8.

3
8.2 Thermal Engineerlng- Lnaptet8 Blements of Automobile Transmisslon
which connected near end by
The frame consists of two side members
are
Chapter cross members.
ELEMENTS OF AUTOMOBILE (ii) Suspension system : The purpose of
suspension system is to absorb
from impact and dynamic load.
TRANSMISSION road shocks and to protect the components
or rolling while in
It maintains stability of the vehicle during pitching
becomes less tiring as the
motion. Due to its presence the journey
occupants are not subjected to jerks.
8.1 INTRODUCTION: The suspension system consists of springs to
absorb road shocks and
down movement of the
An automobile is a self-propelled vehicle. It is used en road for transportation shock absorbers to absorb the excessive up and
of passengers and goods from one place to another. The power produced by the springs (i.e. flexing action of the springs).
engine is transmitted to the wheels to drive the vehicle. This is achieved by of the vehicle. The front axles is used
(i) Axles: The axles support the weight
transmission system of an automobile.
to carry the weight of the front part
of the vehicle. Front axle facilitates
steering and support the suspension system.
8.2 COMPONENTS OF AN AUTOMOBILE facilitates to transmit
The rear axle carry the rear weight of the vehicle and
The main components of an automobile are:
the drive to rear wheels.
1. Chassis, and to drive the vehicle well as to
(iv) Wheels and tyres : The wheels serve as
2. Body support the vehicle.
The chassis denotes the complete vehicle except the body. It comprises the Air filled tyres are used on all automobile. They help to prevent the
following units or systems. skidding and absorb part of the road shock.
(a) Basic structure
8.2.2 Power Unit:
(b) Power plant
Internal combustion engines (petrol or diesel engines) are used as power source
(c) Transmission system to run the automobile. It consists of engine parts (piston, cylinder, valves, crank
(d) Controls and connecting rod etc.).fuel system, cooling system, lubricating system and exhaust
system.
(e) Auxiliaries.
The body is the super structure of the vehicle and is
bolted to the chassis. It 8.2.3 TransmissionSystem:
the bumbers, the radiator grills
includes the passengers compartments the truck, The function of transmission systems is to transmit the engine power to the rear
and the hood. wheels. It includes clutch, propeller shaft, universal joint, differential and rear
axle.
8.2.1 BasicStructure:
system, axles, wheels and 8.2.4 Control System:
The basic structure consists of the frame, suspension
are described below:
tyres. The functions of these parts The control system includes
various parts of chassis and body,
(1) Frame The frame is used support
to (i) Steering system to change the direction of the vehicle and
with one another. The frame
and keep these units in correct alignment distortion (ii) Braking system to slow down or stop the running vehicle.
withstand the shocks, vibrations and
must be strong enough to
is running on uneven roads.
which occur when the vehicle
{A.P)
(Radlant's) (Radiant's-
8.4 pt i Elemenu of AutomoDEansmission 8.5
Thermal Engineering:11
8.2.5 Auxiliaries: GEAR
ENGINE ROPERLER SHAF
DSFERENTIAL
Various auxiliaries are fitted to the vehicle to perform specific functions such as
starting. charging, lighting etc. These auxiliaries include the battery, charging
circuit, lighting circuit and horn circuit.
8.3AUTOMOBILE TRANSMISSION SYSTEM:
The transmission system serves the purpose of providing the torque and speed
required by the wheels of an automobile, and should fulfil the following
requirements.
REAR A X L E
Should connect and disconnect the engine to the driving wheels smoothly
and without shock. FRONT CLUTCH UNIVERSAL
JOINT REAR
wHEEL WHEEL
Must provide a varied leverage between the engine and the driving wheels.
8.1 Layout of Transmission System
Must enable the power to be transmitted at varied angles. Fig.
Must enable to divert the power at right angles. 8.3.1 Clute
road.
Must provide a means to turn the driving wheels at different speeds when An automobile has to operate under varying conditions on the ful
brought to
The
engine
does not produce required power at low Speed. be
speed
required.
to drive unit. To
speed. It must
musthe system and
wheels. before connected avoid the damage to tjoltina
speed reduction between the engine and drive
Must provide of the vehicle, the engine should not be
a
Must withstand driving torque. transmission system. Moreover, the enai
connected
nectbe anected
ust
to
change the
disconnected

edonas
between the engine and driving wheels
for gears for obtaining different For speeds.
these fitted between
is f
purpose
a
device
The various elements are introduced the engine and gear box. This device is lled clutch and is generall operated
calle.
the wheels. The main elements of transmitting
transmitting the engine power to by pedal.
systemare Single
Working principle of Friction Clutch. Plate C l u t e h
There
disconnect engine to transmission system. are
- to connect or but single plate used ,i buses and in cars,
(a) Clutch many types of clutches, Clutch is mostly
utch in which a clutch plate is fitted on
trucks. Fig. 8.2.1 shows a single plate clute
to transmit torque and change the speed.
