Practical Anatomy

Faculty Of Dentistry

First Year
(Spring 2023)

General Anatomy
(GDN 131)

Head &Neck (Practical)

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‫رؤية ورسالة الكلية‬

‫الرؤية‬

‫تتطهع انكهيت أٌ تكىٌ في يصاف انًؤسساث انتعهيًيت انًعتسف بها إلهيًيا ً وعانًياً يٍ خالل بسايج تعهيًيت‬
.‫يتطىزة وأبحاث تطبيميت يبتكسة وتًُيت يجتًعيت يستدايت‬

Vision

The Faculty of Oral and Dental Medicine aspires to be a recognized educational

institution, regionally and internationally, by providing advanced educational
programs, innovative applied research, and sustainable community development.

‫الرسالة‬

‫ ذو كفاءة يعسفيت وتطبيميت يٍ خالل بسايج تعهيًيت‬،‫إعداد طبيب أسُاٌ يهتزو بانميى االَساَيت واألخالق انًهُيت‬
‫ كًا تهتزو انكهيت بئعداد بحىث تطبيميت‬.‫يتطىزة تتىافك يع االحتياجاث انفعهيت نسىق انعًم انًحهي وانعانًي‬
.‫يتىافمت يع االستساتيجياث انمىييت وكرنك تمديى خديت يجتًعيت يستدايت وفماً نًعاييس انجىدة انعانًيت‬

Mission

The mission of the Faculty of Oral and Dental Medicine is to prepare knowledgeable
and well-trained dentists committed to human values and professional ethics, by
developing advanced educational programs that correspond to the actual needs of the
local and global labor market. The Faculty is also committed to preparing applied
research in line with national strategies, as well as providing sustainable community
service following international quality standards.

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Intended Learning Outcomes of Course (ILOs)

a- Knowledge and understanding:
By the end of this course, each student should be able to:
a15- Describe the anatomy of the scalp and face(muscles, blood supply and nerve
supply).
a16- Describe the anatomy of the cranial cavity, dura matter, dural folds and dural
venous sinuses.
a17- Describe the anatomy of the parotid gland (size, site, extension, structure, surface
anatomy, ducts, surfaces, borders and poles), blood supply, nerve supply and lymph
drainage.
a18- Describe boundaries and contents of the temporal and infratemporal regions
(muscles of mastication, mandibular nerve, maxillary nerve, sphenopalatine ganglion,
maxillary artery and pterygoid venous plexus)
a19- Describe the anatomy of TMJ, type, variety, articular surfaces, capsule,
intracapsular disc, ligaments and muscles of the joints.
a20- Discuss the fascia of the neck (superficial fascia and its contents, deep fascia and
its parts)
a21- Describe the triangular spaces of the neck, posterior and anterior triangles
(boundaries, subdivisions and contents).
a22- Describe the anatomy of the thyroid gland (size, weight, shape, structure, site,
extension, capsule, relations and blood supply.
a23- Describe the anatomy of major vessels of head and neck (subclavian, common
carotid, internal and external carotid, jugular veins)
a24- Describe the anatomy of nerves of head and neck: cranial nerve, cervical plexus,
phrenic nerve, parasympathetic nerves, sympathetic chain)
a25- Describe the anatomy of oral cavity (tongue and palate)
a26-Describe the anatomy of the pharynx, shape, structure, muscles, cavity, palatine
tonsil, arterial supply and nerve supply
a27- List the relations, cartilages, membranes, ligaments, muscles, blood supply and
nerve supply of the larynx.
a28- Describe the anatomy of the nasal cavity (boundaries, blood supply, nerve
supply, lymph drainage and para-nasal sinuses)
a29- Discuss the lymphatic drainage of the head and neck

b- Intellectual skills:
By the end of this course, each student should be able to:
b1- Use the anatomical facts to determine the position or the course of an internal
viscera or structure.

c- Professional and practical skills:

By the end of this course, each student should be able to:
c2- Identify and discuss the human skull bones, mandible and their attachments and
related structures.
c3- Identify the soft tissues of the head and neck on the cadaver.

d- General and transferable skills:

By the end of this course, each student should be able to:
d1- Learn how to work effectively in a team.
d2- Gain the ethics of handling corpses.

