Anatomia Humana

Human Anatomy

Osteologia
Osteology

Prof. Doutora Augusta Silveira

UFP-FCS
 Osteologia

O crânio
Skull (cranium)
 Skull
• The head and neck make up the top portion of the axial
skeleton.
– Skull with mandible
– Cervical vertebrae (7)
– Hyoide bone
• The skull is the bony section of the head.
– Consist of overall 22 bones;
– Divided into 2 parts:
• Calvaria + Base of skull (brain box) – 8 bones
• Facial squeleton -14 bones
• In humans, the neurocranium is (also) the upper portion
of the skull. The other, lower part of the skull is the
Prof. Doutora Augusta Silveira
viscerocranium. UFP-FCS, 2022
 Esqueleto axial
• Cabeça óssea
– Esqueleto do crânio cerebral (neurocrânio)
• Abóbada craniana ou calvária (parte superior)
• Base do crânio (parte inferior)

– Esqueleto da face (viscerocrânio ou

esplancnocrânio)

Prof. Doutora Augusta Silveira

UFP-FCS, 2022
Prof. Doutora Augusta Silveira
UFP-FCS, 2022
 Esqueleto axial
• Ossos do neurocrânio (8 ossos)
– 1 frontal
– 1 occipital
– 1 esfenóide
– 1 etmóide
– 2 parietais
– 2 occipitais
• Entre os ossos do crânio, encontram-se ainda
pequenos ossos supranumerários- os ossos
Wormianos
Prof. Doutora Augusta Silveira
UFP-FCS, 2022
 Human neurocranial bones
• In humans, the neurocranium is usually considered to include the
following eight bones:
– 1 ethmoid bone
– 1 frontal bone
– 1 occipital bone
– 2 parietal bones
– 1 sphenoid bone
– 2 temporal bones
• The ossicles (three on each side) are usually not included when
enumerating the bones of the neurocranium.
• There may variably also be extra sutural bones present.
Prof. Doutora Augusta Silveira
UFP-FCS, 2022
 Esqueleto axial
• Ossos do viscerocrânio (14 ossos)
– 2 maxilas
– 2 zigomáticos
– 2 palatinos
– 2 lacrimais
– 2 cornetos nasais inferiores
– 2 nasais
– 1 vómer
– 1 mandíbula
Prof. Doutora Augusta Silveira
UFP-FCS, 2022
 Human facial bones
• For the human skull, most sources include at least these fourteen
bones in their lists of facial bones:
• Inferior nasal concha (2)
• Lacrimal bones (2)
• Mandible
• Maxilla (2)
• Nasal bones (2)
• Palatine bones (2)
• Vomer
• Zygomatic bones (2
Prof. Doutora Augusta Silveira
UFP-FCS, 2022
 Skull

• Functions
– The skull encases and protects the brain;
– Houses the brain senses;
– Provides attachments for muscles of the head
and neck;
– Helps to form the first portions of the
respiratory and digestive tracts.

Prof. Doutora Augusta Silveira

UFP-FCS, 2022
 Fontanelas
Fontanels
• Fontanelas (Fonticuli cranii)- são áreas membranosas
da abóbada craniana presentes no recém-nascido/
infância encontrando-se no ponto de junção de vários
ossos.

• A fontanelle (or fontanel) (colloquially, soft spot) is an

anatomical feature on an infant's skull comprising any
of the soft membranous gaps between the incompletely
formed cranial bones of a foetus or an infant.
Prof. Doutora Augusta Silveira
UFP-FCS, 2022
Anterior/ Frontal Fontanel Fontanelas
Fontanela bregmática
ou grande fontanela
(fontículo anterior)

Fontanela lambdática ou
pequena fontanela
(fontículo posterior)

Fontanela ptérica
(fontículo antero- lateral Fontanela astérica
ou esfenoidal) (fontículo postero- lateral
ou mastóideia)

