Our Lady of Fatima University

Quezon City

NCMB 315

NURSING
RESEARCH
2
Step Five

Rose Ann C. Lacuarin

Academician Head
 MIDTERMS

Week 9

Literature review on research

Week 7

Paradigm & Categories of

Research

Week 10

Ethical dimension of research

proposal

Week 8

Research Approach

Week 11

Quantifying research data

Rose Ann C. Lacuarin

Academician Head
 Week 7
PARADIGM & CATEGORIES OF NATURALIST
RESEARCH
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
Emphasized on understanding
thehuman experience as it is lived
Narrative and Subjective
Reductionist
Takes place in a FIELD
Results in rich, in-depth information

TYPES OF RESEARCH
ACCORDING TO PURPOSE

BASIC/PURE
It aims to acquire new knowledgeand
understanding. It is basic and has no
application

Ex: Theory, Understanding of grieving

process

APPLIED
It is oriented towards finding solution
to a practical problem.It is a new
method, new intervention or new
device

Ex: new gadget, transferring of file

TYPES OF RESEARCH
ACCORDING TO TIME ELEMENTS

Research Methods
POSITIVIST
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
Refers to a general set of orderly, disciplined
procedures used to acquireinformation.
Deductive and Systematic Control
Empirical Evidences
Tool + Statistical Treatment
GOAL: Generalizability Measure
Holds a SMALL portion of Human Experiences
Sedimented View
CROSS SECTIONAL
It is a type of studies wherein there
is a different type of subject with
different type of characteristics.
Treat them simultaneously
1 to 2 years in the making
LONGITUDINAL
It is a type of studies wherein
same set of subjects is treated
over a period
Above 4 years in the making

Rose Ann C. Lacuarin

Academician Head
 Week 7
TYPES OF RESEARCH
ACCORDING TO PROCESS
QUANTITATIVE
An approach for testing objective
theories by examining the relationship
among measurable variables.
Involves variables that can be
measured, typically on instruments
that can be analyzed using statistical
procedures.
QUALITATIVE
An approach for exploring and
understanding the meaning individuals
or groups ascribe to a social or human
problem.
Involves emerging questions, data
analysis inductively building from
particulars to general themes.
MIXED METHOD RESEARCH
An approach to inquiry involving
collecting both Qualitative and
Quantitative data, integrating the two
forms of data.
Involves combination of Qualitative and
Quantitative approaches provides a
more complete understanding of a
research problem than either approach
alone
CONVERGENT PARALLEL MIXED METHOD
A form of mixed method design in which
the researcher converges or merges
Quantitative and Qualitative data in
order to provide a comprehensive
analysis of the research problem.
The researcher typically collects both
forms of data the same time and then
integrates the information in the
interpretation of the overall results
Rose Ann C. Lacuarin
Academician Head
EXPLANATORY SEQUENTIAL MIXED
METHOD
A form of mixed method design in
which the researcher first conducts
Quantitative research analyze the
result and then builds on the results
to explain them in more detail with
Qualitative research
EXPLORATORY SEQUENTIAL MIXED
METHOD
Is a reverse sequence from
explanatory.
A design in which the researcher
begins with Qualitative research
explores the views of the participants.
The data are then analyzed and built
into a second, quantitative phase.
I. RESEARCH PROCESS
A. QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
SCIENTIFIC METHOD which use a
general set of orderly, disciplined
procedures to acquire information and
moves in an orderly and systematic
fashion.
CHARACTERISTICS
o Gathers EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE
o NUMERIC
o STATISTICAL Treatment
o DEDUCTIVE Reasoning
MAJOR TYPES
1. EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
1.1. TRUE EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
3 Properties: (strongest test in scientific
method)
Manipulation – (experiment group)
Control – (group don’t rcv exp.)
Randomization – (non-biased selection)
 Week 7
1.2.QUASI EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
Lacks at least one of the properties of
true experimental research
Involves manipulation of an
independent variable, but lacks
randomization to treatment group
2. NON-EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
2.1. COMPARATIVE
- Test the difference (new/old curr)
2.2. CORRELATIONAL
- Test the strength of relationship (IQ/ HT)
2.3. METHODOLOGY
- Instrument (Tool/Questionnaire)
2.4.SURVEY
MAJOR TYPES
1. PHENOMENOLOGICAL RESEARCH
Is a design of inquiry coming from
philosophy and psychology in which
the researcher describes the lived
experiences of individuals about
phenomenon as described by
participants.
2. GROUNDED THEORY RESEARCH
Focuses on development and
evolution of a social experience (4-5
yrs in the making)
A design of inquiry from sociology in
which the researcher derives a
general, abstract theory of a process,
action and interaction grounded in
the views of participants

B. QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
3. ETHNOGRAPHIC RESEARCH
CHARACTERISTICS
Focuses on culture
Instruments or tools used are INFORMAL
and UNSTRUCTURE Data collection involves
No attempt to CONTROL observation and interviews.
NARRATIVE = Intuitive Fashion
INDUCTIVE Reasoning 4. HISTORICAL RESEARCH
Focuses on the past
METHODOLOGIES
Selection of participant
Participant 5. CASE STUDIES
Purposive Sampling Method
Could also utilized the “Snowballing” Are design of inquiry in many fields
that develops in-depth investigation,
Sampling Method for analysis and understanding, of a
single entity or social unit or the
Researcher individual family, group, institution,
Participant Relationship organization, or community- in which
Data Collection Methods the core of inquiry is the case itself,
and the dynamic of why it thinks,
Observing Participant
behaves, or develops in a particular
Interviewing Participant way.
Examining written test
Weakness: difficulty in attaining
Data Analysis generalizability
Data management
6. NARRATIVE ANALYSIS
Description
Analysis Focuses on a narrative or story to
determine how individuals make
Interpretation sense of events in their lives

Rose Ann C. Lacuarin

Academician Head
 Week 8
RESEARCH APPROACH 3.3.RIGHT TO FAIR TREATMENT
3.4.RIGHT TO PROTECTION FROM
DISCOMFORT
Types of research approach and HARM
QUANTITATIVE ETHICAL PRINCIPLES IN RESEARCH
QUALITATIVE
4. ETHICAL PRINCIPLES IN RESEARCH
4.1.AUTONOMY – Independence and
self-determination
4.2.BENEFICENCE – positive action of
doing good
4.3.NON-MALEFICENCE – preventing
harm
4.4.JUSTICE- equality Freedom from
Harm
--> Freedom from Exploitation
--> Benefits from Research
--> Risk Benefit Ratio

ADVANTAGE/DIFFERENCE IN QUALITATIVE 4.5 VERACITY – truthfulness

RESEARCH

ETHICAL CONSIDERATION IN RESEARCH
The strength of qualitative research is its
ability to provide complex textual Honesty
descriptions of how people experience a Objectivity
given research issue. Integrity
It provides information about the Carefulness
“human” side of an issue – that is, the Openness
oftencontradictory behaviors, beliefs,
Respect for Intellectual Property
opinions, emotions, and relationships of
individuals. Confidentiality
Responsible Publication
Qualitative methods are also effective in
identifying intangible factors of life. Responsible Mentoring
Respect for colleagues
Social Responsibility
I. CLASSIFICATION OF RESEARCH Non-Discrimination
Competence
LIBRARY RESEARCH Legality
LABORATORY RESEARCH Animal Care
FIELD RESEARCH Human Subjects Protection

II. ETHICAL STANDARDS IN NURSING

ETHICS
INFORMED CONSENT
RIGHT TO HUMAN SUBJECTS

3.1.RIGHT TO PRIVACY and DIGNITY

3.2.RIGHT TO ANONYMITY and
CONFIDENTIALITY

Rose Ann C. Lacuarin

Academician Head
 Week 9
LITERATURE REVIEW ON RESEARCH

PURPOSE OF LITERATURE REVIEW

A good synthetic review has three
characteristics (Strike & Posner,
1983)
It clarifies and perhaps resolves the
problems within a field of study
rather than glossing over those
problems.
It resolves in a progressive shift that
yields a new perspective on the
literature with more explanatory
and predictive power than is offered
by existing perspectives. Prevailing tendency
Norm/Popular
IDENTIFYING THE RIGHT LITERATURE SOURCES Trends Commonly occurring
Definitions
SUBJECTIVE Controversy
BOOKS
LITERATURE Issue Opposing viewpoint
Disagreement

RESEARCH Difficulty
JOURNALS (printed, online)
LITERATURE
Problem

MAGAZINES, CIRCULATIONS, SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

RESEARCH
POSTER, FLYERS, BROCHURES The significance of the study
LITERATURE
ETC. should state why the problem
examined is essential, and what
significance the results have.
INDEPENDENT It should include a statement on
DEPENDENT VARIABLE
VARIABLE importance or felt needs, the
possible contribution of the
research to new knowledge, and
Affects the value of the policy implications and other
Factor whose value is possible uses for its results
dependent condition
affected by the
that produces the
outcome
independent Variable SCOPE & LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