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CONTENTS
Skull
- Norma Verticalis ……………………………… 6
- Norma Frontalis ………………………………... 8
- Norma Occipitalis ……………………………. 10
- Norma Lateralis …………………………… 13
- Cranial cavity ………………..……………. 17
- Norma Basalis ……………………………................... 24

Mandible………………………………….......... 31

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BONES OF HEAD AND NECK

 Skull.
 Mandible.

SKULL
SLO: By the end of this course, each student should be able to identify and
discuss the human skull bones, mandible and their attachments and related
structures.

-The skull consists of several bones connected together at lines

called sutures.
-The skull bones are either paired (e.g. temporal, maxillary,
zygomatic and palatine) or single (e.g. sphenoid, frontal and occipital).
-The skull is described from different aspects as follows:
* Norma verticalis: superior aspect.
* Norma frontalis: anterior aspect.
* Norma lateralis: lateral aspect.
* Norma occipitalis: posterior aspect.
* Norma basalis: inferior aspect.
* Cranial cavity: the skull viewed form inside.

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Norma Verticalis
Bones forming: one frontal (infront), one occipital (behind) and 2
parietal bones (one on each side).
Features:
-Sutures: these bones are separated by three sutures:
1) Coronal suture: runs from side to side, between the frontal bone in
front and the 2 parietal bones behind.
2) Sagittal suture: runs antero-posteriorly in the midline between the
2 parietal bones of both sides.
3) Lambdoid suture: it is situated between the 2 parietal bones infront
and the occipital bone behind.
-Bregma: it is the point of meeting of the coronal and sagittal sutures. In
the young skull, this is the site of the anterior fontanel; it ossifies by 18
months after birth.
-Lambda: it is the point of meeting of the sagittal and lambdoid sutures.
In the young skull this is the site of the posterior fontanel, it ossifies by 3
months after birth.
-Parietal foramen: it is a small foramen situated one on each side of the
posterior part of the sagittal suture. It transmits an emissary vein.

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Norma Verticalis

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Norma Frontalis
Bones forming: one frontal, 2 maxillae, 2 zygomatic and 2 nasal
bones.
Features:
-2 orbital openings.
-2 anterior nasal openings.
-Frontal eminence: it is the most prominent area in the frontal bone.
-Superciliary arches: These are two elevations situated just above the
medial part of the supra – orbital margin. They are more marked in males
than females.
-Glabella: it is an elevated area where the two superciliary arches meet
each other in the median plane.
-Nasion: it is the point of meeting of the internasal suture and the
frontonasal suture.
-Supra orbital notch or foramen: it lies at the junction between the
medial one third and lateral two thirds of the supra-orbital margin, it
transmits the supra orbital nerve and vessels.
-Infra-orbital foramen: about 1 cm below the infra orbital margin, it
transmits the infra orbital nerve and vessels.
-Anterior nasal spine: it lies in the midline below the anterior nasal
opening.
-Zygomatic bones: each has three processes; frontal process, maxillary
process and temporal process (the temporal process articulates with
zygomatic process of temporal bone to form the zygomatic arch).
The anterior surface of zygomatic bone shows the zygomatico-facial
foramen, it transmits the zygomatico-facial nerve.
-Maxillary bones: each has five processes; frontal process, zygomatic
process, alveolar process, palatine process and orbital plate.

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The alveolar process contains the canine eminence; it is an elevation

produced by the canine tooth and separates the incisive fossa medially
from the canine fossa laterally.
The buccinator muscle takes origin from the alveolar process of the
maxilla opposite the 3 molar teeth.

Norma Frontalis

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Norma Occipitalis
Bones forming: 2 parietal bones, occipital bone and mastoid temporal
bones.
Features:
-Lambdoid suture: it intervenes between the 2 parietal bones infront and
the occipital bone behind.
-Lambda: it is the point of meeting of the sagittal and lambdoid sutures.
-External Occipital Protuberance: it lies in the midline. It gives
attachment to trapezius muscle and ligamentum nuchae.
-Superior nuchal Line: on each side of the external occipital
protuberance, its medial part gives attachment to the trapezius muscle; its
lateral part gives attachment to the sternomastoid muscle.
-Highest nuchal line: it lies 1 cm above and parallel to the superior
nuchal line. The occipital belly of occipito-frontalis is attached to the
lateral part of the line and the epicranial aponeurosis to the medial part of
the line.

