5.

2 RANKINE CYCLE:
6.1 INTRODUCTION: The Rankine cycle is an ideal power cycle used in steam power plants.
In reciprocating
engine, the reciprocating motion of the piston is transformed
into rotary motion of crank shaft. Such prime mover, requires heavy fly wheel TURBINE

and perfect balancing is required due to variation of torque. In turbine, the -OGENERATOR
mechanical energy produced is directly available for rotating the shaft.
Steam is prime mover in which the heat energy in the steam is
turbine a

into kinetic
BOILER cONDENSER

converted energy, and kinetic energy is absorbed by

the turbine
blades to rotate the shaft while steam flowing through the turbine. Thus in steam coOLING
WATER
turbines, two energy conversions are required. The nozzle furnishes
the
conversion of heat energy into kinetic energy. The conversion of kinetic energy
into shaft work is achieved in turbine which is composed of a rotor with equally
Fig. 5.1.1
spaced blades around the periphery.
The schematic layout of a steam power plant operating on Rankine cycle is
Application of Steam turbines : Steam turbine is used in stationary power
shown in Fig. 5.1.1. The essential components are boiler, turbine, condenser
plant and ship propellers. It is also used for driving high speed machines such and feed pump.
as centrifugal pumps, centrifugal blowers, centrifugal compressors, etc.
Boiler: The function of a boiler is to convert water into steam at required
Adoantages of Steam Turbine over Steam engines: pressure and temperature. This achieved by transferring
heat produced by
Steam turbines offer the following advantages over steam engines. combustion of fuel to water.
Turbine : Steam turbine is a prime mover in which steam expands through the
Higher thermal efficiency
blades. Its function is to convert the heat drop into mechanical energy which
No reciprocating parts and hence heavy foundations are not required.
drives the generator.
Torque is uniform, and does not need any flywheel. Consider : The exhaust steam from the turbine enters the condenser. In the
No rubbing parts, no internal lubrication is required condenser it is converted back to water by givingup its latent heat to circulating

may be developed with greater speed range.

water.
Higher speeds
1000 Mw. Feed pump: The purpose of feed pump is to force the feed water into the boiler.
Can generate power ranging from few MW to
The feed water enters the pump at condenser pressure where it is compressed
Can be directly coupledto high speed machines. isentropically to a pressure slightly greater than the boiler pressure, and high
boiler.
Governing is easy pressure feed water is purposed into the
Less maintenance.

for given output

5.3 p-vAND T-s DIAGRAMS FOR RANKINE CYCLE:
Requires less floor space and temperature-entropy) diagrams for Rankine
hence condensate can be reused as feed p-v and T-s (Pressure-volume
Exhaust steam is free from oil, shown in Fig. 5.1.2. The sequence of operations in the cycle are
cycle are

water. {A.P)
(Radiant's) (Radiant's)-
(A.P)
 STEAM
NOZZLE
TGP
TUABINE
SHAFT AFT
(a)PV DAGRAM N
(b) T-S DAGRAM MOVING
BLADES
C
Fis 51.2

