PALMAR DAY 1 June 12, 2023 o Hiring and recruitment, lay-off &

discharge personel.
Leadership and Management : Professional Management And ❖ Operating budget
Research – financial analysis of the revenues and
expenses (input/output) (day to day expenses)
LEADERSHIP AND MANAGEMENT
- Eg. Tubig, Elec, laundry
Leadership – to lead the organization
Types
Management – to maintain the processes of the organization.
▪ fixed ceiling – limit appropriated (max)
▪ Open ended – single cost estimate
MANAGEMENT THEORIES
(priority)
1. Taylor – Scientific Management
▪ Flexible – balancing
2. Weber – Bureaucratic Organization
▪ Sunset budget – “self-destruct”
3. Fayol – Management Function
▪ Zero- based budget – expenses must be
4. Follet – Participative Management
justified to explain profit loss analysis.
5. Mayo - Hawthorne effect
▪ Contingency – Emergency Budget
6. McGregor – Theory X & Y
Direct expenses – associated with patient care (operational budget)
7. Aygris – Employee Participation
o medical and surgical supplies, medicine
Indirect Expenses – Utility bills (operational budget)
LEADERSHIP THEORIES
o Gas, electricity, communications
➢ Aristotle – Great man Theory
Fixed Costs – constant in nature (capital & personnel budget)
➢ Lewin & White – Leadership Style
o Building
a. Autocratic
o Equipment depreciation
b. Democratic
o Fringe benefits
c. Laisseiz-faire
o Admin salaries
➢ Fidler – Contingency Leadership
Variable Costs – fluctuates depending on the volume or census.
➢ Hersey & Blanchard – Situational Leadership
(operating budget)
➢ BURNS – Transactional/Transformational
o Medical surgical supplies
➢ Gardner – Integrated Leadership
o Medicines, laundry, food costs.(direct expenses)
5. Formulating of policies, procedures, methods & course of
ELEMENTS OF ADMINISTRATION
action - Assigned patterns for delivery of Nursing Cares
➢ Management Process
a) Functional Nursing
1. Planning
• by function
2. Organization
• division among staff members
3. Directing
4. Controlling/Evaluating according to job description.
b) Total Care/Case Method
Planning • Task Centered
➢ Predetermined course of action in order to arrive at a desired • Patient centered
result. c) Team Nursing
Characteristic of a Good Plan • Composed of care providers who had
1. Clear Objectives, Methods of Evaluation, and diversity in education and abilities.
Desired Results. • By nurse specialization
2. Guided with policies and procedures d) Primary Nursing
3. Indicates priorities • Care is given from admission to
4. Flexible and realistic discharge.
5. Develops logical sequence of activities • 24 hrs (1:1)
• Max 3-5 patient
Elements of Planning
1. Forecasting – estimating the future mission, vision, WAYS TO ADDRESS PATIENT CARE NEEDS
objectives, philosophy, core values 1. Direct Nursing Care
2. Establishing Objectives – (S)pecific. (M)easurable. o Face to face
(A)ttainable. (R)ealistic. (T)ime Sensitive. 2. Indirect Nsg Care
3. Scheduling – Setting time frame o For discharge
o Gantt Chart
4. Budgeting – Numerical description of income and PATIENT CARE CLASS SYSTEM
planned expenditure over a period of time.
o Appropriation – request ahead of time. Minimal Care
LEVEL 1
Approaches in Budget o Post dx
▪ Centralized – from 1 source to all LEVEL 2
Intermediate/Moderate
▪ Decentralized – given each o Postop
Components of an Institute budget Intensive Care
LEVEL 3
❖ Capital Expenditure – for buildings and o Pneumonia
equipment. Critical Care
LEVEL 4
o For replacement repair and o Shock/trauma
expansion
o Anything major ORGANIZING
❖ Personnel Budget ➢ Establishing the formal structure.
o Estimates the overall expenses of ➢ Organizational structure > chain of command
direct cause of labor. (Sweldo) ➢ Determine key position