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Norma Occipitalis

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Summary
Norma Verticalis:
-Bones forming.
-Features: Sutures - Bregma – Lambda - Parietal foramen.
Norma Frontalis:
-Bones forming.
-Features: 2 orbital openings -2 anterior nasal openings -Frontal
eminence -Superciliary arches - Glabella –Nasion -Supra orbital notch or
foramen -Infra-orbital foramen -Anterior nasal spine.
Norma Occipitalis:
-Bones forming.
-Features: Lambdoid suture –Lambda -External Occipital Protuberance
-Superior nuchal Line -Highest nuchal line.

Formative Assessment

-Mention the name of the

foramen.
-Mention structures passing
through it.

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Norma Lateralis
Bones forming:
Superior: nasal - frontal - parietal.
Inferior: maxillary - zygomatic - greater wing of sphenoid – squamous
part of temporal bone - mastoid process of temporal bone - squamous part
of occipital bone.
Features:
It is divided into temporal fossa and infratemporal fossa.
1-Temporal fossa:
Boundaries:
Temporal line above and posterior.
Zygomatic arch below.
Frontal process of zygomatic bone anterior.
-Temporal line: it begins at the zygomatic process of frontal bone, then
extends backwards across the coronal suture where it divides into two
lines (superior and inferior).
The superior temporal line gives attachment for the epicranial
aponeurosis and the temporal fascia.
The inferior temporal line runs backwards and downwards to be
continuous with the supramastoid crest it gives origin for the temporalis
muscle.
-The floor of the fossa shows an H-shaped Suture called the pterion. This
suture is formed by the meeting of 4 bones, frontal bone, parietal bone,
squamous part of temporal bone and greater wing of sphenoid.
The pterion is related to the anterior branch of middle meningeal artery.
The floor of the fossa gives origin to the temporalis muscle.

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2-Infratemporal fossa:
Boundaries:
Anterior: posterior surface of the maxilla.
Posterior: styloid and mastoid processes.
Medial: lateral pterygoid plate.
Lateral: ramus of the mandible.
Contents of infratemporal fossa:
Muscles: the muscles of mastication.
Nerves: mandibular, maxillary.
Vessels: maxillary artery and pterygoid venous plexus.

-Zygomatic arch: it is formed by temporal process of zygomatic bone

and zygomatic process of temporal bone, its lower border gives origin to
masseter muscle.
-External auditory meatus.
-Mastoid process: it gives attachment for sternomastoid muscle.
-Suprameatal triangle: it is bounded by, supramastoid crest, superior
margin of the external auditory meatus and tangent line to the posterior
margin of the meatus. It forms the lateral wall of the mastoid antrum.
-The pterygomaxillary fissure: it lies between the maxilla and the
pterygoid plate; it connects the infratemporal fossa with the
pterygopalatine fossa.
-The pterygopalatine fossa: it is a small pyramidal space situated behind
the maxilla. It contains; the maxillary nerve, the terminal part of the
maxillary artery and the sphenopalatine ganglion.

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Norma Lateralis

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Summary
Norma Lateralis:
-Bones forming:
- Features:Temporal fossa - Infratemporal fossa.

Formative Assessment

- Mention the name of this part.

- Mention structure attached to it.

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Cranial Cavity
The cranial cavity is described in 2 parts: the internal surface of the skull
cap and the internal surface of the skull base.

A) Internal surface of the skull cap:

It presents the following features:
-Frontal crest: it gives attachment to the falx cerebri (fold of the dura).
-Sagittal sulcus: it lies in the median plane and it is related to the
superior sagittal sinus.

B) Internal surface of the skull base:

The internal surface of the skull base is divided into 3 fossae: anterior,
middle and posterior.

A. Cranial fossa

M. Cranial fossa

Foramen
Magnum

P. Cranial fossa

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1-Anterior cranial fossa: it shows:

-Orbital plates of frontal bone: these are 2 thin plates; they form the
roofs of the 2 orbits. Each plate separates the orbit from the frontal lobe
of the brain.
-Frontal crest: it gives attachment to the falx cerebri.
-Cribriform plate of ethmoid bone: it is a perforated plate situated in
the midline anteriorly, between the 2 orbital plates. The cribriform plate
forms the roof of the nasal cavity and its perforations transmit the
olfactory nerves.
- Crista galli: it is a median crest projects from the cribriform plate of
ethmoid, it gives attachment to the falx cerebri (fold of the dura).
-Lesser wings of sphenoid:
The lesser wings extend laterally, one on each side of the anterior part of
body of sphenoid.
The posterior border of the lesser wing is free and it is related to the
sphenoparietal sinus,
The medial end of the lesser wing forms the anterior clinoid process; it
gives attachment to the tentorium cerebelli (fold of the dura).

