\-¯nsâ KpWm-¦hpw Ip-]n-Sn-¡p-I.
¢mÊv 0þ10 10-þ20 20-þ30 30-þ40 40-þ50
Bhr¯n 3 7 12 5 3
D¯cw :
¢mÊv Bhr¯n (f) a[y-_nµp(x) fx |d| f|d|
0 þ 10 3 5 15 19 57
10- þ 20 7 15 105 9 63
20- þ 30 12 25 300 1 12
30 þ 40 5 35 175 11 55
40 -þ 50 3 45 135 21 63
N=30  fx=720  f|d|=250
kam-ć am[yw X =  fx 720  f|d| 250

= = 24 MD = = = 8.33
N 30 N 30
MD MD 8.33
MD bpsS KpWm¦w = icm-icn = a[ym¦w = = 0.35
24
DZm-l-cWw 13 : NphsS sImSp¯n-cn-¡p¶ t{iWn-bpsS a[ym¦¯nÂ \n¶pÅ am[y-hy-Xn-
bm-\hpw am[y-hy-Xn-bm-\-¯nsâ KpWm-¦hpw Ip-]n-Sn-¡p-I.
¢mkv 0þ10 10-þ20 20-þ30 30-þ40 40-þ50
Bhr¯n : 3 7 12 5 3

km¼-¯n-I-imkv{Xw
D¯cw :
¢mÊv (x) Bhr¯n (f) f x |d|=|x-x| f|d|

0þ10 3 3 5 19.17 57.51
10þ20 7 10 15 9.17 64.19
20þ30 12 22 25 0.83 9.96
30þ40 5 27 35 10.83 54.15
40þ50 3 30 45 20.83 62.49

N = 30  f|d|= 248.3
N/2 cf 15-10 5
a[ym¦w = L + xh = 20 + x 10 = 20 + x 10
f 12 12
50
= 20 + = 20 + 4.17 = 24.17
12
 f|d| 248.3
MD = = = 8.28
n 30
MD MD 8.28
MD bpsS KpWm¦w = icm-icn = = = 0.34
am[yw 24.17
4. am\I hyXn-bm\w (Standard Deviation)

am\I hyXn-bm\w F¶p-ÅXv am[y-¯nÂ \n¶pÅ hÀ¤ hyXn-bm-\-¯nsâ t]mkn-äohv
hÀ¤-aq-ey-am-Wv. am[y-¯nÂ \n¶p hÀ¤-hy-Xn-bm-\¯
- nsâ am[y-amWv hnN-c-Ww (variance).
hnN-c-W-¯nsâ (variance) - mWv (square root) am\-Ih
 hÀ¤-aq-ea - y-Xn-bm\w (SD).
AXp-t]mse am\I hyXn-bm-\-¯nsâ hÀ¤-amWv (square) hnN-cWw (variance).
am\-I- hy-Xn-bm\s¯ (kn-Ü) D]-tbm-Kn¨v kqNn-¸n-¡p-¶p. am\I hyXn-bm-\-¯nsâ
Bt]-£nI Af-hmWv hyXn-bm\ KpWm¦w (co-efficient of variation).
hyXn-bm\w SD
hyXn-bm\ KpWm¦w (co-efficient of variation)= x 100 = x 100
kam-ć am[yw AM
a. hyàn-KX t- {iWn (Individual series) :
2
 x2 x
SD,  =
n
(n)
ChnsS n = aqey-§-fpsS F®w
DZm-l-cWw 14 þ NphsS sImSp¯n-cn-¡p¶ Z¯-§f

- psS am\-Ih
- y-Xn-bm-\hpw
hyXn-bm\ KpWm-¦hpw Ip-]n-Sn-¡p-I.
3, 8, 10, 7, 2

km¼-¯n-I-imkv{Xw
D¯cw
x x2  x2 x
2
3 9
SD,  =
n
(n)
8 64
2
226
10 100 =
5
( 305 ) = 45.2 - (6)2
7 49
2 4
= 45.2 - 36 = 9.2 = 3.03
 x=30  x2=226
kam-ć am[yw, AM = x 30
= = 6
n 5
SD 3.03
hyXn-bm\ KpWm¦w = AM x 100 = 6 x 100 = 50.5
2
b. Ak-´X -t{iWn (Discrete series) : fx2  fx
SD,  =
N
(N)
ChnsS N = sam¯w Bhr¯n
DZm-l-cWw 15 þ NphsS sImSp¯n-cn-¡p¶ t{iWn-bnse am\-Ih

- y-Xn-bm-\hpw
hyXn-bm\ KpWm-¦hpw Ip-]n-Sn-¡p-I
amÀ¡v 10 20 30 40 50
Ip«n-If
- psS F®w : 3 8 13 4 2
D¯cw

- psS F®w (f) fx fx2
10 3 30 300
20 8 100 3200
30 13 390 11700
40 4 160 6400
50 2 100 5000
N = 30  fx = 840  fx2=26600
2
fx2  fx
SD,  =
N
(N ) = 26600 840
( )
2
30 30
= 886.67-784 = 102.67 = 10.13

km¼-¯n-I-imkv{Xw
fx 840
kam-ć am[yw, AM, X = = = 28
n 30
SD 10.13
hyXn-bm\ KpWm¦w = AM x 100 = 28 x 100 = 36.18
DZm-l-cWw 16 þ NphsS sImSp¯n-cn-¡p¶ Z¯-§f

- psS am\-Ih
- y-Xn-bm-\hpw
hyXn-bm\ KpWm-¦hpw Ip-]n-Sn-¡p-I
¢mÊv 0þ10 10þ20 20þ30 30þ40 40þ50
Bhr¯n 2 8 13 10 7
D¯cw :
¢mÊv Bhr¯n (f) a[y-_n-µp(x ) fx fx2
0þ10 2 5 10 50
10þ20 8 15 120 1800
20þ30 13 25 325 8125
30þ40 10 35 350 12250
40þ50 7 45 315 14175
N = 40  fx=1120  fx2=36400
2
fx2  fx
SD =
N
(N ) =
36400
40
1120
( )
2
40
= 910-(28)2 = 910-784 = 126 = 11.22
fx 1120
kam-ć am[yw, AM, X = = = 28
N 40
SD 11.22
hyXn-bm\ KpWm¦w = AM x 100 = x 100 = 40.07
28
Ipdn¸v : cp t{iWn-bpsS Ncm-hØ (variability) Xmc-Xayw sN¿p-¶X
- n\v hyXn-bm\ KpWm¦w
D]-tbm-Kn-¡m-dp-v. GXv t{iWn-¡mtWm hyXn-bm\ KpWm¦w sNdp-Xm-bn-«p-Å-Xv, B t{iWn
IqSp-XÂ Ønc-Xbpw ZrV-Xbpw DÅ-Xmbn Icp-X-s¸-Sp-¶p.
DZm-l-cWw 17 þ cv _mävkvam³am-cpsS 5 {In¡äv am¨p-I-fnse d¬kv BWv Xmsg

sImSp¯n-cn-¡p-¶X
- v.
_mävkvam³ F 30 80 45 60 110
_mävkvam³ _n 50 60 75 40 80

km¼-¯n-I-imkv{Xw
(i) icm-icn d¬kv IqSp-XÂ t\Snb _mävkvam³ BcmWv?
(ii) Soanse IqSp-XÂ dne-b-_nÄ Bb _mävkvam³ Bcv?

