DE LA SALLE UNIVERSITY-DASMARINAS

College of Engineering, Architecture and Technology

Depart of Engineering
Civil Engineering Program

CEET 321: PRINCIPLES OF TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING

FIRST SEM SY 2022-2023
Engr. Dolphy F Fadriquela

MODULE 2

Transportation Planning Process

(Gravity Model and Calibrated Gravity Model)

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Gospel Verse:
Hebrews 9:27-28
27 And as it is appointed unto men once to die, but after this the judgment:
28 So Christ was once offered to bear the sins of many; and unto them that look for him shall
he appear the second time without sin unto salvation.

Let us Pray………….
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Topic Learning Outcome:

On completion of the module, the student should be able to:

TLO1: Discuss some examples of Gravity model

TLO2: Differentiate Gravity model and calibrated Gravity model.
TLO3: Apply one the models used in trip distribution.
TLO4: Solve related problems in trip generation and trip distribution.

LESSON 1: GRAVITY MODEL

The decision to travel for a given purpose is called trip generation. These generated trips
from each zone is then distributed to all other zones based on the choice of destination.
This is called trip distribution. Trip distribution allocates person trips from zone to zone.
For example, if there are 200 trips produced in zone 1, where are they attracted?

There are a number of methods to distribute trips among destinations; and two such
methods are growth factor model and gravity model. Growth factor model is a method
which respond only to relative growth rates at origins and destinations and this is suitable
for short-term trend extrapolation. In gravity model, we start from assumptions about trip
making behavior and the way it is influenced by external factors.

Definitions and notations

The trip pattern in a study area can be represented by means of a trip matrix or origin-
destination (O-D) matrix. This is a two dimensional array of cells where rows and columns
represent each of the zones in the study area. The cells of each row i contain the trips
originating in that zone which have as destinations the zones in the corresponding
columns.

If reliable information is available to estimate both Oi and Dj , the model is said to be

doubly constrained. In some cases, there will be information about only one of these
constraints, the model is called singly constrained.

Gravity Model

- Based on land use and transportation network

- Calibrated for many urban areas
- Simple
- Accurate

Some balancing factors,

Tij = AiOiBjDjf(cij )

Tij is the number of trips between origin i and destination j.

Oi is the total number of trips between originating in zone i.

Dj is the total number of trips attracted to zone j.

Where:

Ai and Bj are the balancing factors,

f(cij ) is the generalized function of the travel cost. This function is called
deterrence function because it represents the disincentive to travel as
distance (time) or cost increases.

As in the growth factor model, here also we have singly and doubly
constrained models. The expression Tij = AiOiBjDjf(cij ) is the classical
version of the doubly constrained model. Singly constrained versions can be
produced by making one set of balancing factors Ai or Bj equal to one. We
will limit our discussion to doubly constrained models.

The model has the functional form,

Tij = AiOiBjDjf(cij )

ΣiTij = ΣiAiOiBjDjf(cij)

But ΣiTij = Dj

Therefore, Dj = ΣiAiOiBjDjf(cij)

Finding the balancing factor Bj,

𝟏
Bj =
𝜮𝒊𝑨𝒊𝑶𝒊𝒇(𝒄𝒊𝒋 )

Bj depends on Ai which can be found out by the following equation:

𝟏
Ai =
𝜮𝒋𝑩𝒋𝑫𝒋𝒇(𝒄𝒊𝒋 )

*Both Ai and Bj are interdependent. Therefore, through some iteration

procedure similar to that of Furness method, the problem can be solved.

Example

The productions from zone 1, 2 and 3 are 98, 106, 122 and attractions to
zone 1,2 and 3 are 102, 118, 106.
Origin-Destination Matrix

Zone 1 2 3 Oi
1 T11 T12 T13 98
2 T21 T22 T23 106
3 T31 T32 T33 122
Dj 102 118 106 326
*T11 means trip from zone 1 of origin to zone 1 of destination.
*T12 means trip from zone 2 of origin to zone 2 of destination.

Zone 1: Origin = 98
Destination = 102 Zone 2: Origin = 106
Destination = 118

Zone 3: Origin =122

Destination = 106
Solution:

1.Prepare the function f(Cij)

The cost matrix is as shown.

Zone 1 2 3
1 1.0 1.2 1.8
2 1.2 1.0 1.5
3 1.8 1.5 1.0

Compute the Trips produced in zone i and attracted to zone j

f(Cij) = generalized function of travel cost.

