RESULTANT OF

COPLANAR
FORCES
Part 2
RESULTANT OF COPLANAR NON-
CONCURRENT
FORCE SYSTEM
This is the force system in which lines of action of
individual forces lie in the same plane but act at different
points of applications.

 Parallel Force System

 Non-Parallel Force System
RESULTANT OF COPLANAR NON-
CONCURRENT
FORCE SYSTEM
 Parallel Force System – Lines of action of individual forces are
parallel to each other. (Figure 1)
 Non-Parallel Force System – Lines of action of the forces are not parallel
to each other. (Figure 2)

F2 F1 F2
F1

F5 F3
F3 F4

Fig. 1 Fig. 2
MOMENT OF A FORCE ABOUT
AN AXIS
The applied force can also tend to rotate the body about an axis in addition to
motion. This rotational tendency is known as moment.

 Definition: Moment is the

tendency of a force to make a rigid
body to rotate about an axis.

 This is a vector quantity having

both magnitude and direction.
MOMENT OF A FORCE ABOUT
AN AXIS
 Moment Axis: This is the axis about
which rotational tendency is determined.
It is perpendicular to the plane comprising
moment arm and line of action of the
force (axis 0-0 in the figure)

 Moment Center: This is the position of

axis on co- planar system. (A).

 Moment Arm: Perpendicular distance

from the line of action of the force to
moment center. Distance AB = d.
MOMENT OF A FORCE ABOUT
AN AXIS
Magnitude of moment:
 It is computed as the product of the of
the force and the perpendicular
distance from the line of action to the
point about which moment is
computed. (Moment center).

 Where
F = Magnitude of force,
d = perpendicular distance

 Unit – kN-m, N-mm, N-m, etc.

MOMENT OF A FORCE ABOUT
AN AXIS
 Sense of Moment:

 The sense is obtained by ‘Right Hand Thumb’ rule.

 ‘If the fingers of the right hand are curled in the direction of rotational
tendency of the body, the extended thumb represents the sense of moment
vector’.
 For the purpose of additions, the moment direction may be considered by
using a suitable sign convention such as +ve for counterclockwise and –ve
for clockwise rotations or vice-versa

+ – M
M
EXAMPLE 1
A 100N vertical force is applied to the end of A
a lever at ‘A’, which is attached to the shaft at
‘O’ as shown in the figure.
Determine, F=100 N
a. The moment of 100N force about ‘O’.
b. Magnitude of the horizontal force applied at
‘A’, which develops same moment about 60º
‘O’.
c. The smallest force at ‘A’, which develops O
same effect about ‘O’.
d. How far from the shaft a 240N vertical
force must act to develop the same effect?
 EXAMPLE 1
a. The moment of 100N force about ‘O’.
A
Solution:
M=Fxd
F
F = 100 N
d = 120 mm 60º
O
+ M = - (100 N) (120 mm)
d
+ M = - 12000 N-mm

M = 12000 N-mm + d = 240 cos 60º = 120 mm.

Clockwise
 EXAMPLE 1
b. Magnitude of the horizontal force applied at
‘A’, which develops same moment about ‘O’.
F
Solution:
M=Fxd d

F = M/d
60º
M = 12000 N-mm + A
d = 207.8461 mm O

F = (12000 N-mm)/207.8461 mm
d = 240 sin 60º = 207.8461 mm.

F = 57.7350 N,
 EXAMPLE 1
c. The smallest force at ‘A’, which develops
same effect about ‘O’ A

Solution:
M=Fxd F

F = M/d
60º
+
M = 12000 N-mm
d = 240 mm
O

F = (12000 N-mm)/240 mm d = 240 mm

F = 50 N,
 EXAMPLE 1
d. How far from the shaft a 240N vertical A
force must act to develop the same effect?

Solution:
X = d/cos 60°
X
d = M/F
60º
M = 12000 N-mm
F = 240 N + O d F
d = (12000 N-mm)/240 N
d = 50 N X = d/cos 60°
X = 50/cos 60°
X = 100 mm
VARIGNON’S THEOREM –
PRINCIPLE OF MOMENTS
 The moment of a force about a moment center or axis is equal to the algebraic
sum of the moments of its component forces about the same moment center
(axis).

F F Psinθ

d Pcosθ
d1
+ θ + θ
O O
d2
Moment of Force F Algebraic sum of Moments of components of
about the point O, the Force F about the point O,
COUPLE
 Couple is a system of forces whose magnitude of the F
resultant is zero. Hence, couple does not produce any
translation and produces only rotation.
d
 Couple is composed of two equal forces that are
parallel to each other and acting in opposite
direction. F
 The magnitude of the couple is given by

C=F×d
Where,
F = magnitude of the two forces
d = is the moment arm, or the perpendicular distance
between the forces
CHARACTERISTICS OF A
COUPLE
 A couple is completely defined by following elements:

a. The magnitude of its moment

b. The plane in which it acts defined by the direction of the normal to the
plane.
c. The direction of rotation in the plane that is the sense of the couple.

 Moment of a couple is a vector quantity having the direction normal to

the plane in which it acts.
TYPES OF LOADS ON BEAMS
1. Concentrated Loads
W , kN
 This is the load acting for very
small length of the beam.

 Also known as point load

 Total load W is acting at one

point
TYPES OF LOADS ON BEAMS
2. Uniformly distributed load w , kN/m

 This is the load acting for a considerable

length of the beam with same intensity
of w kN/m throughout its spread. L, m

 Total intensity, W = w × L W = (w x L) , kN

 Acts at L/2 from one end of the spread L/2

L, m
TYPES OF LOADS ON BEAMS
3. Uniformly varying load
w , kN/m

 This load acts for a considerable length of

L, m
the beam with intensity varying linearly
from ‘0’ at one end to w kN/m to the other
representing a triangular distribution.

 Total intensity of load = area of triangular W = ½ × w ×L

spread of the load
1/3 ×L
2/3 ×L
 W = ½ × w × L.

 Acts at 2× L/3 from ‘Zero’ load end L, m

 APPLICATION Problem

2-D

Concurrent Non-concurrent

Not Equilibrium Equilibrium

Not Equilibrium Equilibrium (Resultant) (Unknowns)
(Resultant) (Unknowns)

1. Parallelogram Law 1. Choose a reference Point ΣFx=0

2. Triangle law 2. Shift all the forces to a point
Fx=0 ΣFy=0
3. Polygon law 3.Find the resultant force
Fy=0 and couple at that point ΣMz=0
4. Method of projections
4.Reduce the force-
couple system to a single
force
PROBLEM-SOLVING
STRATEGY
Step 1: Choose a reference point Step 2: Shift all the forces to a point

Step 3: Find the resultant force and Step 4: Reduce resultant force and
moment of forces about O moment to a single force
EXAMPLE 2
 Determine the resultant of the following figure.

Problem – 2D- Non Concurrent - Resultant

EXAMPLE 2
Step:1: Choose A as reference Point Step 3: Find resultant force and couple

Step:2: Shift all forces to point A Step:4: Reduce it to a single force

x = 1880/600
x = 3.13m
EXAMPLE 3
 Determine the resultant of the following figure

Problem – 2D- Non Concurrent - Resultant

  Determine the resultant force of the non-concurrent

EXAMPLE 3forces as shown in plate and distance of the resultant

force from point ‘O’.

Step:1 Step:2

Step:3 Step:4