Process 1-2
to
Isentropic expansion of steam in the turbine from F i g . S.2 Working Principle of Steam Turbine
P P to produce the work output. pressure
The details of steam turbine :
Process 2-3 Heat
transfer
condensed to saturated waterfrom
the steam in the condenser. Steam is
The important elements of steam turbine are
at 3.
1. Nozle, 2. Blades, 3. A rotor assembly, 4. Casing.
Process3-4: Isentropic The steam
of water increases from
compression of water in the pump. The pressure expanded through a nozzle to increase kinetic energy. It is fitted in the
pz (condense pressure) to diaphragm of the casing.
p, (boiler pressure). The blades
Process 4-1 Heat or vanes may be moving or fixed type. The moving blades are
steam. Initially the
transfer
to water at constant pressure to produce mounted the rim of rotor
on or wheel. The fixed vanes are fitted with
diaphragm
temperature increases to 4' (saturation of the casing.
and remains constant
during the evaporation (4' - 1). Thus temperature)
the working Casing assembly consists of the frame work for supporting the whole structure,
fluid returns to initial state to
complete the cycle. diaphragm for separating the stages, and bearings and glands for preventing the
5.4 WORKING PRINCIPLE OF STEAM leakage of steam.
TURBINES: A rotor assembly consists of moving blades on the wheel rim.
The steam turbine is
essentially a flow machine in which heat energy in
the steam is transferred into
kinetic energy and this kinetic 5.5 CLASSIFICATION OF STEAM TURBINES :
utilised to rotate the rotor while steam energy is
flows through the turbine. Steam turbines are classified as shown below
the flow of steam During
through the nozzle, the heat energy is converted into 1. According to the action of steam
kinetic energy. The steam with
high velocity enters the turbine
(moving blades) and suffers a change in the direction of motion blades (a) Impulse turbine
which
gives rise to a change of momentum and therefore to a (b) Reaction turbine
force.
This constitute the driving force of the
turbine. This force acting on the
(c) Impulse Reaction turbines
blades in the circumferential direction sets 2. According to the directlon of steam flow
up the rotation of the wheels
or rotor. As the wheel rotates
each one of the blades fixed on the rim of (a) Axial flow turbine steam flows in a direction paralel to the axis of
the wheel comes into the action of the
jet of steam which causes the wheel turbine
to rotate continuously.
(b) Radial flow turbine - steam flows in a direction perpendicular to the axis
of the turbine.
(A.P- Radiant's) (Radiant's P)
 thenat fagtn6e
. Arrwdlng to the anhaual eondlona nf ateum

In)'unduusiny unlu atwnm a presoume lues than atmsphers in

ulnuotedd nte thw rndensor Ht
(b)Aonundonsinu tubblne presire l ønhauat eleam ioymaler tan h
almophur
4 Aocording to nntal sonditon

(n)low preGoure usbneo(12 1o 2 bar)

(b) Mudium prusaura turbinas (upta 40 bar)

() Hgh prossura turbine (above 40 bar)
The urbinee opuraling al 22h bar and above are relerred ns super eritleal
preseure bollera.
. According to number of atagos
(a) Single slage turbine
(b)Mult atage turbine tuy Beevan thrsugh uppe hulf »f he t u h ine

6. Avcording to ue h Marstes und hladingw

tlurbo blowers Volusity prsosure grnphs

(a) Statlonary turblne used in power plants, and for driving
and punvp»

stallonary tusbines used to drive shlps and steamers

(b)Non
SIMPLE IMPULSE STEAM TURBINE 1DE-LAVAL TURBINE Fiy 9 Bimpla lmpulse Turbne

turbine ls shown in Fig. 5.3. It conslste a set of

The detalls of simple Impulse
nozzlus and blade ring mounted on a rotor
REACTION TURBINE (PARSON'S TURBINE):
Reaction turbine consists of ring of fixed blades lollowed by a ring of moving
to the exit pressure
Stoam suppled from the boiler expands through the nozzle blades. The fixed blades act as nozles and allows a relatively small expansion
high velocity, and the blades are
Alter the expanslon it enters the blades al
of steam. Further expansion takes place in the moving blades. Thus in renction
the blades without shock. Due to change In
shaped such that steam glldes over
turbine, steam expands continuously and, there is
consequently, an in
incrense
force on the blades. This provldes
the momentum, steam exert an Impulslve specfle volume as the expansion proceeds, which is accomnodated by an

driving torque on the rotor ol the turbine. Increase In the slze of the blades. As the stean expands through blades, relative
in the nozzles and remalns constant over velocity increases and this increase of relative velocity is achieved from the
In impulse turbine pressure drops only force ncta
of steam decrease as the kinetic energy
ls
enthalpy drop. Due to increase in relatlve veloclty a thrust or renction
the moving blades, but velocity on the blades. This reaction force constitutes the driving force
blades.
absorbed by the moving
and Rateau. Examples of reactlon turblne are Parson turbine and Ljungstorm turblne
turbines are De Laval, Curtis, Zoelly
impulse
Examples of
 MOVING BLADES
NOZZLE
FIXED BLADE TATIONARY
MOVING BLADES 8LADE AOO
FXED BLADES
MOVING
LADE