(b) Gear box
-
connect transmission output shaft to the driving
axle shaft splined driving shaft(input shaft to gear box) so that it can mOve along the
by suitable arrangement. The clutch plate Iining material
s
Propeller shaft to
-
(c) with a friction
ate
s
right angle to the face of flywheel so that by fept
transmitted
(d) Differential to transmit the power to rear axle at pressed against a
the torque is iction
propeller shaft. between the flanges. E n g a g e m e n t of generally
effected by
clutchis spring loaded
pressure plate. The spring pressure must sbe sufficient to p r e v e n t sslip between
power to the
weight of the body and
transmit
t o support the
(e) Rear axle clutch plate and flywheel.
rear wheels.
position the of The clutch remains in the engaged Position unless the clutcn lutch pedal is
pressed,
shown in Fig. 8.2. It shows
The layout of
transmission system is
The engine is located at the
front of the
When the pedal is pushed down, the sprinor
9S are
compressed pressure plate
and
this, the eno
transmitting system. moves back which result disengagement of to
main elements of differential
joint, clutch. Due
touch the:
clutch, gear box, propeller shaft, universal freed from transmission system i.e., clutchnle
" plate does not flywheel and
vehicle followed bya
and rear axle. the of torque is stopped.
transmission
Radiant's) (Radlant's- HA.P
 8.6
When the pedal is reeased, the Thermal Engineering-11 Elements of Automobie Transmission 8.7
pressure plate moves forward pressing the clutch
plate against the flywheel. This result the transmission of
to gear box. torque from the engine STARTER
EDAL
NG GEAR
PLAT
cUTOH PEDAL FLY WHEE
CUTOH
CUTCH
PRESSURPE
WiKORAWAL
FORK
FLY WEEL PLATE
LEVER PNGEE O V CUTOH SHAFT
CRANK SUAFT-
-HINGED POaNT
CAKSAT -CLUTCH SHAT
STEEL DISsC-
THRUST BEARING
COLLAR
FRICTION DISC-
FRICTION
LNING
Fig.82.3 Sgie Plate Clutch Fie 82.2 Msiiplate Clatch
Functions of Clutch: When the clutch is engaged, the clutch plates revolve with
flywheel and power
Different functions of clutch are is transmitted to the gear box through clutch shaft. When the
clutch pedal is
To connect engine to or disconnect the engine from transmission
pressed, the pressure plates moves back against the force of springs. As a result.
syste. the clutch plates become free, and the clutch shaft
speed is reduced slowly and
To connect the running engine to stationary system for smooth starting finally stops rotation.
of vehicle.
When the clutch pedal is released, the clutch again engages with flywheel to
To facilitate smooth change of gears so as to obtained different speeds. transmit power to gear box.
Characterotics of clutch Multiplate clutch is considerably smoother in action than single plate clutch and
To perform the intended functions satisfactorly, a clutch must have the following transmit higher torque. Multiplate disc clutches are extensively used in
motor
cars and scooters.
characteristics
Should be engage positively and gradually without jerks. 8.3.2 Gear Box:
Should be dissipate large amount of heat Gear box is very important element in the transmission system of an automobile.
Should free from noise Gear wheels of different sizes are provided in a gear box to maintain engine
at most economic value under all conditions of vehicle
speed
Can easily be disengaged with minimum effort. movements. When vehice is
running it has to overcome various resistances. In order to nun the vehicle at constant
Size should be minimum, and speed, the tractive effort must be equal to the total resistance. If the tractive effort is
Occupy less space. greater than resistance, then the excess tractive effort will accelerate the vehicle. If
the tractive effort is less than the resistance the speed of the vehicle down. The
Multiplate Clutch: tractive effort required varies at different conditions of vehicle. A
goes
large torque is
In multiplate clutch, the number of plates are arranged between the flywheel and required to move the vehicle from rest, and still more torque is required when
the pressure plate as shown in Fig. 8.2.2. Friction lining is provided on both imbing up. Since the engine speed is to be kept constant, the gear box is necessary
sides of the clutch plates which are firmly pressed by springs. o transmit the desired torque under varying load conditions
(A.P
{Radiant's) (Radiaat's
8.8
Thermal Engineering-II Chapter- Elements of Transmisslon.
Automobie Transmie.
Functions of gear box:
The gear box
performs the following functions
To transmit the
required torque
To change the speed between the
engine and driving wheels
To convert forward motion into
reverse motion i.e., reverse the
vehicle. DOG CLUTCH
At neutral position, it disconnects the
engine from drive system (driving
wheel). Thus vehicle is stopped even the engine is -MAISPLNED
N SA
running.