Posterior/ Occipital Fontanel

Prof. Doutora Augusta Silveira
Sphenoidal Fontanel Mastoid Fontanel
UFP-FCS, 2022
 Fontanelas
Fontanela bregmática Fontanela lambdática

Situada entre o frontal Situada entre o occipital e os

separado e os parietais parietais

Fontanela ptérica Fontanela astérica

Situada entre o frontal, o Situada entre a apófise

parietal, grande asa do mastóidea, o parietal e o
esfenóide e escama do occipital
temporal
Prof. Doutora Augusta Silveira
UFP-FCS, 2022
 Fontanelas

Prof. Doutora Augusta Silveira

UFP-FCS, 2022
 fontanelle closure
• In humans, the sequence of fontanelle closure is as
follows:
– The posterior fontanelle generally closes 2–3 months after
birth;
– The sphenoidal fontanelle is the next to close around 6
months after birth;
– The mastoid fontanelle closes next from 6 to 18 months
after birth;
– The anterior fontanelle is generally the last to close
between 18 month and 2 years of age.
Prof. Doutora Augusta Silveira
UFP-FCS, 2022
 Osteologia

Normas cranianas
The Normas
 The normas

• Five views of the skull are used in

anatomical descriptions, each is spoken of
as a norma.
– Norma verticalis (vista superior)
– Norma occipitalis (vista posterior)
– Norma basalis (vista da base)
– Norma frontalis (vista de frente)
– Norma lateralis (vista de lado)
Prof. Doutora Augusta Silveira
UFP-FCS, 2022
Prof. Doutora Augusta Silveira
UFP-FCS, 2022
 Osteologia

Norma superior
Norma verticalis
 Norma superior
• É geralmente elipsóide, oval, alargando-se
postero-lateralmente nos túberes ou eminências
parietais.

• When viewed from above the outline presented

varies greatly in different skulls; in some it is
more or less oval, in others more nearly circular.

Prof. Doutora Augusta Silveira

UFP-FCS, 2022
 Norma superior (vista externa)
Norma Verticalis (external view)

Prof. Doutora Augusta Silveira

UFP-FCS, 2022
 Norma superior (vista interna)
Norma Verticalis (internal view)

Prof. Doutora Augusta Silveira

UFP-FCS, 2022
 Synthesis
• Bones • Neurovascular exit
– Frontal(L. frons = forepart) portals
– Parietal(L. paries, pl. – Parietal emissary
parieties=wall) foramina
– Occipital (L. occiput = the • Prominent landmarks
back of the head) and reference points
• Principal sutures – Bregma
– Sagital, coronal, lambdoidal – Lambda

Prof. Doutora Augusta Silveira

UFP-FCS, 2022
 Osteologia
Osteology

Norma Frontal
Norma Frontalis/ Anterior/Facialis
 Osteologia
• O crânio visto de frente.
• The surface of the cranium viewed from in front.
• É grosseiramente oval, mais largo e liso acima (na
região frontal), abaixo desta é irregular e
interrompido pelas órbitas e pela abertura
piriforme.
• Irregular surface with 3 excavations: one nasal
cavity and two orbital cavities.

Prof. Doutora Augusta Silveira

UFP-FCS, 2022
Prof. Doutora Augusta Silveira
UFP-FCS, 2022
 Norma frontalis
Synthesis
• Bones: • Principal sutures:
– Frontal – Frontonasal
– Maxillae – Internasal
– Nasal – Zygomaticofrontal
– Zygomatic – Intermaxillary
– Mandible – Zygomaticomaxillary
– Ethmoid.
– Vomer

Prof. Doutora Augusta Silveira

UFP-FCS, 2022
 Synthesis
• Neurovascular exit • Prominent Landmarks and
portals: Reference Points:
– Supraorbital – Superciliary ridges (L.
notch/foramen). Supercilia=eyebrow)
– Infraorbital foramen – Glabella (L.
– Zygomaticofacial foramen Glaber=smooth, bald)
– Mental foramen – Frontal tuberosities
– Nasion (L. Nasus=nose)
– Anterior nasal spine

Prof. Doutora Augusta Silveira

UFP-FCS, 2022
 Osteologia

Órbita
The orbital Region
 Órbita
• É quase quadrangular na entrada e piramidal.
• Shape: pyramidal, quadrangular base.