ROTATING
BLADE RoW

(a) Impulse-stage nozzles and blades (b) Reaction stage fxed and novmg blades

Fig. () Comparison of Turbine Blade Profiles

CASING STEAM FLOWw VELOCIT

MOVING
BLADESS
PRESSURE
Fig 5.4I Parson's Reaction Turbine
T

Note: The pure reaction first used in Hero's turbines which

principle was
consisted of a hollow ball mounted on hollow pivots, which admit
VELOCITY
steam to the interior of the ball. The pure reaction turbine is not a PRESSURE
practical type. The effort to develop modern reaction turbine were NOZZLF LMoVING
8LADES
STATIONARY
made by Sir CharlesA. Parsons. In Parson's turbine (1884) steam exert BLADES

a reactive force to the blades, but also (a) Impulse turbine (b) Reaction turbine
changes direction, thus giving an
impulsive force to the blades. The Parson's turbine, therefore, uses Fig. (il) Comparison of Pressure and Velocity Graphs
both impulse and reaction principles. Fig. 5.4.2illustrate the simple
forms of pure reaction turbine and modern reaction turbine. F g . .5

Table 5.1

COMPARIsON OF IMPULSE AND REACTION TURBINES

Ctterla Impulse Turblne Reaction Turbine
Pressure drop Pressure drops only in nozles, Pressure drops in fixed and
and remains constant over the movingblades continucusly.
moving blades

A FFiedBiede
M Moving Blade
R
S
Rotor
Shaft TO CONDENSER
Relative velocity Neglecting friction relative
velocity remains constant
Relative velocity at exitis
greater than at inlet.
Blades
(b) Modern reaction urbine (parson's reaction turbine)
Symmentrical about the centre Foued and moving bladesare
(a) Pure reoction lurbine (hero's urbine) ine and they are profle type identical and they are
S42 Reaction Turbines aerofoil ype
Fig
Power Developsmallpower Develop largepower
6. cOMPARISON OF IMPULSE AND REACTION TURBINES: Efficiency Low Hgh
The distinguishing features of impulse and reaction turbines are illustrated in pace Occupies less space for given Occupies more spaçe for
Fig. 5.5. and their differences are presented in table 5.1. output. same output.

Radiant's)
5.10
Thermal Engineering-tu Chapter Steam Turbines- S.11
5.9 COMPOUNDING OFSTEAM TURBINES
If the steam is expanded from high boiler pressure to condenser pressure, the
steam velocity is extremely high and the turbine speed will be very high. Such
speedsare not practicable for power generation. Further there will be 10 to 12%
loss in kinetic energy with single stage. To overcome these limitations, the
steam
is expanded in many stages, each stage compriseses a set of fixed and
moving
blades. Expansion of steam through a series of stages to reduce the rotor
speed
of the turbine is called compounding.
Methods of compounding:
VELOCITY, V
The following methods are used for reducing the speed of an impulse turbine PRESSURE, P
1. Velocity compounding

2. Pressure compounding N Nozle; M Moving Blade F Fire (Guide) Blade

F i g . 5.6.1 Velocity Compounding
3. Velocity-Pressure compounding
Advantages and disadvantages
In reaction turbine speed is reduced by expanding the steam through many
of fixed and moving blades. The velocity compounding offers the following aduantages:
stages i.e. through the series
1. Number of stages are few and requires less space.
5.9.1 Velocity Compounding
2. Initial cost is low
Velocity compounded turbine consists of series of moving blades with a row of 3. System is reliable and easy to start
fixed blades between them. Fixed blades are attached to casing while the moving
However it has the following disadvantages:
blades to the rim of rotor. The fixed blades only change the direction of the steam
velocity compounding, the steam is 1. Efficiency is low
and direct it to the moving blades. In
expanded from boiler pressure to exhaust pressure only in a nozzle and remains 2. Friction losses are high
variations along the flow
constant over the blades. The pressure and velocity 3. Blade speed ratio (ratio of blade velocity to absolute velocity
direction a r e shown in Fig. 5.6.1. After the expansion the steam velocity is high of steam) is less than the optimum valve.
and decrease as it passes through the first row of moving blades i.e. part of
5.9.2 Pressure Comp0unding
kinetic energy is absorbed in it.
Impulse turbine with pressure compounding has one row of fixed blades
The velocity the fixed blades. But in practice there is slightly
remains constant in at the entry of each row of moving blades. In this case steam is expanded
fixed blades direct the steam to the next
decrease in velocity due to friction. The in several stages i.e. the total pressure drop is distributed in all the stages.
as it passes through
row of moving blades
and velocity is further decreases The pressure drop in each stage is lower and the kinetic energy developed
kinetic energy is
row of moving blades.
Thus in velocity diagram the is correspondingly lower. The kinetic energy of each expansion is
second
to reduce the speed of
the turbine. Velocity immediately absorbed in a row of moving blades. The pressure and
distributed among the stages
is called curtis turbine. It
is generally used in velocity variations are shown in Fig. 5.6.2.
compounded impulse turbine
5.12
- Thermal Engineering-l1
Steam Turbines S.13
Thus it involves combination of velocity and pressure compounding. Therefore
it is referred as velocity- pressure compounding. Pressure and velocity vanations
P
in this method are shown in Fig. 5.6.3.
Velocity pressure compounded turbine is simple and compact in design. In this
method less stages are required for given pressure drop. But due to low
efficiency, it is not widely used in power generation.
5.9.4 Compounding for Reaction Turbine:
PRESSURE,Pa In reaction turbine, the speed is reduced by expanding the steam in number of