MA. RAIZEL DIONISIO, RN 2023 THROUGH JMJ 1

 1) Lines of communication o With lots of bosses
2) Channel of authority and branches
3) Span of control AD HOC Temporary basis
4) Decision Making o For special cases only
MATRIX Focuses on both product and
ORGANIZATIONAL PROCESS function.
1) Delegation : creates an obligation to perform. o Human resources and
Basic Concepts in Delegation care.
✓ Authority to legitimize power.
✓ Power is the ability to influence others. STAFFING
✓ Delegation is distribution of authority. ➢ Determine the type and number of personnel needed.
2) Chain of Command : Hierarchical o Starting with self assessment
3 Levels of Management ACTIVITIES OF STAFFING
▪ Top level – administrators Sent in the form of writing
o CEO o Interviewing
o Chief Nurse o Recruitment
o Deans o Selection
o Department Chair o Placement
▪ Middle level – Supervisor o Indoctrinization – culture
o Head nurses JOB DESCRIPTION
o Firstline managers Specification of duties and responsibilities.
▪ Operational level – PURPOSES:
o Staff nurses o Recruitment/ placement/ & transfer
o Nursing attendants o For guidance, direction, evaluation &
performance
DELEGATION OF AUTHORITY IS GUIDED BY SEVERAL KEY o Helps reduce conflict, frustration & overlapping
PRINCIPLES: duties
➢ Exceptional principle : someone needs to be incharge. o To determine working relationships
➢ Scalar Chain of comman : Heirarchy o Basis for salary range.
➢ Decentralization : Power from high distributed down.
➢ Parity Principle : Delegated authority must equal DIRECTING
responsibility. ➢ Policy utilization, revision, and updating.
➢ Span of control : from highest to downward highest ➢ SUPERVISION:
controls all. (DOWNWARD) o Guides, Directs, motivates, teaches, facilitates.
➢ Unity principle : report to 1 supervisor only. Common mistakes in delegation
o Loyalty = Fidelity (under supervision)
➢ Responsibility : is work assigned to a position. ➢ Under delegation
➢ Accountability : moral responsibility. ➢ Over delegation
o mali ng inutusan mo ikaw parin may sala ➢ Improper deligation
o eg. Incident report
➢ Communication : transmission of information CONTROLLING/EVALUATING
o Downward – from head to staff ➢ Performance appraisal
o Upward – from staff to head. ➢ fiscal accountability
➢ quality control
MAJOR TYPES OF ORGANIZATION ➢ Legal and ethical control
FORMAL – Main 1)PERFROMANCE APPRAISAL
INFORMAL – External or extension of an organization a. Individual performance (70%)
b. Personal trait (30%)
➢ LINE AUTHORITY - Authority within organization or units TYPES OF RATING SCALE
within chain of command o RUBRIC TYPE
➢ STAFF AUTHORITY – advisory to the authority o Trait rating scale
o Job dimension rating scale
ACTIVITIES OF ORGANIZING o Checklist and peer review
❖ Communicating with people o Self appraisal
❖ Coordinating meeting 2)ACCREDITATION
❖ Coordinating activity Quality of nursing education provided
❖ Developing job description ➢ PRIVATE SCHOOL
a. Meaning of Job description o PAASCU
b. Performance appraisal o PACOCOA
ORGANIZATIONAL CHART – graphic representation of the chain of ➢ PUBLIC
authority. o AACU
❖ Who creates = TOP LEVEL MANAGEMENT ➢ INTERNATIONAL
o AUN
TYPES OF ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE 3)DEVELOPMENT STANDARDS
Predetermined level of excellence that serves guide to practice.
BEUREAUCRATIC o Line structures or staff
➢ COD – Center of development
organization
➢ COE – Center of Excellence
o Large health care
AUDIT
facilities
Measurement tools used to provide quality care.
MA. RAIZEL DIONISIO, RN 2023 THROUGH JMJ 2
 the object of the study
June 8, 2023 o Use of likert scale (highest to lowest)
RESEARCH o Ordinal Scale (Spearman’s rho)
➢ Scientific based, empirical in nature → scientific inquiry a. Dependent (Effect/affected)
o Evidence based nursing - Eg. Smoking(indep) causes
Research tree cancer(dependent)
➢ According to purpose - Patient Care
o 1. Applied (Sciences) satisfaction(Dependent) & Nurses
▪ Correlational Competency (independent)
▪ Testing variables - Effects of Marijuana in decreasing
o 2. Simple (survey) inflammatory cases of the collon
RESEARCH TREE 1. Marijuana = independent
2. Decreasing inflamatory
1. According ➢ According to purpose
cases = independent
to purpose o 1. Applied (Sciences)
b. Independent (Cause)
▪ Correlational
▪ Testing variable
HYPOTHESIS
o 2. Simple (survey
Educated guess/ Scientific Guess
2. ➢ Cross sectional
❖ Null – H0
o Data collection is 1 time only
o no significant relationship between grp A &
According to ➢ Longitudinal
grp B
time o Series of time
▪ RELATIONSHIPS – (r) value
Dimension ➢ Prospective
▪ R value = (+) 1.00 → perfect direct
o Prediction
relationship
➢ Retrospective
▪ Direct/proportional = (+ 1.00)
3. ➢ Quantitative (numbers)
▪ Indirect/Inverse = (- 1.00)
-Descriptive
▪ Looking for association/ correlations
Research o Experimental (w/ treatment/
is = to (r) value
Design intervention)
o No significant difference between grp A -Gr b =
▪ True – Randomization,
comparative
Manipulation, Control.
▪ Looking for (p value)
▪ Quasi – one element is
▪ P- VALUE – the level of
lacking > either
significance.
Manipulation +
▪ <0.05 = 95% (REJECT NULL)
randomization or
▪ < 0-0.01 = 99% (ACCEPT NULL)
control
▪ <0.002 = reject the null sure
o Non-experimental
experiment is true.
▪ Correlational
❖ Alternative – (Ha or H1)
▪ Comparative
▪ Descriptive survey
KINDS OF DATA
➢ Qualitative
❖ QUANTITATIVE → Measured/Measurable (numbers)
Requires deeper analysis in crafting thematic
a. Discrete – exact number
presentation.
o Can be counted. (whole numbers only)
o Grounded Theory – nursing theories
b. Continuous – approximation
o Phenomenology – lived experiences
o Mean score
o Ethnography – living with subjects/
❖ QUALI → Described
immersion
a. smell/odor, color, taste, texture
o Historical – finding origin
o coding – used to quantify qualities
o Delphi Studies – inviting experts
o Photovoice – documented by photography
LEVEL OF DATA Difference Relationship
and analyzed
T- test Pearson-r
there is a
INTERVAL