D¯cw :
x 325
_mävkvam³ F kam-ć am[yw, AM, x = = = 65
n 5
x x2 2
 x2
30 900
SD =
n
( nx )

80 6400 2
25025 325
45 2025
=
5
( )
5
= 5005-(65)2
60 3600
= 5005 - 4225 = 780 = 27.93
110 12100
x = 325  x2 = 25025
SD 27.93
hyXn-bm\ KpWm¦w = AM x 100 = x 100 = 42.97
65
x 305
_mävkvam³ _n AM, x = = = 61
n 5
x x2
2 2
50 2500 SD = x
n
( nx )

60 3600
2
19725 305
75 5625 =
5
( ) 5
= 3945-(61)2
40 1600
= 3945 - 3721 = 224 = 14.97
80 6400
x = 305  x2 =19725 SD
hyXn-bm\ KpWm¦w = AM x 100
14.97
x 100 = 24.54
=
61
ChnsS kam-ć
- -am[yw IqSp-XÂ DÅXv _mävkvam³ F BWv. AXp-sImv d¬kv IqSp-
XÂ t\Sn-bXv _mävkvam³ F BWv.
hyXn-bm\ KpWm¦w Ipd-hp-ÅXv _mävkvam³ _n BWv. AXp-sImv IqSp-XÂ dne-b-

_nÄ Bbn-«p-ÅXv _mävkvam³ _n BWv.

km¼-¯n-I-imkv{Xw
A²ymbw þ 7
kl-_Ô
- w- (Correlation)
kl-_Ô
- -sa-¶mÂ Nc-§Ä X½n-epÅ _Ô-§-fpsS {Iam-\p-K-X-amb ]T-\¯
- n-\pÅ
Hcp D]m-[n-bm-Wv. Nc-§Ä X½n-epÅ _Ô-¯nsâ Znibpw Xo{h-Xbpw IW-¡m-¡p-¶-XmWv
kl-_-Ô-]-T\
- w. km[m-cW
- b
- mbn kl-_-Ôs¯ t]mkn-äohv kl-_Ô
- w F¶pw s\K-
äohv kl-_Ôw F¶pw cmbn Xcw-Xn-cn-¡mw. Nc-§Ä Htc Zni-bnÂ Hcpan¨p \o§p-¶p-
sh-¦nÂ Ah t]mkn-äohv kl-_-Ô-am-Wv. DZm-l-cWw : hcp-am\w hÀ[n-¡p-t¼mÄ D]-t`m-
Khpw hÀ[n-¡p-¶p. hcp-am\w Ipd-bp-t¼mÄ D]-t`mKw Ipd-bp-¶p. Nc-§Ä X½n-epÅ \o¡w
hn]-co-X-Zn-i-bn-em-sW-¦nÂ kl-_Ôw s\K-äohv BsW¶v ]d-bmw. DZm-l-cWw : B¸n-
fnsâ hne Ipd-bp-t¼mÄ AXnsâ tNmZ\w IqSp-¶p. B¸n-fnsâ hne IqSp-t¼mÄ AXnsâ
tNmZ\w Ipd-bp-¶p. ChnsS Nc-§Ä hn]-co-X-Zn-i-bn-emWv \o§p-¶X
- v.
kl-_Ôw IW-¡m-¡p-¶-Xn-\pÅ D]m-[n-IÄ (Techniques for Measuring

Correlation)
kl-_-Ô-]-T\
- ¯
- n\v hym]-I-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-¡p¶ D]m-[n-I-fmWv kvImäÀ Ub{Kw
(Scatter diagram), ImÄ ]ntb-gvksâ kl-_-Ô-Kp-Wm¦w (Karl Pearson’s coefficient
of correlation), kv]nbÀamsâ dm¦v kl-_Ôw (Spearman’s Rank Correlation)
F¶n-h.
kvImäÀ Ub{Kw (Scatter diagram)

kwJym-]-ca
- mb aqeyw IW-¡m-¡msX Nc-§Ä X½n-epÅ _Ô-¯nsâ kz`mhw
Nn{X-cq-t]W hymJym-\n-¡p¶Xn\pÅ D]m-[n-bmWv kvImäÀU-b{- Kw. Cu coXn-bnÂ cpNc-
§-fpsS aqey-§sf Hcp {Km^vt]-¸-dnÂ _nµp-¡-fmbn AS-bm-f-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶p. C§s\ tcJ-
s¸-Sp-¯nb _nµp-¡-fpsS Iq«-amWv kvImäÀ Ub-{Kw. CXnÂ Nc-§Ä X½n-epÅ _Ô-
¯nsâ {]IrXw \nÀW-bn-¡p-¶p. tcJ-s¸-Sp-¯nb _nµp-¡-sfÃmw Hcp t\Àtc-Jb
- n-emWv
InS-¡p-¶-sX-¦nÂ kl-_Ôw ]cn-]qÀWhpw GI-am-{X-hpam-Wv (Unity). tcJ-s¸-Sp-¯nb
_nµp-¡Ä tcJbv¡v Npäpw AI-e-¯nÂ NnX-dn-¡n-S-¡p-I-bm-sW-¦nÂ kl-_Ôw Ipd-
hmsW¶p ]d-bmw. tcJ-s¸-Sp-¯nb _nµp-¡Ä Hcp tcJ-bn-tem, tcJbv¡v ASpt¯m InS-
¡p-¶p-sh-¦nÂ kl-_Ôw tcJo-b-am-sW¶pw ]d-bp-¶p.

km¼-¯n-I-imkv{Xw
Nn{Xw 7.1 se kvImäÀ Ub-{K-¯nÂ apI-fn-te¡v Ib-dn-t¸m-Ip¶ tcJ-bpsS Npäpw

_nµp-¡Ä kvImäÀ sNbvXn-cn-¡p-¶p. AXm-b-Xv, Nc-§Ä Htc Zni-bnÂ Nen-¡p-¶p. X IqSp-
t¼mÄ Y bpw IqSp-¶p. CXv t]mkn-äohv kl-_-Ô-am-Wv.
Nn{Xw 7.2 Â Xmtgm«v Ncn-ªp-In-S-¡p¶ tcJbv¡p Npäpw _nµp-¡Ä ImWp-¶p.

ChnsS s\K-äohv kl-_-Ô-am-Wv. AXm-bXv X IqSp-t¼mÄ Y Ipd-bp-¶p.

km¼-¯n-I-imkv{Xw
Nn{Xw 7.3 Â _nµp-¡Ä Hcp tcJbv¡p Npäp-ambn hcp-¶n-Ã. Ah NnX-dn-¡n-S-¡p-¶p.