VELOCITY Va stages. Each stage consists of a row of fixed nozle and a row of moving blades.
In this case expansion takes place continuously i.e.pressure drops continuously
N Fixed Nozzle; M Moving Blade
in fixed nozzles as well as in the moving blades. Velocity and pressure
Fig. 5.6.2 Pressure Compoun ding variations in reaction turbine are shown in Fig. 5.6.4.
The pre5sure
compounding is used in Rateau turbine and
Zoelly turbine. The ONE STAGE
aduantages of these turbines are
1. Most efficient
2. The ratio of blade
velocity to steam velocity is constant.
However, they have the following disaduantages MB FB

1. Large number of
stages are involved
2. They are expensive
3. Higher leakage losses are encountered. REESSURE
VELLOCITY

5.9.3 Velocity Pressure

Compounding8: Fig. 5.6.4 Compounded Reaction Turbine

The speed of turbine may be reduced by

splitting up the available energy by .10 VELoCITY DIAGRAM FORIMPULSE TURBINE:
arranging two or simple velocity compounded turbines in series on the
more -

Consider the jet of steam imping on moving blade with absolute velocity
same shaft. The total pressure drop is V, at
then effected in two or more stages. an angle a to the
tangential direction. Fig. 5.7.1 shows a moving blade with
velocity diagram at the inlet and exit ends of the blade.

ROTATION

PRESSURE, P2 PLANE
ROTATION

EXIT

Va
VELOCITY,V
Fig. 5.6.3 Velocity- Pressure Compounding
Fg 5.7.1
(A.P {Radlant's) (Radiant's)- {A.P)
5.14
Thermal Engineering-li Steam Turbines 5.15
et u = Velocity of blade, m/s hapte
Work done on blade:
Absolute velocity of steam entering the blade, m/s
V Relative velocity of steam at inlet, mís The whirl velocity which is the component of absolute velocity in the direction
Whirl velocity at inlet of motion is responsible for tangentialforce
Velocity of flow at inlet From Newton's second law of motion
Nozzle angle.
acceleration
Inlet angle of moving blade Tangential force mass x

mass per second x change in whirl velocity

Angle of discharge at exit
Exist or outlet angle of moving blade m (V+V
Absolute velocity of steam at exit Work done/s = force x dist. moved /second

V,a Relative velocity of steam at exit Nm/s or Jis

m (V V.u
V. Whirl velocity at exit
V =
Velocity of flow at exit Power developed m (Vt V.u watts.

The Fig. 5.7.2 represents the combined velocity diagram. The following steps of steam flowing per second over the blades.
Where m =mass
are suggested for drawing velocity diagrams for an impulse turbine.
Note: In the above equation, use +ve sign if V., and V.2 are in opposite

Adopt suitable scale to represent velocities direction, and v e sign if V., and V are in same direction.
Draw horizontal line, mark 'AB' on it to represent blade velocity. blade
Blade or dlagram eflclency: It is defined as the ratio of work done on
Draw AC = V, at an angle a with horizontal line (AB) to the energy supplied to blade.
Join BC which represents V,
Draw BD = V2 at an angle with horizontal line AB. The length Blade or diagram efficiency
Work done on blade m( 2Ju
Energy supplied to blade
BD K. BC i.e. V KV,: K 1, if friction is neglected.
= =
mV
AE = V. Horizontal component of V,
EC Vn, Vertical component of V, V)2u
AF = V. Horizontal component of V,
and
FD V. Vertical component of V,
Nozzle eflclency: It is defined as the ratio of kinetic energy of steam at exit

If axial thrust is zero, V,V2 of the nozzle to the enthalpy drop in nozzle.