Quantitative Qualitative range.

Statement of the problem – Grand tour questions +
answered by the statistics substuting questions Eg: Temp. 0
PARAMETRIC
SOP : Statistic table ➢ META ANALYSIS T- test Pearson – r
RATIO

0 means 0
➢ SYSTEMATIC REVIEW

MIXED METHOD – Combination of quanti and quali Kruskal Spearman -

NOMINAL

➢ Quanti → quali (exploratory) wallis rho

NON-
Characteristic
SYSTEMATIC REVIEW/META ANALYSIS PARAMETRIC
➢ Collection of studies
➢ Search for best practice
➢ According to research design

VARIABLES

MA. RAIZEL DIONISIO, RN 2023 THROUGH JMJ 3

 Mann Spearman - o SEXUAL ASSUALT – Inserts his organ in any orifice

ORDINAL
whitny rho of female or another male against the will of the
Ranking person.
▪ Can be any elongated material
CLASSIFICATIONS OF RAPE
a. INCEST RAPE – Relatives
PROFESSIONAL ADJUSTMENT b. STATUTORY RAPE – Authority
JURIS PRUDENCE c. RAPE by AQUANTANCE – friends
➢ Juris = law ➢ SUBTYPES
➢ Study of law in nursing practice o Power rape = > authority
LAW – rule of civil conduct that commands what is right o Anger rape = revenge
and prohibits what is wrong. o Sadistic Rape/Gang rape = multiple people
Note: ignorance of the law excuses no one. o Opportunistic Rape = Situational
1. It is a must as a citizen
and as a nurse to know TORT
the law. ➢ Legal wrong committed against a person with liable for
2 CLASSIFICATIONS OF LAW damages in a civil action
➢ DIVINE LAW – author is GOD o ASSAULT : Attempt or threat to inflict injury.
o 10 Commandments o BATTERY : Intentional unconsented touching of another
➢ HUMAN LAW – Author is man person.
o City ordinance o DEFAMATION : damaging good reputation of other
o Senate bill ▪ SLANDER – spoken
o 2 TYPES ▪ LIBEL – written
rd
✓ PUBLIC LAW – affects all ▪ There must be a 3 person who reads and hears
• Criminal law the comment, before it is considered as
o Robbery, theft defamation
• International o ILLEGAL DETENTION/FALSE IMPRISONMENT : If the
o Relationship with person imprisons the freedom of a person/patient to
other country move/travel from one place to another.
• Political ▪ Exception:
o organization • Quarantine order
✓ PRIVATE LAW – relationship of an • Court order
individual to another individual. • Danger
• Eg: annulment ➢ RA 7610 : LAWS AFFECTING CHILDREN
o Child Abuse and exploitation
▪ Punishes any forms of child abuse
PUBLIC LAW (physical,sexual,emotional,psycholog
➢ RA 7392: NEW MIDWIFERY LAW ical)
o Midwifes can administer 2 Drugs ▪ MINORS brought outside the country
• Oxytocin needs a clearance from DSWD
• Vitamin K ➢ PD996 : CUMPULSARY IMMUNIZATION LAW
o Can suture and perform Internal Exam o Target : 8 Y/o and below
➢ RA 9173 (2002) ➢ PD 995 : RESPONSIBLE PARENTHOOD
o Nurses can perform suture by undergoing o Before issuance of license must attend seminar.
special training program (episiorhaphy) – ➢ RA 7600 : ROOMING IN AND BREASTFEEDING LAW
repair laceration of perineum ➢ EO 051 : MILK CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES
CRIMINAL LAW
➢ Defines and provides punishment for crimes p
o Ra 7877: Sexual Harassment Law (1995) CRIME
▪ Only for higher position. An act committed or omitted in violation of law
▪ Needs to be in the same company. ➢ CRIMINAL ACT
▪ 2 ELEMENTS OF SEXUAL HARASSMENT ➢ EVIL/CRIMNIAL INTENT :
• 1 superior – abused by superior with o Conspiracy – 2 or more person agrees to
moral ascendancy commit felony