ChnsS kl-_-Ô-an-Ã.
Nn{Xw 7.4 Â _nµp-¡sfÃmw -ap-I- Nn{Xw 7.5 Â _nµp-¡sfÃmw -
fn-te¡v t]mIp¶ tcJ-bnÂ InS-¡p-¶p. Xmtg¡v Ncn-ªp- In-S -¡p¶ tcJ-
ChnsS kl-_Ôw ]qÀ®hpw t]mkn- bnÂ InS-¡p-¶p. ChnsS kl-_Ôw
äo-hp-am-Wv. s\K-äohpw ]qÀ®-hp-am-Wv.
- -Kp-Wm¦w (Karl Pearson’s Co-efficient of Correlation)

ImÄ ]ntb-gvksâ kl-_Ô
ImÄ ]n-tbgvk sâ kl-_ -Ô -K p-Wm-¦s¯ s{]mUIväv samsaâ v kl-_ Ôw
(Product moment correlation) F¶pw tIh-ek
- -l-_-Ô-Kp-Wm¦w ( Simple Correlation
Co-efficient) F¶pw Adn-b-s¸-Sp-¶p.
km¼-¯n-I-imkv{Xw
ImÄ]n-tb-gvksâ kl-_-Ô-Kp-Wm¦w IW-¡m-¡p-¶Xv Xmsg-¸-dbpw {]Im-ca

- m-Wv.
 xy
r= ... kq{X-hmIyw (1) Where x = X - X
N xy
y=Y-Y
AsÃ-¦nÂ,
(X-X) (Y-Y)
r= ... kq{X-hmIyw (2)
(X-X)2 (Y-Y)2
DZm-l-cWw
IÀj-IÀ kvIqfnÂ Hcp G¡-dnse

]Tn¨ hÀj-§-fpsS F®w icm-icn BZmbw (000-cq-]-bnÂ)
0 4
2 4
4 6
6 10
8 10
10 8
12 7
- n\v xy, x,y F¶n-h-bpsS aqeyw
kq{X-hmIyw (1) D]-tbm-Kn¨v D¯cw Is-¯p-¶X
Is-t¯--Xp-v.
Table 7.1
IÀj-IÀ kvIqfnÂ 1 G¡-dnse
]Tn¨ hÀj-§-fpsS
(X-X) (X-X)2 icm-icn (Y-Y) (Y-Y)2 (X-X) (Y-Y)
F®w X BZmbw Y
(’000-cq-]b
- nÂ)
0 -6 36 4 -3 9 18
2 -4 16 4 -3 9 12
4 -2 4 6 -1 1 2
6 0 0 10 3 9 0
8 2 4 10 3 9 6
10 4 16 8 1 1 4
12 6 36 7 0 0 0
x= 42 X-X)2 =112 Y=49 Y-Y)2 =38 X-X)(Y-Y)=42

km¼-¯n-I-imkv{Xw
- nÂ (7.1) xy = 42 [X - X) Y - Y = 42)

apI-fn-es¯ ]«n-Ib
X - X)2 112

x = = 7
N
Y - Y)2 38
y = = 7
N
Cu aqey-§Ä kq{X-hmIyw (1 ) te¡v sImSp¡p-t¼mÄ
42
r= = 0.644
112 38
7 7
CtX D¯cw kq{X-hmIyw (2) D]-tbm-Kn¨pw Is-¯mw.
X - X) Y - Y)
r=
X - X)2 Y - Y)2
42
r= = 0.644
112 38
kl-_Ô
- -Kp-Wm-¦¯
- nsâ {]tXy-I-XI
- Ä
1. r-\v Hcp GI-Ia

- nÃ (unit). CXn-\ÀYw CXv Hcp kwJy-am-{X-am-sW-¶m-Wv.
2. Nc-§Ä X½n-epÅ _Ôw hn]-co-X-am-sW-¦nÂ r sâ aqeyw s\K-äohv BIp-¶p.
3. cv Nc-§Ä X½n-epÅ \o¡w Htc Zni-bn-em-sW-¦nÂ r-sâ aqeyw t]mkn-äohv BWv.
4. rþsâ aqeyw ]qPy-am-bn-cp-¶mÂ cv Nc-§Ä X½nÂ HcpX-c-¯n-epapÅ kl-_-Ô-hp-
an-Ã.
5. kl-_-Ô-¯nsâ kz`mhw ]cn-]qÀW-am-sW-¦nÂ r=1 AsÃ-¦nÂ r=þ1 BIp-¶p.
6. rþsâ DbÀ¶ aqeyw ià-amb tcJo-b-_-Ôs¯ kqNn-¸n-¡p-¶p. rþsâ aqeyw +1 \pw
þ-1 \pw hfsc ASp-¯m-sW-¦nÂ AXnsâ aqeyw DbÀ¶-Xm-Ip-¶p. rþsâ aqeyw hfsc
sNdp-Xm-sW-¦nÂ kl-_Ôw iàn-Ip-dª tcJo-b-_-Ôs¯ kqNn-¸n-¡p-¶p. rþsâ
aqeyw ]qPy-¯n-t\mSv ASp-¯m-sW-¦nÂ Xmgv¶ aqey-am-sW¶v ]d-bmw. kl-_-Ô-Kp-
- nsâ aqeyw þ1 \pw +1 \pw CS-bn-em-bn-cn¡pw (-þ1  r 1). GsX-¦nepw kµÀ`-
Wm-¦¯
¯nÂ rþsâ aqeyw þ1 \pw +1 \pw CS-bn-eÃ F¦nÂ r IW-¡m-¡p-¶-XnÂ ]niIv kw`-
hn-¨n-«pv F¶v a\-Ên-em-¡mw.
7. DÂ`hw (origin) tXmXv (scale) F¶n-hb

- nse amä-§Ä r-sâ aqeys¯ _m[n-¡n-Ã.

km¼-¯n-I-imkv{Xw
kv]nbÀamsâ dm¦v kl-_Ôw (Spearman’s Rank Correlation)

{_n«ojv a\:imkv{X-Ú\
- mb kn.-C.-kv]n-bÀam³ BWv kv]nbÀam³ dm¦v kl-
_Ôw hnI-kn-¸n-s¨-Sp-¯-Xv. kwJym-co-Xn-bnÂ Af-¡m³ Ign-bm¯ Nc-§f
- psS Imcy-¯nÂ
Cu coXn D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶p.
dm¦v kl-_-Ô-Kp-Wm-¦-hpw, tIhe kl-_Ô KpWm-¦hpw Htc hymJym-\a
- mWv
\ÂIp-¶-Xv. dm¦v kl-_-Ô -Kp-Wm-¦¯
- nsâ kq{X-hmIyw cq]-¸-Sp-¯p-¶Xv tIh-ek
- -l-_-
Ô-Kp-Wm-¦¯
- nÂ \n¶m-Wv. ChnsS hyàn-KX
- -aq-ey-§Ä¡v ]Icw dm¦v \ÂIp-¶p. Cu
dm¦p-IÄ D]-tbm-Kn¨v kl-_Ôw IW-¡m-¡p-¶p.
6D2
rs =1- ... kq{X-hmIyw (3)
n3-n
n= Nc-§-fpsS F®w
D= Nc-§Ä¡v \ÂIn-bn-«pÅ dm¦p-IÄ X½n-epÅ hyXymkw
DZm-l-cWw
aÕ-cmÀ°n-IÄ
PUvPv 1 2 3 4 5
A 1 2 3 4 5
B 2 4 1 5 3
C 1 3 5 2 4
ChnsS 3 tPmUn PUvPn-amÀ DÅ-Xn-\mÂ 3 {]mhiyw dm¦v kl-_Ôw IW-¡p-Iq-«W