Nozzle efflciency
mV v
Ah
m Ah

of steam, m/s
Where V, =absolute velocity
V Ah enthalpy drop in nozzle, joules.
deflined the ratio of work done on blade to the
Stage efflclency: It is
as

enthalpy drop in the nozle.

(A.P)
 5.16
5.7
Thermai Engineeti2E - Steam urbines

Loss of energy due to friction m V, - V'}

Stage efficlency = m(VtV2) 2
m Ah

Stage efficiency Blade efficiency Nozzle efficiency

Note: f losses in nozzle are
-K'
neglected, stage n bladen -

Axlal thrust : The axial thrust on the

wheel tesuts when velocity of flow
is not
equal
at outlet.
at inlet Blade opeed ratio:
Axial force = mass axial acceleration the absolute velocity of steam jet at entry to the
It is the ratio of blade velocity to

blade
This axial thrust
-m
(V -

V,)N
acts along the shaft and is absorbed by bearings
5.10.1 Effect of Blade Friction Blade speed ratio, p

In an impulse turbine the relative

at
velocity at outlet is same as the relative velocity
inlet. In practice there will be a frictional resistance to the flow of stean 5.10.2 MaximumEfficiency of Impulse(DeLaval) TurbineE
jet The blades of impulse turbine are made symmetrical ie 9 -
and there is
over the blades. As a result there s a
loss of relative
velocity no pressure drop over the blades
Considering friciton, V, KV,,
Where K
trictional coelficient Energy supplied per kg of steam
f there is 15% loss in relative
velocity, then the value of K 0.85
The velocny diagram considering the friction is shown in Fig. 5.7.3. Energy rejected per kg of steam V

Work done per kg of steam

2

Work done is maximum where V, is minimum i.e. when the angle p 90"

C los of valocity due to frictuaon

BE BD K BC

amac

Loes ol energy due to fnction is converted into heat and is equal to the los of
i 114
kinetic eergy during the flow over blades.
Radiant's) (Radasts}- -(A.P)
 Thermal EngineerinR-11 eas Steam Turbines 5.19
Neglecting friciton, V V,
also Example 5.1
and
for De laval turbine
<BAD <BEC In a simple impulse furbine the nozzle delivers 25 kg of steam per sec ond The
Hence Ale ABD and BEC 90; nozzle angle is 15°. The steam issue from the nozzle with a velocity of 900 m/s
are similar The steam blade velocily is 350 m/s and the inlet and outlet angles of the hlader
are equal. Neglecting the friction, calculate
AB
BE AC. cossa (a) The blade angles
(b) Power developed.
or Solutlon
cos a
Mass of steam, m 25 kg/s
Optimum blade speed p = u Nozzle angle, a 150
Abs. velocity at inlet, V, = 900 m/s
Also V, = EC = V, sin a
Blade velocity, u 350 m/s
Workdone/ kg of steam Scale: 1 cm
100 m/s
Efficiency
KE.supplied / kg of steam
.u-350 m/s
V-V ,

V,
V,900 m/S

Maximum efficiency V-Vsina (p 90)

V
F i g . 5.8
Maximum efficiency = 1 - sin2 a

maxCos a (a) Inlet angle (a) = outlet angle (¢) = 250

Where a = Nozzle angle = 20° for Delaval turbine
(b) P min+gu 25x1035x 350
ma Cos 20° =0.883 88.3 % 1000 1000
The above value is only under ideal conditions. In actual practice the maximum =
9056.25 kW Ans.
efficiency of De Laval turbine is about 55% Analytical method
Further, when B 90, V. = 0
Work done per kg ofsteam= (V).u
But V 2u (For max. n) A U 360 m/s

Maximum work done = 2 u J/s 16

V - s 0 82 5

Maximum power = 2 u2 watts.

