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MODULE 1 : GENERAL GEOLOGY jµ_ardnasac MODULE 1 : GENERAL GEOLOGY Part 4 : Ground Water jµ_ardnasac

§ the science of the occurrence, distribution and movement of water

below the surface of the earth

§ Also called subsurface water

§ Water that occurs below the surface of Earth
§ Occupies all or part of the void spaces in soils or geologic strata
Ground Water § an important source of water supply throughout the world
CE 2131 —v— Module 1 § use in irrigation, industries, urban and rural home continues to
increase
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MODULE 1 : GENERAL GEOLOGY Part 4 : Ground Water jµ_ardnasac MODULE 1 : GENERAL GEOLOGY Part 4 : Ground Water jµ_ardnasac

§ Affected by 1. Meteoric water:

§ Main source of groundwater
§ Received in the form of rain and snow
through infiltration of pores, fissures and joints
2. Connate Water:
quantum and speed of rains extent of vaporization during rain
slope of land
§ Exists in pores and cavities of sedimentary
rocks of seas and lakes
§ Also called sedimentary water
3. Magmatic Water:
§ Also called juvenile water
dryness of air § Converts water after condensation of vapor
vegetative cover water absorbing as result of volcanic action at time of entering
Temperature capacity of soil
porosity and permeability of rocks hot rocks
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MODULE 1 : GENERAL GEOLOGY Part 4 : Ground Water jµ_ardnasac MODULE 1 : GENERAL GEOLOGY Part 4 : Ground Water jµ_ardnasac

§ VOLUMETRIC PROPERTIES OF SOIL § Porosity, n § relative moisture content, R

§ Flow in soils and rocks takes place through void spaces § Also called void fraction § Amount of water contained in
§ hydraulic properties of soils and rocks depend on the sizes and shapes of § Measure of the void spaces in a soil particle
the void spaces material !"#$%& "' -,+&.
§ 𝑛=
!"#$%& "' !"()* !"#$%& "' !"()*
§ 𝑛=
+"+,# !"#$%&
§ PROPERTIES DEFINING SOIL
§ Porosity, n
§ volumetric moisture content, q § Permeability
§ volumetric moisture content, q § numerical measure of soil § Property of soil to enable
§ relative moisture content, R moisture transmission of water and air
§ Permeability !"#$%& "'-,+&.!"()*
§ 𝜃= § The more permeable the soil,
+"+,# !"#$%&
the greater the seepage

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MODULE 1 : GENERAL GEOLOGY Part 4 : Ground Water jµ_ardnasac MODULE 1 : GENERAL GEOLOGY Part 4 : Ground Water jµ_ardnasac

§ Groundwater occurrence is controlled by geology Zone of Aeration Sub-zones:

§ occurs when water recharges the subsurface through cracks and pores in soil and rock Soil – water Zone:
Unsaturated Hygroscopic
§ Mainly divided into two (2) zones • Absorbed from air
except during Water
Water and air both Capillary Water • Held by surface tension
occupy pore spaces periods of heavy • Excess soil water draining through the
infiltration Gravitation water
Intermediate soil
Zone of Aeration
Zone:
Also referred to as Vadose Zone
Connecting link between near-ground-surface region and near-water-table region
Aeration
Zone of

through which water infiltrates

Groundwat Zone of Saturation
er
Also referred to as Pheratic Zone Capillary Zone:
table
Water fills all
Saturation

Or capillary fringe
Zone of

pore spaces
Zone immediately above the water table into which water may be drawn upward as
consequence of capillary action
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MODULE 1 : GENERAL GEOLOGY jµ_ardnasac MODULE 1 : GENERAL GEOLOGY Part 4 : Ground Water jµ_ardnasac

Ground Surface 1. Aquifers 3. Aquiclude

Soil Water Zone
§ Water bearing geological formation § Solid and p=impermeable area
that can store and yield usable § Overies the aquifer pressure which
Zone of Aeration amount of water causes a confined aquifer zone
Water Pressure < Atmospheric Pressure
Intermediate Vadose Zone (Vadose Water)

Water Table Capillary Zone Tension Vadose

Water pressure = Atmospheric 4. Aquifuge
2. Aquitard § Impermeable body of rocks which
§ A bed of low permeability adjacent contains no interconnected
Zone of Saturation Zone of Saturation to an aquifer
Water Pressure > Atmospheric Pressure
(Pheratic Water) openings
§ May serve as a storage unit

Impermeable Rock Layer

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MODULE 1 : GENERAL GEOLOGY jµ_ardnasac MODULE 1 : GENERAL GEOLOGY Part 4 : Ground Water jµ_ardnasac

Typess of Aquifers
1. UNCONFINED AQUIFER 2. CONFINED AQUIFER
§ Also known as artesian or
§
Also called water table
pressure aquifers
§
Upper water surface is at
§ Below the land surface saturated
atmospheric pressure
with water
§ Able to rise and fall
§ Bound by impermeable layers
§ Usually closer to earth's surface above and below
3. LEAKY AQUIFERS
§ Under pressure
§ Or semi-confined aquifers
§ If penetrated by a well, water
§ both of Upper and lower
rises above the top of aquifer
boundaries are aquitards
§ Or one boundary is an aquitard
and the other is an aquiclude
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MODULE 1 : GENERAL GEOLOGY Part 4 : Ground Water jµ_ardnasac MODULE 1 Part

: GENERAL
4 : Ground
GEOLOGY
Water jµ_ardnasac

CE 2131 – GEOLOGY FOR ENGINEERS 13 CECE

2131
2131
– GEOLOGY
– geology for
FORcivilENGINEERS
engineers 14

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