- w.
kq{X-hmIyw (3) CXn-\mbn D]-tbm-Kn-¡mw.
A bpw B bpw X½n-epÅ dm¦v kl-_Ôw Xmsg-¡m-Wp¶ hn[-¯nÂ IW-¡p-Iq-«mw.
A B D D2
1 2 -1 1
2 4 -2 4
3 1 2 4
4 5 -1 1
5 3 2 4
Total 14

km¼-¯n-I-imkv{Xw
Cu aqey-§Ä kq{X-hmIyw 3 þÂ sImSp¡p-t¼mÄ
6D2
rs =1-
n3-n
6 x 14 84
=1- 3
=1- =1-0.7 = 0.3
5 -5 120
Abpw Cbpw X½n-epÅ dm¦v kl-_Ôw Xmsg-¡m-Wp¶ {]Imcw IW-¡p-Iq-«mw.
A B D D2
1 1 0 0
2 3 -1 1
3 5 -2 4
4 2 2 4
5 4 1 1
Total 10

6D2
rs =1-
n3-n
6 x 10 60
=1- 3
=1- =1-0.5 = 0.5
5 -5 120
Bbpw Cbpw X½n-epÅ dm¦v kl-_Ôw Xmsg-¡m-Wp¶ {]Imcw IW-¡p-Iq-«mw.
B C D D2
2 1 1 1
4 3 1 1
1 5 -4 16
5 2 3 9
3 4 -1 1
Total 28

6D2 6 x 28 168
rs =1- =1- =1- = 0.4
n3-n 3
5 -5 120
A, C F¶o PUvPn-am-cpsS dm¦nwKv Gsd kmay-ap-ÅX
- m-Wv. F¶mÂ B, C F¶o
PUvPn-am-À hyXykvX A`n-cp-Nn-bp-Åh
- c
- m-Wv.
km¼-¯n-I-imkv{Xw
A²ymbw þ 8
kqNn-Im-¦§
- Ä
]c-kv]-c_
- -Ô-apÅ Hcp Iq«w Nc-§-fn-ep-m-Ip¶ amä-¯nsâ hym]vXn Af-¡p-¶-
Xn-\pÅ kmwJyI D]-I-c-WamWv kqNn-Im-¦w. cv hyXykvX kml-Nc
- y-§fnÂ ]c-kv]cw
_Ô-s¸« Hcp Iq«w Nc-§-fnÂ DÅ icm-icn amä-¯nsâ Af-hm-Wn-Xv.
kqNn-Im-¦§
- Ä km[m-cW
- b
- mbn iX-am-\a
- m-bmWv Ah-Xc
- n-¸n-¡p-¶-Xv. cv Ime-b-f-
hp-Isf ]cn-K-Wn-¨mWv kqNn-Im¦w IW-¡m-¡p-¶-Xv. GXp Ime-b-fh
- p-am-bmtWm Xmc-Xa
- y-
s¸-Sp-t¯-X
- v, B Ime-b-fh - Àjw (Base Period) F¶p ]d-bp-¶p. ASn-
- ns\ ASn-Øm-\h
Øm\ hÀj-¯nse kqNn-Im-¦w 100 BWv. GXv hÀj-t¯-bmtWm ASn-Øm-\h
- Àj-t¯mSv
Xmc-Xayw sN¿p-¶Xv AXns\ \S-¸p-hÀj-w (Current Period) F¶p ]d-bp-¶p.
hne-kq-Nn-Im-¦-§Ä \nÝn-Xk
- m-[\
- §
- -fpsS hne-IÄ Af-¡p-Ibpw Xmc-Xayw km[y-
am-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶-h-bm-Wv. Af-hp-kq-Nn-Im-¦-§Ä Dev]-¶¯
- n-sâ-tbm, \nÀam-W¯
- n-sâ-
tbm, sXmgnen-sâtbm ùXnI Af-hnÂ h¶ amäs¯ Af-¡p-¶-h-bm-Wv. hne-kq-Nn-Im-¦-
§-fmWv hym]-I-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶-sX-¦n-epw, DÂ]m-Z-\k
- q-Nn-Im¦w k_-Zvhy-hØ
- b
- psS
DÂ]m-Z-\¯
- nsâ Af-hns\ ImWn-¡p¶ {][m\ kqNn-Ib
- m-Wv.
- nÀ½nXn (Construction of an Index Number)
kqNn-Im-¦\
kqNn-Im-¦§
- -fpsS \nÀ½n-Xn¡v 2 coXn-IÄ D]-tbm-Kn-¡p¶p:
1. k©n-X-coXn (aggregative method) 2. Bt]-£nI icm-icn coXn (method of
averaging relatives)
1. k©n-X-coXn (aggregative method)
A. tIh-ek
- © - q-NnI (simple aggregative price index)
- n-X-hn-ek
tIh-ek
- -©n-Xh
- n-ek
- q-NnI IW-¡m-¡p-¶-Xn-\pÅ ka-hm-Iy-amWv
P1
P01 = x 100 ChnsS P1, P0 F¶nh bYm-{Iaw hkvXp-hnsâ \S-¸p-
P0
hÀj hnebpw ASn-Øm\ hÀj hne-bp-am-Wv.
DZm-l-cWw
km[\w ASn-Øm\ \S-¸p-hÀj

hÀj-hne (Rs.) hne (Rs.)
A 2 4
B 5 6
C 4 5
D 2 3

km¼-¯n-I-imkv{Xw
tIh-e-k©
- n-X-hn-ek
- q-NnI,
P1 4+6+5+3
P01 = x 100 P01 = x 100 = 138.5
P0 2+5+4+2
CXnsâ AÀ°w hne 38.5 iX-am\w IqSn-sb-¶m-Wv.
B - n-e-kq-NnI (Weighted Aggregative Price Index)

`mcn-X-k-©n-Xh
hkvXp-¡f
- psS Bt]-£n-I{- ]m-[m\yw ]cn-K-Wn-¡p-t¼mÄ kqNn-Im¦w `mcnX kqNn-
I-§-fm-Ip-¶p. ChnsS `mc-§Ä (Weights) F¶mÂ Af-hp-`m-c-§-fm-Wv. cp-Xcw `mcn-X-k-
©n-X-hne kqNn-I-IÄ Dv. emkvs]tbgvkv hne-kq-Nn-Ibpw (Laspeyre’s price index),
]mtjgvkv (Paasche’s price index) hne-kq-Nn-Ibpw.
a. emkvs]tbgvkv hne-kq-Nn-I (Laspeyre’s price index)
emkvs]tbgvkv hne-kq-Nn-IbpsS kq{X-hmIyw

p1q0
P01 = x 100
p0q0
ChnsS ASn-Øm\ hÀjs¯ Afhv (q0) `mc-ambn FSp-¯n-cn-¡p-¶p.
DZm-l-cWw :
ASn-Øm\ hÀj-w \S¸p hÀj-w
km[\w hne p0 Afhv q0 hne p1 Afhv q1
A 2 10 4 5
B 5 12 6 10
C 4 20 5 15
D 2 15 3 10
emkvs]tbgvk hne-kq-Nn-IbpsS kq{X-hmIyw