Efficiency is maximum for small nozzle angle. However, too small a nozzle angle V,900 m/s
may cause energy loss at blade inlet. Therefore nozzle angle is maintained within
certain range (16° - 22°). 24.20
 Dldw iniet triangle
Draw horizontal naps
BD 0.9 BC, and centre line through C. With Abs. velocity at inlet, V, = 900 m/s
=

B, draw an arc to intersect radius

at D. Join BD
which represent horizontal line Scale 1 cm= 100 m/s
Outlet. V AD represent absolute velocity at
Constructlon: Draw AC at an angle 20° with AB. Draw horizontal line
through C. Draw CB at an angle 35° with horizontal line through
2 u-200m/s- C. From the diagram AB represent the blade velocity.
33 Blade velocity, u = 395 m/s Ans.

+V»2

20 35

--

- F i g . 5.12

From diagram, exit blade angle, ¢ =

370 Ans.
-Fig 5.13
Work done / kg = mVnng):u1x370x 200 74 kJ Ans.
1000 1000 (b) Diagram efficiency,

Blade efficiency, nb . V 2u [370x2x2001000

4202
n, (V+u 2u [910x2x395100
9002 10
=
88.75 % Ans.
=
83.9 % Ans.
5.11 VELOCITY DIAGRAM FOR REACTION TURBINE
Power, P mn-n2)u
1000
Inreaction turbine
steam expands continuously over fixed and moving blades.
Therefore V> V,. In Parson's reaction turbine the fixed and moving blades are
100x 1000 made identical. Therefore,
Mass flow rate, m 370x 200 *1.35 kg/s Ans.
a and 0 = b

Where a =outlet angle of fixed blade

Example 5.6
In animpulse turbine the nozzles are inclined at 20P. The inlet and outlet blade outlet angle of moving blade
angles are 350. If the velocity of steam at exit from the nozzle is 900 m/s. Find the =inlet angle of moving blade
blade speed, so that the steam shall pass on without shock. Also find the diagram
efficiency at this speed. Neglect losses. p inlet angle of fixed blade
Solution The velocity diagram for these conditions will be symmetrical about a vertical
Nozzle angle, 200 centre line. Velocity diagram for a reaction turbine is drawn in similar way as
350
that of impulse turbine.

(A.P) Radiant's) (Radlant's- {A.P)

526
Thermal Engineering- SteamTurbines 5.27
Optimum blade speed:
The blade speed for optimum stage eficiency of reaction turbine is given by the
relation.

u
=V.Cos a,
and maximum efficiency

2 u 2cos a
Fi 4 Veiecin Dere for Reacie Turhine -V1cosi a
ConsideT per pair (stage) Blade height:
Workdone second mV+V) u kJis
The reaction turbine is a fully flowing type prime mover. The flow area is the
1000 annular area as shown in Fig. 5.14.1. Considering the biade height.
Where m =
mass of steam flowing the blades
over
sec Volume of flow = flow area velocity of flow

Powerdeveloped V V ) u kW = (d. h).V,

1000
Mass flow rate dh).V
Work done per stage
=

Stage efficiency mV+Vu xg

Enthalpy drop per stage mAh
Where v, = Specific volume of steam at given section

,V)u
ah
x Dryness fraction ofsteam
ah Enthalpy drop can be obtained from h-s diagram. d-Mean blade diameter
Degree of reaction
In reaction turbine each ring of moving blades is separated by a ring of fixed
-
(d+h): d =Diameter of wheel
h Blade height
blades. Due to continuous expansion, the enthalpy drops in moving blades as
well as fixed blades. The degree of reaction is defined as the ratio of enthalpy
drop in the moving blades to enthalpy drop in the stage (i.e., sum of enthalpy TURENE CASNG