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2-Middle cranial fossa: it shows:

-Body of sphenoid: it presents the following:
The optic canal: it transmits the optic nerve and ophthalmic artery.
The optic groove: it lies between the 2 optic canals it is related to the
optic chiasma.
The hypophyseal fossa: it is a concavity in the body of sphenoid, it
lodges the hypophysis cerebri (pituitary gland).
The posterior clinoid processes: they are seen at the lateral part of the
posterior wall of the hypophyseal fossa, they give attachment to the
tentorium cerebelli (fold of the dura).
The groove for internal carotid artery: it is present on each side of the
body of sphenoid.

-Greater wing of sphenoid: it presents the following:

The groove for the middle meningeal artery.
The superior orbital fissure: it lies between the greater and the lesser
wings of sphenoid, it transmits: the occulomotor, trochlear, abducent
nerves, lacrimal, frontal, nasociliary branches of the ophthalmic nerve,
superior and inferior ophthalmic veins.
The greater wing of sphenoid is perforated by 3 foramina: foramen
rotundum, foramen ovale and foramen spinosum (from before backward).
Foramen ovale: it transmits mandibular nerve, accessory meningeal
artery, lesser superficial petrosal nerve and emissary vein.
Foramen spinosum: it transmits middle meningeal artery and nervous
spinosus.
Foramen rotundum: it opens into the pterygopalatine fossa, and
transmits the maxillary nerve.

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-Anterior surface of petrous temporal bone: It presents the following

features:
Trigeminal impression: a depression situated at the apex of the petrous
temporal bone, it lodges the trigeminal ganglion.
Arcuate eminence: a rounded elevation situated at the middle of the
anterior surface of the petrous bone, it is produced by the superior
semicircular canal.
Superior petrosal sulcus: it lies on the upper border of the petrous bone;
it lodges the superior petrosal sinus.

Superior petrosal sulcus

(superior petrosal sinus)

Middle Cranial Fossa

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3-Posterior cranial fossa: It shows:

-Clivus: it is the part extending infront of the foramen magnum; it is
related to the pons, medulla oblongata and the basilar plexus of venous
sinuses.
- The petro - occipital fissure: it lies on each side of the clivus; it is
occupied by the inferior petrosal sinus.
-The internal acoustic meatus: it is present on the posterior surface of
the petrous bone (it transmits the facial and auditory nerves).
-Jugular foramen: it contains the internal jugular vein laterally, inferior
petrosal sinus medially and the 9th, 10th, 11th cranial nerves in the middle.
-Anterior condylar foramen (hypoglossal canal): it transmits the
hypoglossal nerve.
-Foramen magnum: it transmits:
-Lower end of the medulla and upper end of the spinal cord.
-Spinal root of accessory nerve.
-Vertebral arteries, vertebral plexus of veins and spinal arteries.
-Meninges (pia, arachnoid, dura).
-Internal occipital crest: it gives attachment to falx cerebelli (fold of the
dura).
-Internal occipital protuberance: it is related to the confluence of
sinuses.
-Transverse sulcus: it lodges the transverse sinus.
-Sigmoid sulcus: s- shaped, it lodges the sigmoid sinus.

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Posterior Cranial Fossa

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Summary
Cranial Cavity:
-Internal surface of the skull cap:-Frontal crest-Sagittal sulcus.
-Internal surface of the skull base: anterior, middle and posterior.

Formative Assessment

-Mention the name of this part.

-Mention structure related to it.

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Norma Basalis
-Anterior part: is formed by the hard palate and alveolar arch.
-Middle part: From the vomer to the anterior margin of the foramen
magnum.
-Posterior part: From the anterior margin of the foramen magnum to the
superior nuchal line.