p1q0
P01 = x 100
p0q0
4 x 10 + 6 x 12 + 5 x 20 + 3 x 15
= x 100
2 x 10 + 5 x 12 + 4 x 20 + 2 x 15
257
= x 100 = 135.3
190
km¼-¯n-I-imkv{Xw
b. ]mtjgvkv hne-kq-Nn-I (Paasche’s price index)
]mtjgvkv hne-kq-Nn-IbpsS kq{X-hmIyw
p1q1
P01 = x 100
p0q1
ChnsS \S¸p hÀjs¯ Afhv (q1) `mc-ambn FSp-¯n-cn-¡p-¶p.
DZm-l-cWw :
ASn-Øm\ hÀj-w \S¸p hÀj-w

km[\w hne p0 Afhv q0 hne p1 Afhv q1
A 2 10 4 5
B 5 12 6 10
C 4 20 5 15
D 2 15 3 10
]mtjgvkv hne-kq-Nn-IbpsS kq{X-hmIyw
p1q1
P01 = x 100
p0q1
4 x 5 + 6 x 10 + 5 x 15 + 3 x 10
= x 100
2 x 5 + 5 x 10 + 4 x 15 + 2 x 10
= 185
x 100 = 132.1
140
2. icm-icn Bt]-£nI hne-kq-NnI (Method of Averaging relatives)

icm-icn Bt]-£nI hne-kq-NnI cp-Xcw Dv.
A. tIhe icm-icn Bt]-£nI hne-kq-NnI (Simple average price relative index)
1 p1
P01 =  x 100 n = km[-\§
- -fpsS F®w
n p0

km¼-¯n-I-imkv{Xw
DZm-l-cWw :
km[\w ASn-Øm\ \S-¸p-hÀj

hÀj-hne (Rs.) hne (Rs.)
A 2 4
B 5 6
C 4 5
D 2 3
1 p1
P01 =  x 100
n p0
1 4 6 5 3
P01 = [
4 2
+
5
+
4
+
2
] x 100 = 149
B. `mcnX icm-icn Bt]-£nI hne-kq-NnI (Weighted index of price relatives)
Bt]-£n-I§
- -fpsS `mcn-X-kq-NnI F¶Xv hne Bt]-£n-I§
- -fpsS `mcnX
kam-´-c-am[yw BIp-¶p.
p1
W [ p0
x 100 ] W = `mcw
P01 =
W
DZm-l-cWw :
ASn-Øm\ \S¸p hne `mcw
km[\w hÀjhne hÀj-hne Bt]-£nIw iX-am-\-¯nÂ
A 2 4 200 40
B 5 6 120 30
C 4 5 125 20
D 2 3 150 10
W [ pp x 100]
1
0
P01 =
W
40 x 200 + 30 x 120 + 20 x 125 + 10 x 150

= x 100 = 156
100

km¼-¯n-I-imkv{Xw
- Ä (some important index numbers)

Nne {][m-\-kq-Nn-Im-¦§
1. D]-t`m-ày- hn-e-kq-NnI (consumer price index)
- ¨-ehv kqNn-I (cost of living index) F¶pw Adn-b-
D]-t`m-ày-hne kqNnI Pohn-Xs
s¸-Sp-¶p. CXv NnÃ-dh
- n-eb
- nse amä-¯nsâ icm-icn IW-¡m-¡p-¶p. s]mXp ]W-s¸-cp-¸-
¯nsâ icn-b mb kqN-I-a mbn hyh-k m-b -s Xmgnem-fn-I-fpsS D]-t`m-à y-hne kqNnI
s]mXphnÂ IW-¡m-¡-s¸-Sp-¶p.
2. - q-NnI (Wholesale Price Index)
sam¯hn-ek
sam¯hn-e\
- n-eh
- m-c¯
- nse amäw kqNn-¸n-¡p-¶-XmWv sam¯hne kqNn-Im-¦w. FÃm
hkvXp-¡fpw DÄs¸-Sp¶ ]W-s¸-cp¸ \nc¡v slUvsse³ C³^vtf-j³ F¶pw Adn-b-s¸-
Sm-dp-v. CXv ]e-t¸mgpw `£y hkvXp-¡Ä¡mWv Du¶Â \ÂIp-¶-Xv.
3. hymh-km-bn-tIm-ev]m-Z\ kqNnI (Industrial Production Index)
D]-t`m-àr-hne kqNn-Ibpw sam¯hn-ev]\
- h
- ne kqNn-Ibpw hnesb ASn-kvYm-\-am-
¡p-t¼mÄ hymh-km-bn-tIm-ev]-¶-kq-NnI Af-hn-s\-bmWv ]cn-K-Wn-¡p-¶-Xv. Cu kqNnI
hymh-km-bnI Dev]m-Z-\-¯nse amä-§Ä Af-¡p-¶p.
4. ImÀjn-tImÂ]-¶-¯nsâ kqNnI (Index Number of Agricultural Production)
Afhv Bt]-£n-I§
- -fpsS `mcn-X-ic
- m-i-cn-bmWv Cu kqNn-I.
5. Dev]m-ZI hnekqNnI (Producer’s Price Index)
hne-bnÂ Dm-Ip¶ amä-§Ä Dev]m-ZI
- c
- psS ho£-W¯
- n-eqsS t\m¡n-Im-Wp-Ib
- mWv
Dev]m-Z-I-hn-ek
- q-NnI sN¿p-¶-Xv. \nIp-Xn, hym]m-c-em-`w, KXm-K-X-s¨-ehv F¶nh DÄs¸-
Sp¶ ASn-Øm\ hne-Isf am{Xta CXv D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶p-Åq.
6. am\h hnI-k\ kqNnI (Human Development Index -HDI)
Hcp cmPy-¯nsâ hnI-k-\s
- ¯-¡p-dn-¨d
- n-bp-¶-Xn\v hym]-I-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-¡p¶ Hcp
kqNn-Ib
- mWv am\-hh
- n-I-k\
- k
- q-Nn-I. BbpÀssZÀLyw, ]T-\-ssZÀLyw, {]Xn-ioÀj-hc
- p-
am\w F¶nh IW-¡n-se-Sp¯v X¿m-dm-¡p¶ kqNn-Ib
- m-Wn-Xv.
7. sk³skIvkv (Sensex)
t_mws_ tÌm¡v FIvkvtNbv©v sk³kn-äohv C³U-Ivknsâ {lkz-cq-]-amWv
sk³sk-Ivkv. Cý³ tÌm¡vamÀ¡-änsâ s_©vamÀ¡v kqNn-Ib
- m-Wn-Xv. k¼Zv hyh-Ø-
bnse 13 taJ-eI
- sf {]Xn-\n-[o-Ic
- n¨v 30 tÌm¡p-IÄ CXnÂ DÄs¸-Sp-¶p.
kqNn-Im-¦-§fpsS \nÀ½n-Xn-bn-epÅ {]iv\§
- Ä
(Issues in the Construction of Index Numbers)
 Hcp kqNn-Im¦w \nÀ½n-¡p-¶-Xnsâ Dt±iyw \mw ap³Iq«n \nÀW-bn-¡-Ww. aqey-kq-
NnI (Value Index) Bh-iy-am-bn-S¯v Af-hp-kq-NnI (Quantity Index) bpsS ]cn-K-W\
DNn-X-am-hp-I-bn-Ã.