drop in moving blades and in fixed blades) BLADE

HEIGHT

Degree of reaction Enthalpydropin moving blades ORAM

DA

Enthalpy drop in stage

BLADES

Enthalpy drop per kg in moving blades =

Frg S14!
The enthaipy drop per kg in stage = (V.+Vu

Degree of reaction
V-V For a particular design, a constant, k. Usually the value of k =
1
2ufV+V
5.34
From Fig. 5.14, a =
= 25° Thermal Engineering-1I Steam Turbines- S.35
V. =
AE= EC.cot 25°=
48.37 x 2.144
V,.cot 250 mass= Tdmn. = at 2 bar, v, =
0.8854 m/kg
and
=
103.73 m/s
V.V. u Tx1.002x hx18.88x0.75
=
103.73 -90.7 13.03 m/s 4.5=
0.95x 0.8854
Power developed h 0.0849 m = 84.9 mm Ans.
mV+eu14.5(103.73+
1000 13.03) x90.7
1000
and d d, - h = 1.002 0.0849 = 0.917 m 917 mm Ans.
= 1 5 3 . 5 5 kW
Ans. 5.12 REHEAT FACTOR
Example 5.12:- The blade friction in turbine reduce the effective heat (enthalpy) drop and
A reaction turbine
10%. The discharge
running at 360 rpm consumes 5 kg/s steam, improve the quality (dryness fraction) of the steam.
tip angle for_both the blades is 20°. The Tip leakage is The ideal and actual
low is 0.75 times blade velocity. The power developed
axial velocity of expansion of steam through three stages in a turbine is
where the pressure is 2 bar and byy a certain pair is 5 kW, illustrated on a Mollier diagram (Fig. 5.19).
and blade height. dryness fraction 0.95. Find the drum diameter
n

Solution
Power dev. P 5 kW = 5000 w CONDITION CURVE

Dischrage tip angle, a =20°

Tip leakage = 10%
Actual mass entering the blade,
m 5 x 0.9 =
4.5 kg/s
Blade speed, u = m 6 0 .
dx 360 = 6 pd m/s
60
Axial vel. of flow, V,= 0.75 u Fig S.19
h isentropic (ideal) enthalpy drop
0.75u h1 = actual enthalpy drop
inlet velocity, V,
.
=n
200 =
2.19 u
The point a' represents the final condition of steam at the end
of first stage.
Also, V(V, Similarly, b' and c' represent the condition of steam at the end of second and
+
V) =

=
2V,
3.116 u
cosa -u = 2 x
2.19 u . cos20-u
third stages. The line through these points is called condition curve.
If friction is neglected, Isentropic enthalpy drop through all three stages is
P m.V.u
Cumulative isentropic enthalpy drop h,
5000 = 4.5 x 3.116 u h. +h + h. =

The reheat factor is defined as the ratio of cumulative

enthalpy drop to the
isentropic enthalpy drop.
u
5000
4.5x3.116 = 18.88 m/s

Reheat factor =
cumulativeenthalpydrop
Also u = 6pd = 18.88 isentropic enthalpy drop
18.88 1 002 m
R.F +h thge
 4

j atuualuy thn the

iunop enthahy drp Therli e vale l t

RI1AING OSAM
e n l e l slunnn uxpaulul Iom
hlglh orausu (ller prasture) lut
Pneu has low ryneus fiaon al onit tteloyne
loalrable t kwep ie lysas
Iarllon l uxhaunl olunm
Thts a n bu nchlovd nbovn () l provent the damage f turbie blailua,
by rehenlng thu alwa
In rohoutlny
(ig 20)he lem la
t1 reheuled ronatant pronsturs exfraled
ot to
from urbine when berones wel
nltlal tempealurele., touperhegted
Theuperhealed nleum then pasnerd hark Into ths next aluge whee olu
(ontlmen lo esJand to th
condønner paure, Thia proresas known ns
henliny anl tha eyrle In whleh reheat u onployed
is called roheat (yele GOVEKNING OF SUAM TUKHINIS
u r the
The power yuneralud by alunm urtbine ta u!iliserl to driyu yutiuratur
duvits aueh a s pumps and tblowers The speed of thhe tuurbine dojiunda rn pawer
on hu tubiu) hy diven
T. uenernted by the turbina and power rerulrud (lal

1IEATEN
mnchines. Turbine speud will dwerunsuif he lund is qrwalerthnn the dwsigad
(E. lond and inerense if t is
less However, isdeslrablety
it un
lheturbin
nl nwarly

E A
constant speed, and the process ot maintnining constant spuerl umder varying
is
londa called governing and
the device enployad to athlee tmotatt ejmwd is*
calledgovurnor.