Base Of The Skull

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-Bony palate:
The anterior 2/3 is formed by the palatine process of maxilla. The
Posterior 1/3 is formed by the horizontal palate of palatine bone.
The posterior free border of the hard palate gives attachment to the
palatine aponeurosis of the soft palate.
Posterior nasal spine: it gives origin to a muscle of the soft palate called
musculus uvulae.
Palatine crest: it is a transverse ridge behind the lateral part of the
palatomaxillary suture, opposite the last molar tooth.
Incisive fossa: at the anterior part of the intermaxillary suture, it contains
4 foramina, two median and two lateral foramina, they transmit greater
palatine vessels and sphenopalatine nerve.
Greater palatine foramina: it transmits greater palatine nerves and
vessels.
Lesser palatine foramina: it transmits lesser palatine nerves and vessels.
Maxillary tuberosity: the posterior end of the alveolar arch of maxilla, it
gives origin to the superficial head of the medial pterygoid muscle.
-Posterior nasal openings: they are separated from each other by the
vomer.
-Vomer: it is a median vertical plate between the 2 posterior nasal
openings.

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Intermaxillary suture

Interpalatine suture

Post. Nasal spine

(musculus uvulae)

Post border of hard palate

(palatine aponeurosis)

Anterior Part Of Norma Basalis

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-Pterygoid process of the sphenoid:

lateral to the posterior nasal openings, it is formed of medial and lateral
pterygoid plates and pterygoid fossa between the two plates.
Lateral pterygoid plate: its lateral surface, gives origin to the lower
head of the lateral pterygoid muscle and its medial surface, gives origin to
the deep head of the medial pterygoid muscle.
Medial pterygoid palate: the upper end of its posterior border shows the
scaphoid fossa (it gives origin to the tensor palati muscle) and its lower
end shows a hook - like process, the pterygoid hamulus (gives attachment
to the pterygomandibular ligament).
-Infratemporal surface of the greater wing of the sphenoid:
It gives origin to the upper head of the lateral pterygoid muscle. It shows
the spine of the sphenoid (it gives attachment to sphenomandibular
ligament).
Foramen ovale.
Foramen spinosum.
-Basilar part of the occipital bone:
The pharyngeal tubercle: is a median elevation in the basilar part of the
occipital bone 1 cm infront of the foramen magnum; it receives the
insertion of the median raphe of the pharynx.
-Petrous part of the temporal bone:
It is the wedge between the greater wing of sphenoid and the basilar part
of the occipital bone. It shows the following:
Rough area for origin of levator palati muscle.
Foramen lacerum: between the apex of the petrous temporal bone
posteriorly and the pterygoid process anteriorly and the basilar part of the
occipital bone medially. It is closed in living by a plate of cartilage which

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is pierced by meningeal branch of ascending pharyngeal artery and

emissary veins.
Carotid canal: behind the rough area of the petrous temporal bone. It
contains internal carotid artery, internal carotid sympathetic plexus, deep
petrosal nerve and emissary veins.
Jugular foramen: it lies postero-lateral to the carotid canal.
-Styloid process:
A pointed process lateral to the jugular foramen and infront of the
mastoid process it gives attachment to: styloglossus, stylohyoid,
stylopharyngeus muscles, and stylohyoid & stylomandibular ligaments.
-Mastoid process:
Behind the styloid process. It shows the mastoid notch (origin of posterior
belly of digasteric muscle) and the occipital groove (for occipital artery)
medial to the notch.
-Stylo - mastoid foramen: it transmits the facial nerve and
stylomastoid artery.
-Mandibular fossa: a concave depression in the squamous part of the
temporal bone. It articulates with the head of the mandible in the temporo
- mandibular joint.
Articular eminence: an elevation in front of the mandibular fossa.
Tubercle at the root of zygoma: it gives attachment for the lateral
ligament of T.M.J.
-Occipital condyles: two kidney - shaped condyles to articulate with
the two superior articular facets of the atlas (atlanto-occipital joint).
Anterior condylar foramen (hypoglossal canal): it transmits the
hypoglossal nerve.
Posterior condylar fossa: it may be perforated by an emissary vein.
-Foramen magnum.

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-Squamous part of occipital bone:

It lies behind the foramen magnum. Its lower part shows the following:
External occipital crest: lies in the median plane and gives attachment
to the ligamentum nuchae of the neck.
Inferior nuchal line: extends laterally from the midpoint of the external
occipital crest (one on each side, parallel to the superior nuchal lines).