km¼-¯n-I-imkv{Xw
 Hcp D]-t`m-àr-hne kqNnI \nÀan-¡p-t¼mÄ BÀ¡p-th-n-bmtWm kqNn-Im¦w \nÀ½n-

¡p-¶Xv Ahsc {]Xn-\n-[m\w sN¿p¶ C\-§Ä thWw DÄs¸-Sp-¯m³. F¦nÂ
am{Xta amä-¯nsâ AÀY-h¯
- mb Nn{Xw e`n-¡p-I-bp-Åq.
 FÃm kqNn-II
- Ä¡pw Hmtcm ASn-Øm\ hÀjw Dm-bn-cn-¡pw. ASn-Øm\w Hcp
km[m-cW hÀj-am-Ip-¶-XmWv \Ã-Xv. ASn-Øm-\h
- Àj-ambn Hcn¡epw Aä-aq-ey-§-
fpÅ Ime-b-fh
- ns\ sXc-sª-Sp-¡-cp-Xv, Hcn¡epw hnZqc `qX-Im-e-¯n-ep-ÅXpw BI-
cp-Xv.
 kq{X-hm-Iy-¯nsâ sXc-sª-Sp-¸mWv asämcp {]iv\-am-Ip-¶-Xv. CXv ]T-\-hn-t[-b-am-
t¡ tNmZy-§-fpsS {]Ir-Xs¯ B{i-bn-¨mWv kqNnI kq{X-hm-Iy-§-fpsS Xnc-
sª-Sp-¸v. ]mtj-bp-sS kqNn-Ibpw emkv]n-b-dnsâ kqNn-Ibpw X½n-epÅ GI-hy-
Xymkw cp kq{X-hm-Iy-¯nepw D]-tbm-Kn¨ `mc-§-fpsS amä-am-Wv.
 Z¯-§Ä kzoI-cn-¡p¶ Dd-hn-S§
- -fpsS hnizm-ky-Xb
- psS Imcy-¯nepw hyXym-k§
- -fp-
v. hnizm-kyX Ipdª Z¯-§Ä ê-s¯-¯s¶ amän-a-dn-¡pw. AXn-\mÂ Z¯-
§Ä tiJ-cn-¡p-¶Xv hfsc {i²-tbmsS thWw.
- m-kv{X-¯nse kqNn-Im-¦-Ä (Index Numbers in Economics)

km¼-¯n-Ii
(kqNn-Im-¦-§-fpsS D]-tbm-K§
- Ä)
 D]-t`m-àr-hn-ek
- q-NnI AYhm Pohn-Xs
- ¨-eh
- p-kq-Nn-I, thX\w \nÝ-bn-¡p-¶-Xn\pw
hcp-am-\\
- bw cq]o-I-cn-¡p-¶-Xn-\pw, hne-\b
- w, ]m«w \nb-{´-Ww, \nIpXn Npa-¯Â
s]mXp km¼-¯nI \b cq]o-I-cWw apX-em-bh
- bv¡pw {]tbm-P-\-I-ca
- m-Wv.
 sam¯hn-ek
- q-NnI D]-tbm-Kn¨v tZiob hcp-am-\w, aqe-[\ kam-l-cWw XpS-§nb
k©n-X-§-fpsS (Aggregates) taÂ hne-I-fnÂ Dm-Ip¶ amä-¯nsâ `mK-amb ê-
§sf Zpco-I-cn-¡m³ klm-bn-¡p-¶p.
 - q-NnI (WPI) hym]-I-ambn D]-
]W-s¸-cp-¸-¯nsâ \nc¡v Af-¡p-¶n\v sam¯hn-ek
tbm-Kn-¡p-¶p. ]W-¯nsâ {Ib-ti-jnbpw (Purchasing Power of Money) bYmÀY-th-X-
\hpw (Real Wage) IW-¡m-¡m³ D]-t`màr hne-kq-NnI (CPI) D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶p.
 hymh-km-bn-tImÂ]m-Z\ kqNnI (IIP) hyh-km-bnI cwKs¯ DÂ]m-Z-\¯
- nse amä-
§-fpsS Af-hp-IÄ \ÂIp-¶p.
 - nsâ kqNnI (Index of Agricultural Production) ImÀjn-I-ta-Je
ImÀjn-tImÂ]m-Z-\¯ - -
bnse {]I-S-\¯
- nsâ IW-¡p-]-«n-Ib
- m-Wv.
 Hml-cn-hn-]-Wn-bnÂ \nt£-]-IÀ¡pÅ ê-{]-Z-amb klm-bn-bmbn sk³skIvkv
{]hÀ¯n-¡p-¶p.

km¼-¯n-I-imkv{Xw
A²ymbw : 9 kmwJyI D]-I-cW

- §
- f
- psS D]-tbmKw
Z¯-§f- psS tiJ-c-Ww, hni-Ie
- -\w, A]-{K-Y\w F¶n-hb
- n-eqsS \S-¸n-em-¡p¶
]²-XnI-fmWv t{]mPIvSv
Hcp t{]mPIvSv cq]o-I-cn-¡p-¶-Xn-\p-ff \S-]-Sn-{I-a§ - Ä
Hcp t{]mPIvSv cq]o-Ic - n-¡p-¶Xn\pff \S-]-Sn-{I-a§ - Ä Xmsg-¸-d-bp-¶p.
1) ]T-\-ta-Je sXc-sª-Sp-¡Â (Hcp {]iv\s¯ Xncn-¨-dn-bpI)
t{]mP-IvSnsâ e£yw hyà-ambn \nÀh-Nn-¡-Ww.
2) ]T\ {Kq¸nsâ sXc-sª-Sp-¡Â
Z¯-§Ä tiJ-cn-t¡ ]T\ {Kq¸ns\ sXc-sª-Sp-¡pI
3) Z¯-§-fpsS tiJ-cWw
{]mY-an-I, ZznXob Z¯-§Ä D]-tbm-Kn-¡mw. {]mY-anI Z¯ tiJ-c-W-¯n\v tNmZym-hen X¿m-
dm-¡-Ww. At\z-jW coXn (hyàn-]-c-amb A`n-ap-Jw, X]mÂ aptJ-\b - pÅ A`n-ap-Jw, sSe-
t^m¬ A`n-apJw) \nÝ-bn-¡W - w.
ZznXob Z¯-§Ä¡v {]kn-²o-I-cn-¨tXm {]kn-²o-I-cn-¡m-¯tXm Bb Z¯§Ä D]-tbm-Kn-
¡mw
4) Z¯-§-fpsS hÀ¤o-I-cW - hpw Ah-X-cW - hpw
hÀ¤o-I-cn¨ Z¯-§sf ]«n-I, Ub-{Kw, {Km^v F¶n-hb - n-eq-sS- Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡p¶p
5) hni-I-e-\hpw hymJym\hpw
tI{µob {]h-WX - -bpsS Af-hp-IÄ, hy-Xn-bm\ Af-hp-IÄ, kl_Ôw Xp-S-§nb coXn-If - n-
eqsS Z¯-§Ä hni-Ie - \w sN¿p-I.
6) D]-kw-lmcw
Ah-km\w AÀ°-h-¯mb \nK-a\ - §- f - nÂ F¯pI. `mhn Imcy-§-fnÂ {]h-N\w \S-¯p-I.
\nÀt±-i-§Ä \ÂIp-I.
7) {KÙ-kq-NnI
ZznXob tUä-bpsS t{kmX-Êp-IÄ-þa - m-Kk - n-\p-IÄ, ]{X-§Ä, dnt¸mÀ«p-IÄ apX-em-bh kqNn-
¸n-¡pI.
Hcp t{]mP-IvSnsâ LS\

