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DEFINITION of SURVEYING
¥ “Surveying is the art of determining the
positions of points on or near the earth's
surface by means of measurements in the
three elements of space; namely, distance,
direction, and elevation.” - Rayner and
Schmidt.
Y "Surveying is the art of measuring horizontal
and vertical distances between objects, of
measuring angles between lines, of
determining the direction of lines, and of
establishing points by predetermined
angular and linear measurements.” - Davis,
Foote, Anderson, and Mikh
¥ “Surveying is the art of making such measurements of the relative positions of points
‘on the surface of the earth that, on drawing them to scale, natural and artificial
features may be exhibited in their correct horizontal or vertical relationships.” -
Clarke.
¥ “Surveying is that branch of applied mathematics which teaches the art of
determining area of any portion of the earth's surface, the length and directions of
the boundary lines, the contour of the surface, and of accurately delineating the
whole on paper." = Webster.
Y "Surveying is the science or art of making such measurements as are necessary to
determine the relative position of points above, on, or beneath the surface of the
earth, or to establish such points." -Breed, Hosmer, and Bone.
¥ "Surveying is the science and art of determining relative positions of points above,
‘on, or beneath the surface of the earth, or establishing such poinls.” - Binker and
Wolf.
Surveys are divided into two general classifications, plane and geodetic.
1. Plane Surveying- is that lype of surveying in which the earth is considered to be a
flat surface, and where the distances and oreas involved are of limited extent
that the exact shape of the earth is disregarded,
2. Geodetic Surveying- ore surveys of wide extent which take into account the
spheroidal shape of the earth. These surveys employ principles of geodesy, are of
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trigonometry, calculus, and some applications of the theory of the least squares.
TYPES OF SURVEYS
1. Cadastral Surveys - are usually closed surveys which are undertaken in urban
and tural locations for the purpose of determining and defining property lines
and boundaries, comers, and areas. These surveys are also made to fix the
boundaries of municipalities, towns, and provincial jurisdictions.
2. City Surveys — are surveys of the areas in and near a city for the purpose of
planning expansions or improvements, locating property lines, fixing reference
monuments, determining the physical features and configuration of the land,
and preparing maps.
3. Construction Surveys - these are surveys which are undertaken at a construction
site to provide data regarding grades, reference lines, dimensions, ground
configuration, and the location and elevation of structures which are of concern
to engineers, architects, and builders.
4, Forestry Surveys - a type of survey executed in connection with forest
management and mensuration, and the production and conservation of forest
lands.
5. Hydrographic Surveys - refer to surveying streams, lakes, reservoirs, harbors,
oceans, and other bodies of water. These surveys are made to map shore lines,
chart the shape of areas underlying water surfaces, and measure the flow of
sireams. They are general importance in connection with navigation,
development of water supply and resources, flood control, irrigation, production
of hydroelectric power, subaqueous constructions, and recreation.
6. Industrial Surveys - sometimes known as optical tooling. It refers to the use of
surveying techniques in ship building, construction and assembly of aircraft, lay-
out and installation of heavy and complex machinery, and in other industries
where very accurate dimensional layouts are required.
7. Mine Surveys - are surveys which are performed to determine the position of all
underground excavations and surface mine structures, to fix surface boundaries
of mining claims, determine geological formations, to calculate excavated
volumes, and establish lines and grades for other related mining work.
8, Photogrammetric Surveys - a type of survey which makes Use of photographs
taken with specially designed cameras either from airplanes or ground stations.
Measurements are obtained from the photographs which are used in
conjunction with limited ground surveys.
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quantities, location of natural and artificial objects in connection with the
planning, design, and construction of highways, railroads, pipelines, canals,
transmission lines, and other linear projects.
10. Topographic Surveys — are those surveys made for determining the shape of the
ground, and the location and elevation of natural and artificial features upon it.
The features shown include such natural objects as hills, mountains, rivers, lakes,
relief of the ground surface, etc; and works of man, such as roads, buildings,
ports, towns, municipalities, and bridges.
SURVEYING INSTRUMENTS.
Telescope — The invention of the telescope in 1607 is generally accredited to
Lippershey. In 1609, Galileo constructed a refracting telescope for astronomical
‘observations. However, it was only when cross hairs for fixing the line of sight were
introduced, that the telescope was used in early surveying instruments,
. Transit — The invention of transit is accredited to Young and Draper who worked
independenily from each other sometime in 1830.