Types of
gear boxes CLUTCH SHAFT-
The gear boxes used in automobile
may be classified as:
1. Sliding mesh gear box REVERSSEARE
OLE
2. Constant mesh gear box, and
3. Synchromesh gear box
Fig. 8.3 Siding-Mesh Gear Box
-(COUNTERAY SHAFTSHAP
R SHAFT
8.3.2.1 Sliding Mesh Type Gear Box: Second gear: When the ve jcle is in econd
motion is to B and from gear, the
gear C
Fig. 8.3 shows 3-speed sliding mesh type gear box. In this type of gear box, the transmitted from D to
D
C. The
gears are meshed by sliding
It contains the following shafts.
one on tothe other
is 1.5:1.
spe engage aagteos in withthisD
(i) Drive (clutch) shaft an
(i) Main shaft
(ii) Lay (counter) shaft, and
(iv) ldler shaft
The axes of drive (clutch) shat and main shaft are collinear i.e., they are in one
line, and lay shaft arranged parallel to them. The drive shaft and main shafts are (a) Third Gear
supported on bearing and projected outside the gear box. The drive shaft is (b) Second Gea,
directly coupled to engine and carries clutch. The main shaft contains a coupling
at its outer end for connecting with propeller shaft. The arrangement of different
gears is explained below.
Gear A is keyed to the driving shaft and in constant mesh with gear B. The gears
Cand E are slides along the splined shaft and also revolves with it.
Top gear (Third gear): For direct transmission gear C engages with gear A by
means of clutch and gears on lay shaft revolves idle. At this condition vehicle is
said tobe in top gear and the speed ratio (speed of clutch shaft to speed of main (C) Pirst Gear
() Reverse Gea
shaft) is 1:1.
Radiant's) (Radinnt
1
Fir es T s gear goes bigget speed e utio hésase p z Engga
F. ard notions asmtei a A to Band om F tc E. Approaimae
spezt reirion in s z s 2 s aou 35
a i l be resesed >y repaghe ide 2ez Pezee: Eand aditiztel
shat For even E s mes P. and norie
Süiing e i ez a ssge bri foct egage e geas and age
8322Consteet Mest Ger Bez: HUES
seez. Poue s i s o m n shat is Sected
by dog ciunis *ich side
Adatas
w lass ear and zr
Smooth e a g e n e n t of grars
t h h e i a ears whrh are gEr an
g e s nay be repiaced
JES
Sp
SmootheT DpEason
Lass s i i l s qured n hange he gezs
iolouing imitos
Howeer. i has e
More expensve e to compizted desige
D uezr on omial oad szcs
Symchronismg e t s eOuzd ive
&33 Propellr Shaft:
Me B dve shaft wtih ansmis pouer i o r e r
ba oræaxie
Propelier shaft is a aher
wth the hep of universal t is also proviðed u h sip joim
joints
E.323 Syackro Gear BoI:
he siil of he driver.
iengh of he shai
sidins gear boa smooth gear change depends upon tached to the iame by springs 2nd springs Zpans a n
the gears do not rotate at He e m e speed The rear 2xe s
TteTe 5 2 chances of noise because af the rear axie due varatiom
u i t is incorporzted to bring the speed contracts (ie deiecs) wTh he r s e and fal
In synchromesh gear box smchronising drrve. The distance beraeen he zear
The synchronising unt consists a the road surface. This changes the angie of
gears nezriy equal beiore the engagemet rotate. and are box and dferential also chages due to the
defiection of springs These changes
w c h siðes e i The gears on main shaft a r r free tD
wse.
accommodated in automobie by using propeler shai.
u
are
on ley shaf
in constzant mesh w gears
the ends of he propeler shañ o connect i 1
main shaft is moed Uriversal joints are provided at
When gear is engaged, t e hub wtch revotes with he to ansmin she power rough v a n e s
the gear box and dmerential t enabias
a
into
the mDET 2 n outer cones engage and brought
o
ie This causes directon
to
Further movement causes angles within 24 in any
Eiciona contact so shat their speed becomes equal
Ratianr's Radiant s
8.12 8.13
Thermal Engineering-1I Elements of Automobie Transmission
Shp joint allows for the change in the length of propeller shaft i.e., change in the Functions of differentials
distance between gear box and differerntial. The splined end of the shaft to the propelier shaft
slides T o transmit the power to rear axles at right angles
inside the other end to alter the length. the road wheels when the vehicle
To provide different rotational speed to
Functions of propeller shaft negotiates curved paths.
wheels.