Hcp t{]mPIvSv dnt¸mÀ«n\v th LS-I§ - Ä Xmsg-¸-d-bp-¶p.
1) BapJw:þ t{]mP-IvSnsâ Bh-iy-IX - , {]m[m\yw F¶nh DÄs¸-Sp-¯p-I.
2) {]iv\m-hX - c
- Ww:þ ]T-\-hn-t[-ba- m-¡p¶ {]iv\w IrXy-ambn \nÀh-ln-¡p-I.
3) e£y§Ä:þ t{]mP-IvSnsâ e£y-§Ä enÌv sN¿p-I.
4) ]T-\-coXn:þ {]iv\ hni-Ie - -\-¯n\v D]-tbm-Kn-¡p¶ kmt¦-Xn-IX - bpw coXn-bp-amWv CXv.
{]mY-anI Z¯tiJ-c-W-¯nsâ hni-Zmw-i-§Ä, ZznXob tUä-bpsS t{km-X-Êp-IÄ F¶nh
{]kvXm-hn-¡Ww.
5) hn-iI -- -e-\hpw hymJym-\hpw:þ t{]mP-IvSnsâ {][m-\` - m-K-amWv CXv.
6) ]cn-an-Xn-IÄ:þ ]T-\-¯nÂ ]e t]mcm-bvaI - fpw DmImw. ]T\w- F-{X-t¯mfw IrXyw BI-
Wsa-¶X - nsâ ASn-Øm-\¯ - nÂ, t\cn« t]mcm-bvaI - Ä {]kvXm-hn-¡p-I.
7) \nK-a\- -§Ä:þ Ah-km-\` - m-K¯v hni-Ie - \-¯n-eq-sS- F-¯n-t¨-cp¶ Is-¯-ep-Ifpw \nK-a-
\§fpw \ÂIp-I.

Members in the District Resource Group, who prepared the

'Nammalethum Munnilethum' study materials
No Name of Teachers Subjects Designa- School

tion
1 RAVEENDRAKURUP G English HSST Govt. HSS, Elimullumplackal
2 ASHARAF SHAH C M " Govt. HSS, Konni
3 JAYA G NAIR " Govt. HSS, Thottakonam
4 P R GIRISH Economics HSST Govt. Boy's HSS, Adoor
5 HARIKUMAR M G " Govt. HSS, Angadickal South, CGNR
6 JAYAPRASAD B. " CVKM HSS, East Kallada
7 BENOY SKARIAH " Govt. Boys HSS, Adoor
8 FELIX LOURD SWAMI Geography HSST Govt. Boy's HSS, Adoor
9 KARTHIKEYAN K. " Govt. HSS, Kadammanitta
10 DHANYA V P " NSS HSS, Adoor
11 ANUPA L " AMM HSS, Edayaranmula
12 ASHA KRISHNAN " GHSS, Pattazhi
13 JAMES P Botonay HSST GHSS Kadumeenchira
14 ANUJA MAYA S T " GHSS Vechoochira Colony
15 ASHA V NAIR " GHSS Elimullumplackal
16 ANEESH BABU D Malayalam HSST Kannassa Smaraka GHSS, Kadapra
17 MANJU V S " GHSS Omalloor
18 ABRAHAM K J " Netaji HSS Pramadam
19 DEEPU KURIAKOSE " St. Mary's HSS, Niranam
20 SMITHA B Mathematics HSST GHSS Thengamam
21 ANISH DIVAKARAN " GHSS Omalloor
22 JIJU MURALI " GHSS Kadumeenchira
23 PRAMOD B History HSST GHSS Kadammanitta
24 THOMAS ABRAHAM Principal GHSS Chittar
25 MADHU M S HSST GHSS Mulakkuzha
26 YUSAF KUMAR S M " GHSS Pathanamthitta
27 AJU S " GHSS Vechoochira Colony
28 DR AMPILI P Hindi HSST GHSS Anchalummood
29 SAJAYAN R S " GHSS Kalanjoor
30 JAYASREE G " NSS HSS Adoor
31 DR SARITHA MOHAN Sociology HSST GBHSS Pathanamthitta
32 RANI N " SNV HSS, Angadical South, Kodumon
33 ICY ANNA KOSHY " St. Thomas HSS Kozhencherry
34 SANDEEP KUMAR S Computer Science HSST NSS HSS Thattayil
35 PRADEEP T C " PHSS Mezhuveli
36 LIJU JACOB GEORGE " CSI HSS Manakkala
37 DR TENNY VARGHESE Political Science HSST GHSS Ayroor
38 VEENA NAIR U V " GHSS Mancode
39 SUNIL KUMAR G Zoology HSST GHSS Thottakonam
40 RAJESHKUMAR G " GBHSS Pathanamthitta
41 PRABEENA B " Panchayat HSS Kulanada
No Name of Teachers Subjects Designa- School

tion
42 LIJO VARGHESE Physics HSST KRPM HSS Seethathode
43 PRATHAPAN T. " GHSS Thengamam
44 SIBY MATHAI " AMM HSS Edayaranmula
45 SUMESH S Computer HSST GHSS Konni
Application
46 ROY MOHAN " GHSS Kadammanitta
47 ANILAJ B " NSS HSS Adoor
48 ARUN B MATHEWS " MT HSS Pathanamthitta
49 ROY VARGHESE Chemistry HSST SNV HSS Angadical South
Kodumon
50 BINDU C " DB HSS Thiruvalla
51 ROOPA L " NSS HSS Kunnamthanam
52 SIBU J JACOB Accountancy HSST CSI HSS Manakala
53 DR MATHEW THOMAS " GHSS Kottarakkara
54 ASOK KUMAR N G " GHSS Ala, Cgnr.
55 UNNIKRISHNAN S R Business HSST GHSS Thengamam
Studies
56 DEVADAS CHETTIYAR R " GHSS Vechoochira Colony
57 MANOJ S " GHSS Thengamam

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]Ø-\w-Xn´ Pn√-bnse lb¿sk°≥Udn hnZym-

Iq-´m-bn- {]-h-¿-Øn-°mw-; ap-∂nseØmw-.