The function f(cij) is defined as,

f(Cij ) = 1/C2 ij
The cost matrix is as shown below

f(Cij) T11 = 1/12 = 1.00,

f(Cij)T12 = 1/1.22 = 0.69

f(Cij)T13 = 1/1.82 = 0.31, etc. …..

The function f(Cij) can be written in the form of matrix as,

Zone 1 2 3
1 1.00 0.69 0.31
2 0.69 1.00 0.44
3 0.31 0.44 1.00

2.Prepare the computation parameters of Ai:

Set Bj = 1, and find Ai.

Create a table for the solution:

Sum of Ai =1/sum
i j Bj Dj f(cij) BjDjf(cij)
BjDjf(cij) BjDjf(Cij)
1 1.00 102 1.00 102
1 2 1.00 118 0.69 81.42 216.28 0.00462
3 1.00 106 0.31 32.86
1 1.00 102 0.69 70.38
2 2 1.00 118 1.00 118 235.02 0.00425
3 1.00 106 0.44 46.64
1 1.00 102 0.31 31.62
3 2 1.00 118 0.44 51.92 189.54 0.00528
3 1.00 106 1.00 106
3. Prepare the computation parameters of Bj:

Tabulate the resulting data:

Sum of Bj=1/sum
i j Ai Oi f(cij) AiOif(cij)
AiOif(cij) AiOif(Cij)
1 0.00462 98 1.00 0.452760
1 2 0.00425 106 0.69 0.310845 0.962916 1.038512
3 0.00527 122 0.31 0.199311
1 0.00462 98 0.69 0.312404
2 2 0.00425 106 1.00 0.450500 1.045798 0.956208
3 0.00527 122 0.44 0.282894
1 0.00462 98 0.31 0.140356
3 2 0.00425 106 0.44 0.198220 0.982736 1.017568
3 0.00528 122 1.00 0.644160

4. Compute the Trips produced in zone i and attracted to zone j (Tij

Tij = AiOiBjDjf(cij )

Origin-Destination Matrix (given data)

Zone 1 2 3 Oi
1 T11 T12 T13 98
2 T21 T22 T23 106
 3 T31 T32 T33 122
Dj 102 118 106 326

The function f(Cij) can be written in the form of matrix as,

Zone 1 2 3
1 1.00 0.69 0.31
2 0.69 1.00 0.44
3 0.31 0.44 1.00

Computations of Trips

ROW 1: T11, T12, T13

Trips from zone 1 to zone 1(T11):
Tij = Ai x Oi x Bj x Dj x fc(cij)
Ai Oi Bj Dj f(Cij) T11
0.00462 98 1.038512 102 1.00 47.96

Trips from zone 1 to zone 2(T12):

Tij = Ai x Oi x Bj x Dj x fc(cij)
Ai Oi Bj Dj f(Cij) T12
0.00462 98 1.038512 118 0.69 38.28

Trips from zone 1 to zone 3 (T123):

Tij = Ai x Oi x Bj x Dj x fc(cij)
Ai Oi Bj Dj f(Cij) T13
0.00462 98 1.038512 106 0.31 15.45
ROW 2: T21, T22, T23
Trips from zone 2 to zone 1(T21):
Tij = Ai x Oi x Bj x Dj x fc(cij)
Ai Oi Bj Dj f(Cij) T21
0.00425 106 0.956208 102 0.69 30.32

Trips from zone 2 to zone 2(T22):

Tij = Ai x Oi x Bj x Dj x fc(cij)
Ai Oi Bj Dj f(Cij) T22
0.00425 106 0.956208 118 1.00 50.83

Trips from zone 2 to zone 3 (T23):

Tij = Ai x Oi x Bj x Dj x fc(cij)
Ai Oi Bj Dj f(Cij) T23
0.00425 106 0.956208 106 0.44 20.09

ROW 3: T31, T32, T33

Trips from zone 3 to zone 1(31):
Tij = Ai x Oi x Bj x Dj x fc(cij)
Ai Oi Bj Dj f(Cij) T31
0.00528 122 1.017568 102 0.31 20.73

Trips from zone 3 to zone 2(T32):

Tij = Ai x Oi x Bj x Dj x fc(cij)
Ai Oi Bj Dj f(Cij) T32
0.00528 122 1.017568 118 0.44 34.03

Trips from zone 3 to zone 3 (T33):

Tij = Ai x Oi x Bj x Dj x fc(cij)
Ai Oi Bj Dj f(Cij) T23
0.00528 122 1.017568 106 1.00 69.48
Final Table

Zone 1 2 3 Oi Oi'
1 47.96 38.28 15.45 98 101.69
2 30.32 50.83 20.09 106 101.24
3 20.73 34.03 69.48 122 124.24
Dj 102 118 106 326 327.17
Dj' 99.01 123.14 105.02 327.17

Note:

Since Dj and Calculated Dj’ are not equal make the necessary adjustments.