• Contém: olhos, músculos, vasos, nervos, aparelho

lacrimal, estratos faciais e gordura mole.
• Contains: eyes, muscles, vessels, nerves, lacrimal
apparatus, and facial strata and fat.

Prof. Doutora Augusta Silveira

UFP-FCS, 2022
Prof. Doutora Augusta Silveira
UFP-FCS, 2022
Prof. Doutora Augusta Silveira
UFP-FCS, 2022
 Osteologia

Abertura nasal anterior

The Nasal Region
Abertura nasal anterior/ piriforme
Pyriform aperture

Nasal Frontal

Etmóide

Maxila

Vómer

Prof. Doutora Augusta Silveira

UFP-FCS, 2022
 Osteologia

Norma posterior ou occipital

Norma Occipitalis
 Norma occipital

• O crânio é visto por trás;

• É convexo em cima e mais achatado em baixo.

• The skull is seen behind;

• Is convex on top and flattened down.

Prof. Doutora Augusta Silveira

UFP-FCS, 2022
Prof. Doutora Augusta Silveira
UFP-FCS, 2022
 Norma occipitalis
Synthesis
• Bones: • Prominent landmarks and
– Occipital reference points:
– Parietal – Lambda;
• Principal sutures: – External occipital protuberance;
– Sagittal – Inion is the most prominent point of
the external protuberance;
– Lambdoidal
– Superior and inferior nuchal line;
– Occipitomastoid
– Mastoid processes.
– Parietomastoid

Prof. Doutora Augusta Silveira

UFP-FCS, 2022
 Osteologia

Norma lateral
Norma Lateralis
 Norma lateral
Norma lateralis

• O crânio visto de
lado.
• The skull viewed
from the side

Prof. Doutora Augusta Silveira

UFP-FCS, 2022
Prof. Doutora Augusta Silveira
UFP-FCS, 2022
Prof. Doutora Augusta Silveira
UFP-FCS, 2022
Prof. Doutora Augusta Silveira
UFP-FCS, 2022
• Principal sutures: Norma Lateralis
– Frontonasal Synthesis
– Coronal
– Lambdoidal • Bones:
– Parietotemporal – Frontal
– Sphenoparietal – Parietal
– Sphenofrontal – Occipital
– Zygomaticofrontal – Temporal
– Zygomaticomaxillary – Sphenoid
– Zygomaticotemporal – Zygomatic
– Nasomaxillary – Maxilla
– Occipitomastoid – Mandible
– Parietomastoid
Prof. Doutora Augusta Silveira
UFP-FCS, 2022
 Norma occipitalis
Synthesis
• Prominent landmarks and reference points:
– Anterior nasal spine
– Mastoid process (gr. Mastos=breast; breast-like)
– Styloid process (gr. Stylos=pillar)
– The inferior temporal; superior temporal line
– Pterion (gr. Pteron, pteryx=a wing)
– Mental protuberance
– Body of the mandible
– Ramus of the mandible
– Mandibular angle
Prof. Doutora Augusta Silveira
UFP-FCS, 2022
 Norma occipitalis
Synthesis

• Prominent landmarks and reference points:

– Coronoid process
– Condylar or articular process
– Neck of the mandible
– Head of the mandible
– Temporomandibular joint (TMJ)
– Mandibular notch

Prof. Doutora Augusta Silveira

UFP-FCS, 2022
 Osteologia
Osteology

Fossas nasais (Cavitas nasi)