The scope is expected to indicate

“Assumed cause” of a Outcome of the process or a coherent area of study which is
problem “assume Effect” large enough to be important but
narrow enough to permit careful
management.
What the researcher Change that occurs in the
manipulates or varies study population
It should be specific, the
management they received, their
number, the nature of any
subjects treated

Rose Ann C. Lacuarin

Academician Head
 Week 9
any limitations that exits in the reference
population as well as the instrument or
research design should be clearly
defined
FRAMEWORK OF THE STUDY
A. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
Based on one existing theory why a
problem under study exists
Explain connection between a theory
and the problem
B. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
Defined concepts showing where, when,
or how they fit together providing a
structure for organizing and describing
the phenomenon of interest.
State -> Present theory
Explain Cross -> referenced
Contextualize ->How it relates
to the present study
RESEARCH DESIGN
A detail blueprint/structural framework
used to guide research towards its
objectives
Strategy or approach in solving the
problem
Maybe experimental or non-
experimental, qualitative or quantitative
TYPES OF RESEARCH DESIGNS
HISTORICAL RESEARCH
Is a qualitative research that aim is to
examine the reasons and true state of
past events
Rose Ann C. Lacuarin
Academician Head
ETHONOGRAPHY/ANTHROPOLOGY
RESEARCH
A scientific study of description of
people and races, their activity,
cultural context and of various
meanings derived and attached to
such cultural acts.
FEASIBILITY RESEARCH
Is a study that presents the viability,
profitability, sustainability, stability of
a business proposal if it will be
established
PHENOMENOLOGICAL RESEARCH
A type of research that attempts to
explore human perception and
understanding to an event of
phenomenon in a single context and
in multiple comprehension.
SURVEY RESEARCH
QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS
1. DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH
Seek answer to who, what, where and
how questions
1.1.DESCRIPTIVE-NORMATIVE SURVEY
--> compare local test results with a
state or national norm”
1.2.DESCRIPTIVE- COMPARATIVE
--> compare and conclude which of the
two is better
1.3.DESCRIPTIVE- EVALUATIVE
--> The purpose of this type is to
appraise carefully the merit of the
current study.
2. CORRELATION RESEARCH
To ascertain if there is a relationship
To establish or explore:
o A relationship
o An association
o An interdependence
 Week 9
3. EXPLANATORY RESEARCH This subject firm or institution is
Answer the questions why and how? otherwise known as the research
To explain why the relationship is formed setting or venue.
To explain:
o Why a relationship, association or B. DESCRIPTION OF THE RESPONDENTS
interdependence exists The researcher now knows exactly who
o Why a particular event occurs his respondents shall be – the people
who will provide him with the needed
4. INTERVENTION OR EXPERIMENTAL primary data
RESEARCH
Evaluates the effect or outcome of a
particular Intervention or treatment
Studies the “cause and Effect”
relationship between certain factors or
phenomenon under controlled
condition/s

SELECTING A SAMPLE

SAMPLING
Is the process of choosing a
representative
Portion of a population or some
elements in a population that will
represents the entire population.

1. NONPROBABILITY SAMPLING

1.1.ACCIDENTAL SAMPLING/CONVENIENCE
1.2.PURPOSIVE SAMPLING
1.3.SNOWBALL SAMPLING
1.4.QUOTA SAMPLING
1.5.NETWORK SAMPLING

2. PROBABILITY SAMPLING

2.1.SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING

2.2.SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING
2.3.STRATIFIED RANDOM SAMPLING
2.4.CLUSTER SAMPLING
2.5.MULTISTAGE SAMPLING

A. LOCALE & POPULATION OF THE STUDY

SETTING POPULATION/PLACE
The researcher using the descriptive-
survey method can choose a subject
firm or institution whose facilities he
could use for data gathering purposes.

Rose Ann C. Lacuarin

Academician Head
 Week 10
ETHICAL DIMENSION OF RESEARCH INFORMED CONSENT
PROPOSAL
Means that participants have
THE GOLDEN RULE adequate information regarding the
"Do unto others as you would have them research, are capable of
do unto you." comprehending the information, and
have the power of free choice,
THE HIPPOCRATIC OATH
enabling them to consent to or
“First of all, do no harm." decline participation voluntarily
Ethical principles that govern the
complex nature of human behavior
A declaration of right or wrong, reflects
the “should” of human behavior
Science of ideals – guides our judgment
concerning morality of human acts
Study of moral conduct or principles of
underlying desirable types of human
conduct.