Occipital condyle
External occipital crest Mastoid process
and protuberance (sternomastoid muscle)
(ligamentum nuchae)

Jugular foramen
Inferior nuchal line

Middle And Posterior Parts Of Norma Basalis

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Summary
Norma Basalis:
-Anterior part: It is formed by the hard palate and alveolar arch.
-Middle part: From the vomer to the anterior margin of the foramen
magnum.
-Posterior part: From the anterior margin of the foramen magnum to the
superior nuchal line.

Formative Assessment

Mention the name of this.

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MANDIBLE
SLO: By the end of this course, each student should be able to identify and
discuss the human skull bones, mandible and their attachments and related
structures.

It is the strongest and largest bone of the face. It consists of a curved body
and 2 rami.

A) Body of the mandible: has 2 surfaces (external and internal), 2

borders (superior and inferior).
1-External surface: It presents the following features:
-Symphysis menti: is the line of fusion of the 2 halves of the foetal
mandible (in the median plane).
-Mental protuberance: is a triangular elevation situated at the lower end
of the symphysis menti.
-Mental foramen: it transmits the mental nerve and vessels.
-Oblique line: extends downwards and forwards towards the mental
foramen. It gives attachment to buccinator muscle opposite the 3 molar
teeth.

2-Internal surface: It presents the following features:

-Mylohyoid line: It gives attachment for mylohyoid muscle, to the
posterior end of the line attached the prerygo mandibular ligament.
-Submandibular fossa: lies below the posterior part of the line, and
lodges the submandibular salivary gland, and part of the facial artery.
-Sublingual fossa: lies above the anterior part of the line, and lodges the
sublingual salivary gland.
-The lingual nerve is closely related to the medial side of socket of the 3 rd
molar tooth.

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-Genial tubercles: situated on the internal surface of the lower part of the
symphysis menti, 2 superior and 2 inferior (which give attachment to the
genioglossus and geniohyoid muscles respectively).

External Surface Of The Mandible

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-Mylohyoid groove: runs downwards and forwards just below the

posterior part of the mylohyoid line (lodges the mylohyoid nerve and
vessels).

3-Base of the mandible (inferior border): is the lower border of the

body of the mandible. It gives attachment to platysma muscle. It presents
a depression near the median plane termed the digastric fossa (one on
each side) (for anterior belly of digastric).

4-Alveolar process (superior border): contains the sockets of 16 teeth.

B) Ramus of the mandible:

It has 2 surfaces (medial and lateral).2borders (anterior and posterior) and
2 processes (coronoid and condylar with the mandibular notch in
between).
1-Lateral surface:
It gives attachment for the masseter muscle.

2-Medial surface: It presents the following features:

-Mandibular foramen: leads into the mandibular canal, it transmits the
inferior alveolar nerve and vessels; it is guarded by a small process called
the lingula (gives attachment for spheno mandibular ligament).
-Mylohyoid groove: it transmits the mylohyoid nerve and vessels the
area below this groove is rough and gives insertion to the medial
pterygoid muscle.

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Internal Surface Of The Mandible

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3-The processes:
-Coronoid process: it gives attachment to temporalis muscle.
-Condylar process: it is expanded to form the mandibular head, which is
followed by the neck of the mandible, the anterior surface of the neck
shows a depression or fovea for insertion of the lateral pterygoid muscle,
to lateral side of the neck attached the lateral ligament of temporo-
mandibular joint, medially the neck is related to the auriculo-temporal
nerve and maxillary artery.
-The mandibular notch: it transmits the masseteric nerve and vessels.

The angle of the mandible: it gives attachment to stylo-mandibular

ligament.

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Summary
Mandible:
Body of the mandible:
-External surface.
-Internal surface.
Ramus of the mandible:
-Lateral surface.
-Medial surface.
-The processes: Coronoid process & Condylar process.

Formative Assessment

-Mention the name of the foramen.

-Mention structures passing through it.

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REFERENCES

1- Gray’s Anatomy, 39th Edition Edited by S

Standring. Churchill Livingstone: Elsevier,
2004.

2-Romanes GJ, ed. In: Cunningham’s textbook

of anatomy New York, NY: Oxford University
Press.

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