• 1 subordinate
▪ Not applicable if there is no superior subordinate DEGREE OF PARTICIPATION
relationship. ➢ PRINICIPAL – Main very indispensable/important
o Acts of Lasciviousness: same position (MASTER MIND)
▪ expression of lust. ➢ ACCOMPLICE – any person who participates in the crime
before, during and after
▪ Exciting of sexual desire
➢ ACCESSORY
(verbal/actual)
– if you helped the principal to escape
▪ LOCATION:
o You benefited from the crime.
• Work, Education, Training
FELONY (delito)
o RAPE - sexual act against a will of a person with
➢ A public offense
penetration. (regardless of depth) = reclusion
➢ Can be committed by manner of
perpetua - 40 yrs jail sentence
o DECEIT: (pure intent)
▪ Freedom
▪ Intelligence
MA. RAIZEL DIONISIO, RN 2023 THROUGH JMJ 4
 ▪ Intent
▪ Higher in penalty (DOLO) PENALTY
o FAULT: ❖ REC PERPETUA = 20 – 40 yrs
▪ Freedom ❖ REC TEMPORAL = 12 – 20 yrs
▪ Intelligence ❖ PRISION MAYOR = 6 – 12 yrs
▪ Negligence and imprudence ❖ CORRECTIONAL = 6MOS – 6 yrs
▪ Lower in penalty (CULPA) ❖ ARRESTO MAYOR = 1 mo – 6 mos
❖ ARRESTO MENOR = 1 day – 30 days
DEGREE OF EXECUTION ➢ procedures done to him/her.
❖ CONSUMATED
– all the elements necessary of its execution are present UNIVERSAL ETHICAL PRINCIPLES
and perfected. Autonomy/ Self- Right of the patient to decide for one’s
❖ FRUSTRATED Determination treatment
– offender performs all the acts of execution but do not Veracity Telling the truth
produce the felony. o HIV (+) EMPLOYEE not telling
❖ ATTEMPTED the company.
– Offender commences the commission of felony directly Beneficence Doing good
and does not perform all the acts of the execution. Non-Maleficence No harm
Justice To be treated fairly and equally
CIRCUMSTANCES THAT AFFECTS CRIMINAL LIABILITY : Disclosure Right of a patient to know all
➢ JUSTIFYING – no criminal liability procedures done to him/her.
(justifiable/reasonable)
o Self-defense
o COMPULSION/IRRISISTABLE FORCE *
▪ ACTS OF GOD/ (justifying)
➢ EXCEPTING CIRCUMSTANCE – no criminal liability
o 9 y/o below lack of intelligence
o Insane / imbecile
o Lucid intervals (balisa)
➢ MITIGTING CIRCUMSTANCES – which don’t constitute
justification or the excuse of the offense.
o Under 18
o Voluntary surrender
o Blind/deaf/mute with provocation of threat.
➢ AGGRAVATING CIRCUMSTANCES – increases the criminal
liability
o Abuse of power
o Reward, price, or promise
o Crime at night
➢ ALTERNATING CIRCUMSTANCES – Could be mitigating or
aggravating
o FACTORS of Alternating Circumstances
▪ RELATIONSHIP
• Aggravating if physical injuries are
inflicted by a descendant upon an
ascendant.
• Mitigating if accused aided brother in a
fight against the offended party
▪ INTOXICATION – Alcohol or prohibited drugs
defined under RA9565.
• Aggravating if habitual
• Mitigating if not habitual and not
planned

CRIMES NURSES MIGHT COMMIT

➢ ABORTION – has criminal liability.
o Termination of pregnancy before age of viability
20 wks up
➢ INFANTICIDE – intent to kill infant from 3 days -73 hours
of life. (2-6 yrs imprisonment)
➢ PARRICIDE – killing person with relationship
o Father / mother
o Spouse
o Child
➢ HOMICIDE – unplanned killing without relationship to the
killed → higher penalty (reclusion perpetua)
➢ MURDER – with intention or planned homicide.
➢ ASSISTED SUICIDE – euthanasia (person mayor 6-12 yrs
imprisonment)
MA. RAIZEL DIONISIO, RN 2023 THROUGH JMJ 5