To connect the transmission output shaft to the driving axle shaft. To reduce the of propeller shaft to that of road
speed
To allow the drive to transmit at varied angles and at varied lengths.
To enable the driving wheels to move back and forth due to flexing of road owVE PRION
springs
CROWN WHER . LANET PMON
DFFERENTN CAGE
UNIVERSAL JOINT
SUN GEAR
AXLE SHAFT
F
PIN
SLIP JON MOLOWSHAFT
Fig 86 Propeller Sha Fig. 8.7 Diferential Mechanism
8.3.4 Differential:
8.3.5 Rear Axle:
The differential mechanism which drives outer wheels faster tha the inner from the differential to the drive
It is the drive axle used to transmit power
wheels is housed in the drive axle. wheels. It performs the following functions.
To support the weight of the body
When a vehicle is negotiating a curved path, the rear wheels must
be permitted
to cover different paths. The distance travelled by
the outer rear wheel is greater To provide an axis for the wheels
interval of time. If both
than the distance travelled by the inner wheel in the same To transmit power to the rear wheels, and
then the outer wheel will be
the rear wheels are rotating at the same speed To support the differential and final drive.
skidding. This is avoided by using the differential.
Differential mechanism is shown in Fig. 8.7. It is
mounted in the crown wheel. The 8.3.5.1 Types of Rear Axles:
these gears. Here speed
drive from propeller shaft is converted at right angles through There are three types of rear axles
than drive pinions.
reduction takes place as the crown wheel is bigger 1. Semi-floating axle
and two star pinions. The star pinions end thrust and also
The differential consists of two sun gears Carries weight of rear part of vehicle and
axes. The complete
-
are mounted o n a pin,
and are free to rotate about their it has to cary drive torque.
attached to crown wheel.
assembly is housed in a cage
drive pinion is 2. Three-quarter floating axle :
the flow of power from the
When the vehicle is moving straight -Does not support any weight but
has to carry the end thrust
whole assembly meshed together
between driving wheels. The
equally divided a curve a binding force and drive torque.
When the vehicle is negotiating
and moves as one unit. rotate
is reduced, the star pinions Fully floating axle:
side sun gear and its speed 3.
acts on the inner at inner sun
at high speed compensating
the loss of speed thrust but transmits only driving torque
the other side sun gear the inner wheel. Does not carry weight and end
of the outer wheel than
-
4A.P)
results in a faster
movement
gear. This (Radiaat's
{Radiant's)
 8.14
Thermal Egineering-15 oBECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS
Summary Appendix-1
Automobile is OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS
a self-propelled vehice
The fransmission system serves the purpose of Steam Boilers
providing the torque and
speed required by the wheel of an automobile. 1. Which one of the following is a boiler mounting
Elements of transmission system incude joint (A) Fusible plug (B) Superheater
(a) Chutch (b) Gear box (c) Propeller shaft (C) Economiser (D) Chimney
(d) Universal joint (e) Differential, andd ( Rear axle. 2. Economiser is used to heat
(A) Air (B) Flue gas
Exercise (C) Feed water (D) Steam
3. Superheater is used to heat
Part-A :
Short Answer Questions: (A) Air (B) Flue gas
1. What are the
requirements of an automobile transmission system ?
(C) Feed water (D) Steam
IC-16: March/April 2018]
2. Sketch Air preheater is used for
a layout of a transmission system and name the different units.
3. What is a cdutch ? State its functions. (A) Saving fuel in boiler (B) Feed water heating
State the necessity of universal joint (C) Superheating of steam (D) Flue gas heating
5. The thermal efficiency of a good steam generator of a thermal power plant is
5 State the function of differential. IC-16: March/April 2019]
in the order of
6. What are the functions of gear box.
(A) 80 90% (B) 30 - 40%
7. Write the function of a propeller shaft
(C) 10-203 (D) 50 60%
6. The safety devices provided for a boiler are called
Part-B: Essay Type Questions:
(A) Accessories (B) Mountings
1. Describe the working of friction cutch with the help of a neat sketch.
(C) Spares (D) None of the above
[AprilMay 2011, March/April 2013)
7. Which one of the following is a boiler accessory
2. Explain with a neat sketch the working principle of the differential of automobile.
c-16: March/April 2018] (A) Fusible plug (B) Pressure gauge
(C) Water level indicator (D) Economiser
3. (a) Why are change gears necessary in a motor vehicle.
with neat sketch. 8. The function of fusible plug in a boiler is to
(b) Explain the working of 3-speed sliding type gear box
a
function of (A) Control pressure (B) Control water level
4. Draw the layout of an automobile transmission system and write the
each component. IC-16: March/April 2019] (C) Extinguish fire (D) Generate Steam
(RadianrsSH A.P)