hn-Zym-`ym-k]-c-hpw- kmw-kvIm-cn-I-hp-am-bn- ap-≥-]-¥n-bn-em-Wv ]-Ø-

bqWnäv 1 : hnI-k\ \b-§fpw A\p-`h - §

“\½sf¯pw ap¶nse¯pw” 2021þ22, ]¯\wXn« PnÃm ]©mb¯v -1 -

cmPy-t¯¡v kzÀ®-¯n-sâbpw shf-fn-bp-sSbpw Hgp¡v hÀ²n-¨n-Ã. C´y-bpsS k¼¯v {_n«-\n-

sdbnÂth-bn-eqsS C´y³ P\-Xbv¡v e`n¨ kmaq-lnI t\«-§Ä, henb km¼-¯nI \jvS-

A²ymbw 2 C´y³ k¼-Zvhy-hØ 1950þ90

]²-XnI-fpsS t\«-§fpw ]cm-Pb

“\½sf¯pw ap¶nse¯pw” 2021þ22, ]¯\wXn« PnÃm ]©mb¯v -3 -

lcnX-hn-¹h- -¯nsâ A\-´c - ^-e§

“\½sf¯pw ap¶nse¯pw” 2021þ22, ]¯\wXn« PnÃm ]©mb¯v -4 -

hyh-kmb \b-{]-tabw (IPR) -þ 1956

sNdp-InS hyh-kmbw (SSI)

“\½sf¯pw ap¶nse¯pw” 2021þ22, ]¯\wXn« PnÃm ]©mb¯v -5 -

ImÀsh I½nän (1955) or {KmaoW sNdp-InS hyh-kmb I½nän

III hym]mc- \bw : Cd¡paXn _ZÂ X{´w

hyh-kmb hnI-k\ \b-§f

“\½sf¯pw ap¶nse¯pw” 2021þ22, ]¯\wXn« PnÃm ]©mb¯v -6 -

“\½sf¯pw ap¶nse¯pw” 2021þ22, ]¯\wXn« PnÃm ]©mb¯v -7 -

II. kzImcyhÂ¡cWw. (Privatisation)

temI hym]mc kwLS\

“\½sf¯pw ap¶nse¯pw” 2021þ22, ]¯\wXn« PnÃm ]©mb¯v -8 -

“\½sf¯pw ap¶nse¯pw” 2021þ22, ]¯\wXn« PnÃm ]©mb¯v -9 -

“\½sf¯pw ap¶nse¯pw” 2021þ22, ]¯\wXn« PnÃm ]©mb¯v -10 -

A²ymbw -5 þ a-\pjy aqe-[\ cq]o-I-cWw C´y-bnÂ

“\½sf¯pw ap¶nse¯pw” 2021þ22, ]¯\wXn« PnÃm ]©mb¯v -11 -

`uXnI aqe-[-\hpw a\p-jy-aq-e[

hnÚm\ k¼¯v hyhØ F¶ \ne-bnÂ C´ybpsS Icp¯pw Ah-k-c§

“\½sf¯pw ap¶nse¯pw” 2021þ22, ]¯\wXn« PnÃm ]©mb¯v -12 -

bphm-¡-fn-tebpw km£-c-Xm-\n-c¡v hÀ²n-¨p-sh-¦-nepw C´y-bnse Ct¸m-gs¯ \nc-£-c-cpsS

{KmaoW hmbv]m kwhn-[m-\-¯nse {][m\ Øm]-\-§Ä:

“\½sf¯pw ap¶nse¯pw” 2021þ22, ]¯\wXn« PnÃm ]©mb¯v -13 -

ImÀjnI hn]-W-\¯nse {]iv\-§Ä: (1) ImÀjnI DÂ]-¶§

ao³]n-Sp-¯-¡mÀ A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-¡p¶ {]iv\-§Ä:

“\½sf¯pw ap¶nse¯pw” 2021þ22, ]¯\wXn« PnÃm ]©mb¯v -14 -

]gw, ]¨¡dn Irjn: temI-¯nÂ Gä-hp-a-[nIw ]g-§fpw ]¨-¡-dn-Ifpw Irjn sNbvXp-­m-¡p¶

“\½sf¯pw ap¶nse¯pw” 2021þ22, ]¯\wXn« PnÃm ]©mb¯v -15 -

“\½sf¯pw ap¶nse¯pw” 2021þ22, ]¯\wXn« PnÃm ]©mb¯v -16 -

kzbw sXmgnÂ sN¿p-¶h - cpw Iqen sXmgn-em-fn-Ifpw {KmaoW taJ-e-bn-emWv IqSp-XÂ.

“\½sf¯pw ap¶nse¯pw” 2021þ22, ]¯\wXn« PnÃm ]©mb¯v -17 -

]d-bp¶p. CXv sXmgn-em-fn-I-fpsS ØnXn At§-bäw t¢i-Ic - -am¡n XoÀ¡pw.

“\½sf¯pw ap¶nse¯pw” 2021þ22, ]¯\wXn« PnÃm ]©mb¯v -18 -

C´y-bnse ]Ým-¯e kuI-cy-§-fpsS AhØ

“\½sf¯pw ap¶nse¯pw” 2021þ22, ]¯\wXn« PnÃm ]©mb¯v -19 -

“\½sf¯pw ap¶nse¯pw” 2021þ22, ]¯\wXn« PnÃm ]©mb¯v -20 -

5. cmPy-¯nsâ hnhn[ `mK-§f

“\½sf¯pw ap¶nse¯pw” 2021þ22, ]¯\wXn« PnÃm ]©mb¯v -21 -

“\½sf¯pw ap¶nse¯pw” 2021þ22, ]¯\wXn« PnÃm ]©mb¯v -22 -

Hmtkm¬ timj-W¯nsâ `hn-jy-¯p-IÄ.

“\½sf¯pw ap¶nse¯pw” 2021þ22, ]¯\wXn« PnÃm ]©mb¯v -24 -

kzoIcn¨ncn¡p¶Xv. C´y-bpsS BZy ]©-hÂkc ]²-Xn 1951 Â XpS-§n-b-t¸mÄ ssN\bp-tS-Xv

“\½sf¯pw ap¶nse¯pw” 2021þ22, ]¯\wXn« PnÃm ]©mb¯v -25 -

“\½sf¯pw ap¶nse¯pw” 2021þ22, ]¯\wXn« PnÃm ]©mb¯v -26 -

A²ymbw 1 : ØnXnhnhc imkv{Xw þ BapJw

kmwJyIw (ØnXnhnhc imkv{Xw or Ìmän-Ìn-Ivkv)

km¼-¯nI imkv{X-¯nÂ kmwJy-I-¯nsâ {]m[m\yw or kmwJyIw sN¿p-¶sX´v?

“\½sf¯pw ap¶nse¯pw” 2021þ22, ]¯\wXn« PnÃm ]©mb¯v -27 -

ASn-Øm\ km¼-¯nI {]hÀ¯-§Ä þ D]-t`m-Kw, DXv]m-Z-\w, hnX-cWw

- psS tiJ-cWw (Collection of Data)

Z¯-§-fpsS tiJ-cWw ({]m-Y-anI Z¯-§fpsS tiJ-cW - w)

“\½sf¯pw ap¶nse¯pw” 2021þ22, ]¯\wXn« PnÃm ]©mb¯v -28 -

]gw, ]¨¡dn Irjn: temI-¯nÂ Gä-hp-a-[nIw ]g-§fpw ]¨-¡-dn-Ifpw Irjn sNbvXp-m-¡p¶

DZm: sImÃw PnÃbnse 3 lbÀsk¡dn kvIqfnse hnZymÀ°nIfpsS F®w ]«nI