BENEFICENCE

Beneficence encompasses the maxim:

Above all, do no harm.
PRINCIPLES OF BENEFICIENCE BUILDING ETHICS INTO THE DESIGN OF
o Freedom From Harm THE STUDY
o Freedom From Exploitation
o Benefits From Research
Will the setting for the study
o Risk/ Benefit Ratio Research be selected to protect

JUSTICE Design against participant

discomfort?

Justice includes participants’ right to

fair treatment and their right to privacy. Is the intervention designed
PRINCIPLES OF JUSTICE Intervention to maximize good and
minimize harm?
o The Right to Fair Treatment
o The Right to Privacy
o Anonymity Confidentiality Will potential participants be
Sample recruited into the study
equitably?
RESPECT

Respect for human dignity includes Will data be collected in

participants’ right to self-determination Data Collection such a way as to minimize
and their right to full disclosure. respondent burden?

PRINCIPLES OF RESPECT FOR HUMAN

DIGNITY Reporting
Will participants’ identities
be adequately protected?
o The Right to Self-Determination
o The Right to Full Disclosure

Rose Ann C. Lacuarin

Academician Head
 Week 10
VIII. DATA ANALYSIS

This method will provide assistance in

extracting, organizing, and analyzing
such narrative dataset

RESEARCH ETHICS

To avoid ethical dilemmas, the study

proposal underwent ethics reviewed and
gained the approval of Our Lady of Fatima
University Valenzuela, IERC. The researchers
provided a consent form, asking for
permission and consent from the parents
or guardian of the participants to partake
in our intended research.

WRITING QUESTIONNAIRE: CLARITY

This is probably the area that causes the

greatest source of mistakes in
questionnaires.

The goal is to eliminate the chance that

the question will mean different things to
different people. If the designers fail to do
this, then essentially participants will be
answering different questions.

To this end, it is best to phrase your

questions empirically if possible and to
avoid the use of necessary adjectives.

VII. DATA COLLECTION PROCESS

The researchers obtained and

submitted letter of approval to the
authorities involved in the study

Rose Ann C. Lacuarin

Academician Head
 Week 11
QUANTIFYING RESEARCH DATA

STATISTICS
Deals with logical collection,
organization, presentation, analysis and
interpretation of numerical data
A branch of applied mathematics
concerned with the collection and
interpretation of quantitative data and
the use of probability theory to estimate
several parameters

MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCIES PRESENTATION OF RESULT

MEAN Presentation of study results must be

done chronologically based on the
The sum of the values divided by the objective of the study. The result of the
number of values-often called the study is presented in different ways, such
“average”. Add all the values together.
as the following:
Divide by the number of values to
obtain the mean.

Example: The mean of 7, 12, 24, 20, 19 is

(7+12+24+20+19)/ 5 = 16.4

MEDIAN
The value which divides the values into
equal halves, with half of the values
being lower than the median and half GRAPHICAL OR TEXTUAL
higher than the median. Sort the values
into ascending order. Identify parts of microscope
Differentiate monocotyledon &
If you have an odd number of values,
dicotyledon
the median is the middle value.
Compare probability & non-probability
If you have an even number of values, sampling
the median is the arithmetic mean of Shooting posture from the 3-point
the two middle values. distance
Identify location of the CPU in a
Example: The median of the same five desktop
numbers (7,12,24,20,19) is 19
TABLE DISPLAY
MODE
Tables are useful for presenting a
The most frequently occurring value (or large quantity of information clearly
values). and concisely.
Calculate the frequencies for all of the
values in the data. The mode is the value They typically display numerical data
(or values) with the highest frequency. in columns and rows for easy
classification and comparison.
Example: For individuals having the following
ages – 18,18,19,20,20,20,21 and 23, the mode is
20.