Plane Table - used in field mapping. It consists of a board attached to a tripod in
such a way that it can be leveled or rolated fo any desired direction,
|. Vernier - a short auxiliary scale placed alongside the graduated scale of an
instrument, by means of which refractional parts of the smallest or least division of
the main scale can be determined precisely without having to interpolate. It was
invented 1631 by a Frenchman name Pierre Vernier. Surveying instrument employ
either a direct or retrograde vernier.
Compass — The magnetic compass came into wide use during the 13th century for
determining the direction of lines and in calculating angles between lines. It was first
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mounted on a pivot at the center of a graduated circle. The needle continues to
point toward magnetic north and gives a reading which is dependent upon the
position of the graduated circle
SURVEYING MEASUREMENTS
¢ Direct measurement
Distances are actually measured on the surface of the earth
using Chain or Tape measurements or Ranging
* Indirect Measurements
+ Measurement by optical means
Observations are taken through a telescope and distances
are determined by calculation as in tachometer or triangulation
+ Electronic methods
Distances are measured with instruments that rely on
propagation, reflection and subsequent reception of either radio or light
‘waves
ANGULAR UNITS OF MEASUREMENT
> Sexagesimal Units- units of angular measurement are the degree, minute,
and second. The unit of angle used in surveying is the degree which is
defined as 1/360" of a circle. One degree equals 60 minutes, and 1 minute
‘equals to 60 seconds.
> Centesimal Unils- many countries in Europe and the Middle East use the
centesimal system where grad is the angular unit. The grad is divided into 100
centesimal minutes or 0.9 degrees, and the minute is subdivided into 100
centesimal seconds or 0 degree 00 minute 32.4 seconds.
THE CONCEPTS OF MISTAKES, ERRORS, ACCURACY, AND PRECISION.
& MISTAKES. Are inaccuracies in measurements which occur because some
aspect of a surveying operation is performed by the surveyor with carelessness,
inattention, poor judgment, and improper execution. Mistakes are also caused
by misunderstanding of the problem, inexperience, or indifference of the
surveyor. A large mistake is reffered to as a blunder.
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measured value of a quantity. It is a deviation of an observation or a calculation
from the true value and is often beyond the control of the one performing the
operation.
TYPES OF ERRORS-
1. Systematic Errors
This type of error is one which will always have the same sign and magnitude
‘as long as field conditions remain constant and unchanged. For changing
field conditions there is a corresponding change in magnitude of error,
however, the sign remains constant. A systematic error will repeat itself in
other measurements, stil maintaining the same sign, and thus will
accumulate. It is for this reason that this type of error is also called a
cumulative error.
2. Accidental Errors
These errors are purely accidental in character. The occurrence of such errors
‘are matters of chance as they are likely to be positive or negative, and may
tend in part to compensate or average out according to laws of probability.
There is no absolute way of determining or eliminating them since the error for
‘an observation of a quantity is not likely to be the same as for a second
‘observation.
4 ACCURACY. Indicates how close a given measurement is to the absolute or true
value of the quantity measured. It implies the closeness between related
measurements and their expectations. The difference between the measured value
‘of a quantity and its actual value represents the total error in the measurement. As
the measured value approaches the actual value, the magnitude of the error
becomes smaller and smaller; and as the magnitude of the total error is decreased,
the accuracy of the measurement increases. Therefore, a measurement is termed
less accurate if it deviates by a significant amount from its expected value, and it is
more accurate if the deviation is relatively small
4 PRECISION. Precision refers to the degree of refinement and consistency with which
‘any physical measurement is made. It is portrayed by the closeness to one another
of a set of repeated measurements of a quantity. Thus, if a set of observations is
closely clustered together, the observation is said to have been obtained with high
precision. Since precision relates to the expertness of manipulation on the part of the
‘observer or to the capabilities of the instrument used, it requires the use of precise
instruments under ideal conditions employing the best techniques.
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Make an outline discussion on how to minimize or reduce errors and or mistakes in
measurement.
Relate your course fo your subject by giving a detailed application and importance of
your course to your field of specialization or to the civil engineering field.
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‘means, slactenic, mecharical, pholocopyng, recording, otherwise of any par of his document, witout the prior witen permission of SLU, is stl prohibitedThis module will explain the basic concepts and principles of surveying, sources
of survey information, kinds of surveys and proper use and care of Instruments.