Zone 1 2 3 Oi Oi'
1 47.96 38.28 15.45 98 101.69
2 30.32 50.83 20.09 106 101.24
3 20.73 34.03 69.48 122 124.24
Dj 102 118 106 326 327.17
Cal Dj' 99.01 123.14 105.02 327.17

102/99.01 118/123.14 106/105.02

Factor 1.03020 0.95826 1.00933

Recalculate the trips by multiplying each trip by the factor

Zone 1 2 3 Oi Oi'
1 49.41 36.68 15.59 98 101.68
2 31.24 48.71 20.28 106 100.23
3 21.35 32.61 70.13 122 124.09
Dj 102 118 106 326 326 Check
Cal Dj' 102 118 106 326
Check
Note:

Oi is the actual productions from the zone and Oi’ is the computed ones. Similar is the
case with attractions also. Dj is the actual productions from the zone and Dj’ is the
computed ones.

•CALIBRATED GRAVITY MODEL

The gravity model is much like Newton's theory of gravity. The gravity model assumes
that the trips produced at an origin and attracted to a destination are directly proportional
to the total trip productions at the origin and the total attractions at the destination. The
calibrating term or "friction factor" (F) represents the reluctance or impedance of persons
to make trips of various duration or distances. The general friction factor indicates that as
travel times increase, travelers are increasingly less likely to make trips of such lengths.
Calibration of the gravity model involves adjusting the friction factor.

*An important consideration in developing the gravity model is "balancing" productions

and attractions. Balancing means that the total productions and attractions for a study
area are equal.

Definitions

Centroids-- Imaginary points within zones from which all departing trips are assumed to
originate and at which all arriving trips are assumed to terminate.
Cordon Line—An imaginary line that denotes the boundary of the study area.
Friction Factor-- A mathematical factor that is used to describe the effort that is required
to travel between two points.
Link-- An element of a transportation network that connects two nodes. A section of
roadway or a bus route could be modeled as a link.
Modal Choice Analysis-- The process used to estimate the number of travelers who
will use each of the available transportation modes (train, car, bus) to reach their
destination.
Nodes-- Nodes are points at which links terminate. Links may terminate at destinations
or at intersections with other links. Routes-- Pathways through a network. Routes are
composed of links and nodes.
Study Area-- The region within which estimates of travel demand are desired.
Trip-- The journey between one point and another.
Trip Assignment Analysis-- The process used to estimate the routes (for each mode)
that will be used to travel from origin to destination. This process yields the total number
of vehicles or passengers that a particular route can expect to service.
Trip Distribution Analysis-- The process used to determine the number of produced
trips from each zone that will be attracted by each of the remaining zones.
Trip Generation Analysis-- A data collection and analysis process that is used to
estimate the number of trips that each zone will produce and attract.
Urban Growth Boundary (UGB)-- An imaginary boundary that encloses all of the land
that is expected to be developed at some.

Where:
Tij = trips produced at I and attracted at j
Pi = total trip production at i
Aj = total trip attraction at j
F ij = a calibration term for interchange ij, (friction factor) or travel time factor (F ij =C/tij )
C= calibration factor for the friction factor
Kij = a socioeconomic adjustment factor for interchange ij
i = origin zone
n = number of zones

Note:
Before the gravity model can be used for prediction of future travel demand, it must be calibrated.
Calibration is accomplished by adjusting the various factors within the gravity model until the
model can duplicate a known base year’s trip distribution. For example, if you knew the trip
distribution for the current year, you would adjust the gravity model so that it resulted in the same
trip distribution as was measured for the current year.

Example:

The following information comes from trip generation.

Production Attraction K factor F (Friction factor)

zone (P) (A) zone 1 2 3 zone 1 2 3
1 550 440 1 1.04 1.15 0.66 1 0.876 1.554 0.77
2 600 682 2 1.06 0.79 1.14 2 1.554 0.876 0.77
3 380 561 3 0.76 0.94 1.16 3 0.77 0.77 0.876
Zone 1
Zone 2

P1 A1 P2 A2

Zone 3
P3 A3
Required:
Distribute the process using the calibrated gravity model.

STEPS:

1) Get the sum of P and A

Production Attraction
zone P A
1 550 440
2 600 682
3 380 561
Sum 1530 1683

2) Adjust the A values. Production values are more reliable than A values.