Oral Cavity
 Nasal skeleton

Prof. Doutora Augusta Silveira

UFP-FCS, 2022
Nasal Cavity: lateral wall

Prof. Doutora Augusta Silveira

UFP-FCS, 2022
Nasal Cavity: Medial Wall

Prof. Doutora Augusta Silveira

UFP-FCS, 2022
 Paranasal sinuses

Prof. Doutora Augusta Silveira

UFP-FCS, 2022
 Osteologia
Osteology

Norma basal (interna)- basis cranii interna

Norma basalis (internal)
Prof. Doutora Augusta Silveira
UFP-FCS, 2022
 Norma basal interna
Norma Basalis (internal)
• The internal aspect of the cranial base is naturally divided into
three regions (anterior, middle and posterior cranial fossa)
• Contains the brain, the pineal gland, pituitary, cranial nerves,
spinal, blood vessels, meninges and cerebrospinal fluid.

• Divide-se em 3 partes: fossa craniana anterior, média e posterior.

• Contém o cérebro, glândula pineal, hipófise, nervos cranianos,
espinais, vasos sanguíneos, meninges e líquido cerebrospinal.

Prof. Doutora Augusta Silveira

UFP-FCS, 2022
Prof. Doutora Augusta Silveira
UFP-FCS, 2022
Prof. Doutora Augusta Silveira
UFP-FCS, 2022
• Principal sutures: Norma Basalis
Synthesis
– The frontoethmoidal
– The sphenofrontal. • Bones:
– The sphenoparietal – Frontal
– Ethmoid bone
– The sphenopetrosal – Sphenoid bone
– The sphenosquamous – Temporal bones,
– The squamosoparietal – Occipital bone
– The occipitomastoid – Parietal bones
– The petrooccipital

– The lambdoidal
Prof. Doutora Augusta Silveira
UFP-FCS, 2022
 B
O

Prof. Doutora Augusta Silveira

UFP-FCS, 2022
 Osteologia

Norma basal ou inferior (externa)

Norma Basalis (external)
 Norma inferior- basal

• O crânio visto por baixo

• Estende-se dos dentes incisivos superiores, até às
linhas nucais do occipital.

• The skull seen from below.

• Extends the upper teeth, up to the occipital nuchal
lines.
Prof. Doutora Augusta Silveira
UFP-FCS, 2022
 Norma basal (externa)

• Parte anterior
– Palato ósseo
• Parte média
• Parte posterior

Prof. Doutora Augusta Silveira

UFP-FCS, 2022
 Osteologia

Palato ósseo
Hard Palate

Prof. Doutora Augusta Silveira

UFP-FCS, 2022
 Hard Palate
• The hard palate is a thin horizontal bony plate of the skull,
located in the roof of the mouth. It spans the arch formed
by the upper teeth.

• It is formed by the palatine process of the maxilla and

horizontal plate of palatine bone.

• The hard palate is important for feeding and speech (t,d,j)

Prof. Doutora Augusta Silveira

UFP-FCS, 2022
 Palato Duro
• O palato duro é uma fina placa óssea horizontal do crânio,
localizada no tecto da cavidade oral. Aloja os dentes
superiores.

• Formado pelo processo palatino da maxila e lâmina

horizontal do osso palatino.

• O palato duro é importante para a alimentação e fonação (t,

d, j).

Prof. Doutora Augusta Silveira

UFP-FCS, 2022
 Palato ósseo
• É arqueado sagital e transversalmente
• É perfurado por orifícios e com depressões para as
glândulas palatinas.
• É formado pela apófise palatina da maxila e lâminas
horizontais do osso palatino, encontrando-se na sutura
cruciforme (formada pelas suturas intermaxilar,
interpalatina e palatomaxilar).

Prof. Doutora Augusta Silveira

UFP-FCS, 2022
 Palato ósseo

Prof. Doutora Augusta Silveira

UFP-FCS, 2022
Nervo nasopalatino
Prof. Doutora Augusta Silveira
UFP-FCS, 2022
Anatomia Humana
Human Anatomy

Osteologia
Osteology
FIM!

Questions:augusta@ufp.edu.pt
Obrigada pela vossa atenção!