Welcome

SSPH011 Class of 2021

Session 15: Work, Energy and Power
MA Letsoalo
0829358999
molamo.letsoalo@ul.ac.za
Maila MT 202016280 0715855552
Work
• Work: Work is done (may be done) when a force is
exerted on an object and the object moves
(displaced)
• W=Fxcosθ or W=Fycosθ
• Work is a scalar quantity
• Work is measured in Joules
• Work can be positive or negative (Fxcos1800) or 0 J
(900)
• Work is done by a force on a particle
• Total Work done=change in energy (2nd Law)
• Total Work done= 0J (1st Law)
 Example
𝑻. 𝒙 = 𝑇𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠600
𝑵. 𝒙 = 𝑁𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠900 = 0𝐽
𝒇. 𝒙 = 𝑓𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠1800 = −𝑓𝑥
𝒘. 𝒙 = 𝑤𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠900 = 0𝐽

𝑵
𝑻
θ
𝒇
𝒙
𝒘

If 𝑎𝑥 = 0𝑚/𝑠2 (1st Law) then total work done 𝑊𝑇 = 0𝐽

If 𝑎𝑥 ≠ 0𝑚/𝑠2 (2nd Law) then total work done 𝑊𝑇 ≠ 0𝐽
Energy
• Energy E is a physical quantity
• Energy is a scalar quantity
• Energy is a conserved quantity
• Energy is related to work done (W=F.x or F.y)
• Work done=change in energy
• Energy is measured in Joules
Energy
• We use energy for
• Heating
• Lighting
• Cooling
• Transportation
• And all human activities such as
• Walking
• Talking and even ........ s
• Smiling
Forms of energy
• Chemical potential energy (fuel and food)
• Electrical energy
• Nuclear energy
• Thermal energy
• Sound energy
• Solar energy
• Mechanical energy
Work and Energy
• The capacity to make things change is called energy.
• The process of making things change is called work
• Energy is what is transferred and work does the
transferring
• Work: mechanical means of transferring energy.
• Energy can be transferred between objects or
converted from one form to the other.
Did you know!
• Did you know that only 15% of chemical energy is
converted in useful kinetic energy to power an
ICE(Internal Combustion Engine) vehicles (vehicles
that use fossil fuels, e.g petrol, diesel, jet fuel). The
rest of the energy is wasted as heat energy, sound
energy etc
Did you know!
•Did you know that 75% of
environmental pollution is from ICE
vehicles and 30% of the greenhouse
gases is emitted by ICE vehicle
• Did you know that ICE vehicles are the
main cotributors of Global warming that
endangers our health and threatens other
basic human needs. Some impacts—such
as record high temperatures, rising seas,
and severe flooding and droughts—are
already increasingly common.
Did you know that
• By 2025 30% of cars on the road will be Evs(Electric vehicles) and by
2030 50% of vehicles on the road will be EVs
Did you know
• Chemical energy from sugars and carbohydrate(pap, bread, rise,
chips, skopas, etc) containing food is converted into mechanical
energy(locomotion) and the excess energy is store as fat, including
belly fat which is bad is for one’s health
Mechanical energy
• Mechanical energy is denoted E
• Two types of mechanical energies
• Energy of moving particle K=½mv2
• Energy of stored by a particle by virtue of its position relative to the
Earth (height) U=mgy
• Mechanical energy is conserved E0=E
• Eo=Ko+Uo and E=K+U
• Ko+Uo=K+U
Power •
• Sometimes, the work is done very quickly and other times the work is
done rather slowly.
• The quantity that has to do with the rate at which a certain amount of
work is done is known as the power
• Power is a measure of how quickly you can do work. The amount of
work done in a certain amount of time(average power
 Moment or Torque
• the tendency of a force to rotate the body to which it is applied
• a measure of how much force acting on an object causes the object
to rotate
• a measure of the force that can cause an object to rotate about an
axis
• The turning effect of a force
• the turning or twisting effectiveness of a force
Moment or Torque
Action words associated with toque
Rotate
Turn
Spin
Twist
Bend
Walking, talking, eating, knotting, smiling
TORQUE is what makes something rotate

How do I apply a force to make the rod and door rotate

about the axel? Not just anywhere!

AXIS
 TORQUE (Moment)
• To make an object rotate, a force must be applied in the right place.
• the product of force and length from point of application (lever arm;
(moment arm) is called TORQUE
Torque = force times lever arm
Torque = F  L
lever arm, L

Axle
Force, F
Which of force will result in more torque?
 Forces and moments

Moment of = force x perpendicular

a force about distance from
Don’t a point the point
forget
that the
unit of
Force ie
the
Newton Moments may be described as clockwise or
(N) anticlockwise, and the moment of a force is
also called a torque.
Factors that affect Torque
• Moment arm d: The distance from the point of rotation
affects torque in such a manner that the further you are
from the axis of rotation, the easier it is to rotate around
that point. F 1

F2

d1

d2

Note: The distance d is also known as the lever arm.