Qo
Pre-assessment: Site atleast three instances in real life scenario wherein mistakes,
accuracy, and precision applies especially in measurement. Explain the details wherein
these 3 principles acquired.
i
Read: Introduction to Surveying
Uploaded Module
(You have a POF File of the Module in your USB packet)
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‘means, slatnic, mecharical, pholocopyng, recording, otherwise of any pat of his document, witout the prior wien permission of SLU, is stl prohibitedTHEORY of PROBABILITY. Probability is defined as the number of times something
will probably occur over the range of possible occurences. The theory of probability is
Useful in indicating the precision of results only in so far as they are affected by
accidental errors. It does not, however, in any way determine the magnitude of
systematic errors which may also be present,
‘A. MOST PROBABLE VALUE (mpv)
The most probable value (mvp) of a group of repeated measurements made under
similar conditions is the arithmetic mean or the average. It refers to. a quantity which,
based on available data, has more chances of being correct than has any other.
mpy= 1X/1
Xr X2tXst satX)/
Illustrative Problems.
1. A surveying instructor sent out six groups of students fo measure a distance
between two points marked on the ground. The students came up with the
following six different valves: 250.25, 250.15, 249.90, 251.04, 250.50, and 251.22
meters. Assuming these valves are equally reliable and that variations result from
accidental errors, determine the most probable value of the distance measured.
Solutions:
mpi
= EX/ne (X14+X2+X3+.....+Xn)/ 0
mpv= (250.25+ 250.15+ 249.90+ 251.04+ 250.50+ 251.22)/6
mpv= 250.51m (the most probable value of of the distance measured)
2. The angles about a point Q have the following observed values. 130°15'20",
142°37'30", and 87°07'40". Determine the most probable value of each angle.
Solutions:
@) Determining the corection to be applied
Sum= 61+82+ @3= 130°15'20"+ 142°37'30"+ 87°07'40"
60°00'30"' (sum of the angles observed about point Q)
Disc= 360- 360°00'30""
= -30" (discrepancy in the observation}
b) Determining the most probable values.
corection= Discrepancy/ n= -30"/3= -10"
corrected @1= 130°15'20" + (-10")= 130°15'10"
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87°07" 40" + (-10”
142°37'20"
87°07'30"
¢} Solution Check.
130°15'10""+142°37'20"'+ 87°07'30"= 360°
B, RESIDUAL (v)
Sometimes referred to as the deviation, is defined as the difference between any
measured value of a quantity and its most probable value or
VEX:
v is the residual in any measurement, X is a measurement made of a particular
quantity, and X is the most probable value of the quantity measured.
C. PROBABLE ERROR (PE)
The probable error is a quantity which, when added to and subtracted from the
most probable value, defines a range within which there is a 50 percent chance
that the true value of the measured quantity lies inside (or outside) the limits thus
sets,
PEs = +0.6745 |Z
Ta
PEm = 20.6745 |
nad
PE: = probable error of any single measurement of series
PEn= probable error of the mean
= number of observations
D. RELATIVE (ERROR) PRECISION (RP)
Relative error, sometimes called relative precision, is expressed by a fraction having
the magnitude of the error in the numerator and the magnitude of the measured
quantity in the denominator. The relative precision (RP) would be expressed as
0.10/235.50 or 1/2355, also written as 1:2355.
E, WEIGHTED OBSERVATIONS
It is usually based upon the judgment of the surveyor, the number of measurements
taken for a particular quantity, and by assuming that the weights are inversely
proportional to the square of the probable errors
F._INTERRELATIONSHIP OF ERRORS.
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computation involves quantities that are subject to accidental error. Two commonly
applied principles of the theory of errors involve the summation of errors and the
product of errors.
E.1. Summation of Errors
PES + |PE\? + PE2? +--+ PE,”
PE, is the probable error of the sum and PE,” + PE,” +--+ PE,” are the probable
error of each measurement.
E.2, Product of Errors
PEp= ty/(Q1xPE 2)? + (Q2xPE;)*
PE, is the probable error of the product, Qi and @2 are the measured quantities, and
PE: ond PE2 are the probable error corresponding to each quantity measured.
Illustrative Problems.
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1croric, mecharical, photocopying, recording, o otherwise of any par of hs document, without the prior win permission of SLU, is stil prohibited.Four measurements of a distance were recorded as 284,18, 284.19, 284.22, and 284.20
meters and given weights of 1, 3, 2, and 4 respectively. Determine the weighted mean.
[Chao
The length of a line was measured repeatedly on three different occasions and
probable error of each mean value was computed with the following results:
1 set of measurements = 1201.50 0.02m
2
set of measurements= 1201.45 0.04m
3 set of measurements = 1201.62+ 0.05
Determine the weighted mean of the three sets of measurements,
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