General Anatomy Notes

Face
 Face extends from forehead to chin vertically, and from auricle to auricle
laterally.

 Dangerous area of the face must not be squeezed if infected.

 This could lead infection to spread to venous sinuses through emissary
veins.
 This will lead to sinus thrombosis
 Sepsis in dangerous area may lead to thrombosis in cavernous sinus.
 Muscles of the face:
Muscles Buccinator Orbicularis Oris Orbicularis Oculi
Origin - Alveolar margin of maxilla and - Extrinsic part: other facial Orbital part: upper border of
mandible opposite 3 molars muscles (mainly buccinator) medial palpebral ligament.

- Pterygomandibular ligament - Intrinsic part: extends between Palpebral part: medial

skin and mucous membrane of lips palpebral ligament.

Lacrimal part: Lateral side of

lacrimal sac

Insertion - Upper to upper lips
- Lower to lower lips
- Middle cross to upper and
lower lips
- Extrinsic part: intermingle with
intrinsic
- Intrinsic part: extends between
skin and mucous membrane of lips
Orbital part: lower border of
medial palpebral ligament.
Palpebral part: upper and
lower form lateral palpebral
raphe

Lacrimal part: upper and

lower eyelids

Action - Prevent food from - Closes mouth Orbital part: forcibly closes
accumulating in vestibule
- Compress lips to teeth Palpebral part: lightly closes
- Blowing
- Speech (P, B, M) Lacrimal part: dilates sac
- Whistling
All: reflexly close eye

Relations Covered by:

- Buccopharyngeal fascia
- Buccal pad of fat _ _
Crossed by:
- Facial artery
- Anterior facial vein

- Pierced by parotid duct

Nerve Buccal branch of facial nerve Buccal branch of facial - Temporal branch of facial
Supply - Zygomatic branch of facial
Motor Nerve Supply:
Branches of facial nerve:
 Posterior auricular:
 Posterior bellies of occipito-frontalis

 Nerve to posterior belly of digastric muscle

 Temporal
 Anterior bellies of occipito-frontalis
 Orbicularis oculi

 Zygomatic
 Orbicularis oculi
 Muscles of nose
 Muscles between eye and mouth

 Buccal
 Buccinator
 Orbicularis Oris

 Mandibular
 Lower lip
 Chin

 Cervical
 Platysma
Sensory Nerve Supply:
Branches of trigeminal nerve:
Supra-trochlear:
- Medial of upper eyelid
- Forehead
- Scalp
Frontal
Supra-orbital:
Ophthalmic - Middle of upper eyelid
- Forehead
- Scalp to lambdoid suture

Infta-trochlear: skin over bony nose

Nasociliary
External Nasal: skin over cartilage nose

Trigeminal
Lacrimal Palpebral: lateral of upper eyelid

Zygomatico-temporal: anterior part of temple

Maxillary Zygomatico-facial: skin over zygomatic bone

Infta-orbital:
- Lower eyelid
- Sides of nose
- Upper lip
Auriculo-temporal:
- Posterior part of temple
- Outer upper auricle
- Anterior of external auditory meatus
Mandibular - Ear drums

Buccal: Skin over buccinator

Mental:
- Lower lip
- Chin

Great auricular:
 Arises from cervical plexus of nerves.
 Supplies:
 Lower auricle
 Skin over parotid
 Angle of mandible
Arterial Supply:
 Facial artery:
 External carotid > Facial

 Supra-orbital & Supra-trochlear arteries:

 Internal carotid > supra-orbital & supra-trochlear

 Maxillary artery:
 External carotid > maxillary > mental & infra-orbital

 Superficial-temporal artery:
 External carotid > superficial temporal

Veinous Supply:
 Anterior facial vein:
 Supra-orbital + Supra-trochlear > anterior facial.
 Anterior facial + anterior division of retro-mandibular > common facial >
internal jugular.

 Posterior facial (retro-mandibular) vein:

 Maxillary + superficial temporal > retro-mandibular > anterior &
posterior divisions.
 Anterior division of retro-mandibular + anterior facial > common facial
 Posterior division + posterior auricular > external jugular > subclavian