Moment arm or lever arm
Moment arm
Torque increase with the increase in moment arm
 Lever Arm (moment arm) d=rsinθ

• The lever arm, d, is the perpendicular distance from the

axis of rotation to a line drawn along the direction of the
force
d = r sin q
Calculate moment arm d of force F
Calculate moment arm d

d=rsinθ
d=0.28sin50.00
d=0.21m
Factors that affect Torque
• Angle: Torque also depends on the angle at which
the force makes with the lever arm. Torque is
maximum when the force makes a 90° angle with
the lever arm.

r Cross r with F to determine the angle

F
θ

θ
Determine angle θ for each force
Determine angle θ for each force

r
For F1 r=0 no angle
For F2 θ=900
For F3 θ=1800
Factors that affect Torque
• Force: Torque is directly proportional to the
force applied to the lever arm. As the force
increases, so does the torque.
F2

F1

d
d

F2 > F1
2 > 1
Electric vs Diesel vs petrol powered vehicles
• BMW M8 5l V8 ICE τ=750 N.m BMW i8 EV τ=990 N.m
Torque
• Torque is represented using the Greek letter tau as follows:

 = Fxr=Fr sinθ=Fd (y)

-Where
F = Force (Newtons)
r = the length of the position vector
θ = angle that force makes
with the axis of the lever arm
d=rsinθ = lever arm
SI unit of torque is N.m

Note: Torque is a vector quantity.

 Imagine a bicycle wheel that can only spin about its axle.

Torque = (F)(rsinø)

r  rsin is called the " moment arm" or " moment"

𝜏 = 𝐹𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛∅

F F

r ø
ø
r
r



 r
r
r
Torque = force x moment arm
 =Fd=Fr sinθ
Torque of weight = weight x moment arm
 =Fd=wr sinθ

θ
w rθ
r w θ r w
r
w
Θ=1800
Torque of tension = tension x moment arm
 =Fd=Tr sinθ

α θ
w rθ
r w θ r w
α
r
w α

Θ=1800
α=900
An 80 N force acts at the end of a 12 cm wrench as shown.
Calculate torque
 d

F=80N
R=12cm
0 0
d=rsin60 =12sin60 = 0.1m
𝜏 = 𝐹𝑑=(80x0.1) N.m=80 N.m
Net Torque

•The net torque is the sum of all the

torques produced by all the forces
•Remember to account for the direction of
the tendency for rotation
•Counterclockwise torques are positive
•Clockwise torques are negative
Reminder
•Assignment 2 (part A and B) due on the 3rd
May at 23:30
•Assignments MEMOs and feedback on the
th
4 May
•Test 1 will be on the 7th May at 18:00
•Another Test on the 10th May at 09:20
•Tests MEMOs and feedback on the 11 May th
Torque and Equilibrium
• First Condition of Equilibrium F  0 or
• The net external force must be zero
Fx  0 and Fy  0

2nd Condition of equilibrium

“If an object is in equilibrium, the sum of the clockwise moments
about any point is equal to the sum of the anticlockwise moments
about that point.”

  0
The Principle of Moments Let’s look
at some
worked
examples
1m
2m

20N 10N

Anticlockwise moment Clockwise moment

= 20 x 1 = 20Nm = 10 x 2 = 20Nm
The Principle of Moments Let’s look
at some
worked
examples
1m
2m
0.5m

20N 20N 5N

Anticlockwise moment Combined clockwise moment

= 20 x 1 = 20Nm = (5 x 2) + (20 x 0.5) = 20Nm
Balancing torques
20 N
10 N

1m 0.5 m

Left torque = 10 N x 1 m = 10 n m
Right torque = 20 N x 0.5 m = 10 N m
Equilibrium Example
• The woman, mass m, sits on the left
end of the see-saw
• The man, mass M, sits where the see-
saw will be balanced
• Apply the Second Condition of
Equilibrium and solve for the
unknown distance, x
Calculate F
τ𝑐𝑤 = 𝜏𝑐𝑐𝑤
300 Nx2.0 m=Fx0.2 m
600 𝑁.𝑚
F=
0.2𝑚
F=f=3 kN
Sign on a wall #2
A 200N sign hangs from a 2 meter long rod that
has a weight of 100N and is supported by a cable at an
angle of 30° as shown. Determine the tension in the cable “FT”

FT
30° 30°

Eat at Joe’s Fcm = 100N

Pivot point mg = 200N

(force at the pivot point is not shown)

 Sign on a wall #2

FT

30°

Fcm = 100N
Pivot point
mg = 200N
∑τ = 0
τFT = τcm + τmg
FT(2)sin30o =100(1)sin90o + (200)(2)sin900
FT = 500 N
(force at the pivot point is not shown)
Another Example
Given: W=50 N, L=0.35 m,
x=0.03 m
Find the tension in the muscle W

x
L

F = 583 N
Reminder
•Assignment 2 (part A and B) due on the 3rd
May at 23:30
•Assignments MEMOs and feedback on the
th
4 May
•Test 1 will be on the 7th May at 18:00
•Another Test on the 10th May at 09:20
•Tests MEMOs and feedback on the 11 May th
Equilibrium?

𝜏≠0 τ∝α
 Rotational Inertia

The resistance to change in rotational motion.

  I
Torque = Moment of inertia x angular acceleration

I  mr 2

Moment of Inertia = Mass x distance from axis squared