Factor = 1530/1683 = 0.91

col 1 col 2 col 3 col 4 col 5

col 3 x col
Production Attraction Adjustment 4
zone P A factor Adj A
1 550 440 0.91 400
2 600 682 0.91 620
3 380 561 0.91 510
Sum *1530 1683 *1530

3) Apply the gravity model formula to P and A using the friction and K tables.
Row 1: Trips along Row 1 are T11, T12,T13

AjFijKij

zone 1 2 3 P
1 T11 T12 T13 550
2 T21 T22 T23 600
3 T31 T32 T33 380
A 400 620 510 1530

A1F11K11 = 400 x 0.876 x 1.04 = 364

A2F12K12 = 620 x 1.554 x 1.15 = 1108

A3F13K13 = 510 x 0.77 x 0.66) = 259

AjFijKij = A1F11K11 + A2F12K12 + A3F13K13 = 1731

Computations of trips:

Using the above formula for Tij,

Production P1 =550
T11 = 364/1731 (550) = 116

T12 =1108/1731 (550) =352

T13 =259/1731 (550) = 82

Row 2: Trips are T21 T22 T23

A1F21K21= 400 x 1.554 x 1.06 = 659

A2F22K22 =620 x 0.876 x 0.79 = 429

A3F23K23= 510 x0.77 x 1.14 = 448

Sum = 1535

Computations of trips:

Using the above formula for Tij,

Production P2 = 600

T21 = 659/1535 (600) = 258

T22 = 429/1535 (600) = 168

T23 = 448/1535 (600) = 175

Row 3: Trips are T31 T32 T33

A1F31K31= 400 x 0.77 x 0.76 = 234

A2F32K32 =620 x 0.77 x 0.94= 449

A3F33K33= 510 x0.876 x 1.16= 518

Sum = 1201
Computations of trips:

Using the above formula for Tij,

Production P3 = 380

T31 = 234/1201 (380) = 74

T32 = 449/1201 (380) =142

T33 = 518/1201 (380) = 164

zone 1 2 3 A P
1 T11 T12 T13 550 550
2 T21 T22 T23 600 600
3 T31 T32 T33 380 380

Tabulate the result:

zone 1 2 3 P
1 116 352 82 550
2 258 168 175 600
3 74 142 164 380
A 400 620 510
Acal. 448 662 421

400/448 620/662 510/421

factor 0.89 0.94 1.21

First Iteration
zone 1 2 3 P
1 103 331 99 550
2 230 158 212 600
3 66 133 198 380
A 400 620 510
Acal. 399 622 509

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
Homework 2:

1.Gravity model: The productions from zone 1, 2, 3, and 4 are 113, 111, 127 and 95.
attractions to zone 1,2,3, and 4 are 107, 123, 105. 111.

Origin – Destination matrix

Zone 1 2 3 4 Oi
1 T11 T12 T13 T13 113
2 T21 T22 T23 T23 111
3 T31 T32 T33 T33 127
4 T41 T42 T43 T44 95
Dj 107 123 105 111 446

The cost matrix is as shown.

Zone 1 2 3 4
1 1.3 1.5 1.9 1.8
2 1.5 1.3 1.8 1.4
3 1.9 1.8 1.3 1.8
4 1.4 1.6 1.12 1.5

a) Prepare the function f(Cij)

b) Prepare the computation parameters of Ai:
c) Prepare the computation parameters of Bj:
d) Compute the Trips produced in zone i and attracted to zone j (Tij
e) Determine the error

2. CALIBRATED GRAVITY MODEL

The following information comes from trip generation.

Production Attraction K factor F (Friction factor)

zone (P) (A) zone 1 2 3 zone 1 2 3
1 660 550 1 1.03 1.10 0.56 1 0.976 1.434 0.765
2 700 792 2 1.07 0.89 1.24 2 1.524 0.876 0.876
3 490 671 3 0.66 0.84 1.10 3 0.777 0.77 0.745
Distribute the process using the calibrated gravity model.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………..

Watch this video on Gravity model

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xvRquOvDbPw
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References:
1.Introduction to Transportation Engineering 8.2 Tom V. Mathew and K V Krishna Rao
2.Handbook of Transportation Engineering 1st Edition
by Myer Kutz
3.Transportation engineering by Kanna & Justo and Environmental engineering by S.K
garg vol. 1&2
4.https://www.google.com/search?q=trip+distribution+example&oq=trip+distribution&aqs
=chrome.2.69i59j69i57j69i59l3j69i60l3.10499j0j7&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8
5.https://www.civil.iitb.ac.in/tvm/1100_LnTse/204_lnTse/plain/plain.html