Rose Ann C. Lacuarin

Academician Head
 Week 11
Tables do not duplicate text, but
rather represent new information.
They should be interpretable
REMEMBER ME!!!
Tables & figures will be printed in black ink
Accepted formats are .jpeg, .png .gif
Resolution should be at least 96 dpi
Paste figure directly to the page (soft
copy) & supply an independent copy (soft
copy)
Table dimension should not gp beyond the
page margin
INFERENTIAL
Statistics designed to allow
inference from a sample statistic to
a population parameter; commonly
used to test hypotheses of
similarities and differences in
subsets of the sample under study
- Doing Research...
- And the Goals of Science:
o To describe
o To explain
o To predict
NATURE OF VARIABLES

PREPARATIONS OF TABLE & GRAPHS CATEGORICAL DATA

Cases are in defined classes; data
Tables and graphs should be included are counted or yield frequencies
only qualified items of information.
o E.g. Gender (variable), categories-
They should proceed with instruction that
male and female
explained them.
They should be placed close to the METRIC DATA
discussion of facts related to them. They Cases are measured. Thus, these
data yield metric or scale values.
should be self-explanatory.
o E.g. height (4.5 meters), IQ (130)
SUMMARY & CONCLUSION
Summary presents important points of
discussed results.
The study conclusion show what
knowledge has been obtained by the
study
They should generalize the results to other
subjects or groups
Researchers should remember that
findings arenot conclusions
For qualitative, conclusion is termed
MODERATUM GENERALIZATION

FIELDS OF STATISTICS

DESCRIPTIVE
Allow the researcher to organize the data
in ways that give meaning and facilitate
insight (frequency distributions and
measures of central tendency and
dispersion)

Rose Ann C. Lacuarin

Academician Head
 Week 11
LEVELS OF STATISTICAL ANALYSIS INFERENTIAL STATISTICS

1. UNIVARIATE ANALYSIS CHOOSING THE APPROPRIATE MEASURE

Examination of the distribution of cases BIVARIATE ANALYSIS: DESCRIBING DATA
on only one variables.
Average Weekly TV Viewing of Pre- Interpreting measurqe of association
Schoolers = 26 hours

2. BIVARIATE ANALYSIS
Two variables are studied, an element
of comparison is added
CHURCH ATTENDANCE REPORTED BY MEN
& WOMEN

3. MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS
Several variables are being studied -
PROFILE OF STUDENTS IN 3 SCHOOLS

DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS

It is a statistical technique that provides ANALYZING THE DATA

simple description and summary about
the sample and about the observations
that has been made. Common bivariate tests

T-TEST (INDEPENDENT AND DEPENDENT)

CHOOSING THE APPROPRIATE MEASURE;
UNIVARIATE ANALYSIS: DESCRIBING Parametric analysis technique used
DATA to determine significant differences
between measures of two samples.
MEASURES OF DISPERSION
Paired means that both samples
Applicable to at scales consist of the same test subjects. A
Range – highest value – lowest value paired t-test is equivalent to a one-
ex: 100-75= 25 sample t-test.

Variance and Standard Deviation Unpaired means that both samples

“variance is the average of the squares of
the distance each value is from the mean
(Bluman, 1993:95). The square root of the
variance is the standard deviation.
Standard Deviation
how disperse the values are from the
mean. The square root of the variance is
the standard deviation
consist of distinct test subjects. An
unpaired t-test is equivalent to a
two-sample t-test
2. ANOVA
Statistical test used to examine
differences among two or more
groups by comparing the variability
between the groups with the
variability within the groups.
ANOVA test is a way to find out if
survey or experiment results are
significan

Rose Ann C. Lacuarin

Academician Head
 Week 11
2.1.ONE-WAY OR TWO-WAY NOTE
o Statistical measures are merely tools to
guide us through the research process.
Refers to the number of independent
variables (IVs) in your Analysis of
Variance test. One-way has one
independent variable (with 2 levels).

Ex: Effects of tea on weight loss

and form two groups: green tea
and black tea

Ex: Knee pain of people according

to weight. You could split participants into
weight categories (obese, overweight and
normal)

2.2.TWO-WAY HAS TWO INDEPENDENT

VARIABLES (CAN HAVE MULTIPLE LEVELS)
It is an extension of the One-Way ANOVA.

Ex: Income and gender for anxiety level at

job interviews. The anxiety level is the
outcome, or the variable that can be
measured. Gender and Income are the two
categorical. These categorical variables are
also the independent variables, which are
called factors in a Two Way ANOVA.

For example, a one-way Analysis of Variance

could have one IV (brand of medicine) and a
two-way Analysis of Variance has two IVs
(brand of medicines, dosage).

3. CHI-SQUARE TEST OF INDEPENDENCE

Used to analyze NOMINAL data to
determine significant differences between
observed
frequencies within the data and
frequencies that were expected

4. PEARSON’S PRODUCT MOMENT

CORRELATION
Parametric test used to determine
relationship among variables

5. MULTIVARIATE:
Techniques used to analyze data from
complex, multivariate research projects
such as multiple regression, time series,
etc.
Rose Ann C. Lacuarin
Academician Head