The advnntages of veheutiny are

Vunctlone of governore :
The lunetien of governor is to malntain the speud of the urbine cunstant
edures the molsture content in the lnst furbine stages and
#TOson
prevents the blnde irreopectve ofvarlation in load applled to the turbine. This can be achteved by
adjusting flow rate or varying inlet conditions (initial veloeity or preosure)
crenses the efflclency of thu turbine
 38
speed the opening of vave is Thermal Engineering-t
turbine speed is low. Thus the reduced, whtle reverse action occurs when the Ste am urbines 5.
amount of steam fuliy opened whereas supply ot steam is c a thrgugh
the valve is controlled. flowing to the turbine through allregulating valves are
The relation between load
a particular group of nozzles when the load
is less

and
than the designed vaiue
size turbnes
and steam Nozzie control governing is used for medium iarge its

throttling is linear and is given by a consumption for a turbine

governed by employed in first stage only as shown in Fig. 5 24
in the fom of stra ight line (Wilian's line). It is expressed
W =
mk W VALVES

FLY BALLs
=
GOVERNOR LEVER
W W
sTEAM INLET
RALCRM
Fig 24

STEAM TO
Advantages:
POTTLE VALUE
-
No throttling losses; only smalllosses occur in nozzle valves
LOAD
Fr 2 Pmcpie of Thronie Gevernng F i 5.23 illa'i Le
-

Larger heat drop is available

More efficient
Where W = steam consumption, kg/hr
W.=steam consumption at no load, kg/hr
Disadvantages
m = constant which represents the slope of the line
-
More partial admission losses
Suitable for impulse turbine only
k = load on the turbine. (kW)
The essential differences between throttle governing and nozzle control goverming
Advantages :
are given below
Initial cost is less
Mechanism is simple Crtterlon Throttle governing Nozzle coatrol
Due to frictional heat the wetness in the low pressure stages will be Soemings
reduced. Throrting kosses More No throtting iosses, smal

Disadvamtages : losses are confined to in

nozzie vaves
Throttling losses are high Partial adrmission
osses Less More
Less efficient, and Heat drop Lesser heat drop is
Oniy suitable on small turbines available
Larger heat drop is
availabie
Use Impuse turbines and fmpuise turbine and aiso
2. Nozzle control governor : In nozle controB governing the quantity of steam reaction urbines reaction turbine d initia
supply will be changed without changing the pressure. In method, this the stage is impuse
0ed in more arouns and the sIunntz of steam nozzi Eic
52
Traa agneeng
Table 5.1
cOMPARISON OF JET AND SURFACE CONDENSER
A water be sed
s cosing mdn
Ar Jet codenserss Srtac2 tondenseri
ieakage is comgezey a hencz ies power is
tequred to cperate ar a z ard shear are in dret cortzc
Lee q2ndey cf eoriirg waz s
Disadvatages zqirad
Deng s
compicaned and costy c a m is maintained

aimanancz cos Conders2e an not be eused s T Cancensa2 2 e

Szed water ieed watar
rased 2s
Ocoupes more sace Simpie design. ies mairtznance cost Complicated desigr sarnamancz
euines more ciciating watr cos

Occapies less pacz Occupies mere spa

B.13 cOMPARISON OF JET AND SURFACE
CONDENSERS Suitabie crky for smal piants Used for arge pias
The distmgustng eatures of and vatace cordensers are ustrated 5.19 SHELL AND TUBECONDENSER:
in
Fig 5 26
In sheli and tube condenser, a
large number of tubes are aranged in shel w i
their axes parailel to the shell. Exhaust
steam irom the rrbine is
STEAM tubes through which passed ovar he
cooling water iscircuiated. The team is condensed
by
giving its latent heat to cooling water Shed and nbe condensers are
in
large power ideiy used
STEAM
plants. The principle of shell and tube
condemser is dustrated i
Fig 5 27. The steam enters at the top and flow downwards due
to sæction af he
extraction pump at the bottom.
Cooing water flows in one direction through a
CONG #ATER lovwer half of the tubes and in
opposite direction through upper half
$TEA

c O G WATER

C O N WA TER
cONDENSATE
CONEcENED STEA coNCENSA rE

faj Jer tondenser hy Sarfaca sondenser

 Thermal Engineering-11 Chapter5 uao Steam Turbines

Board Diploma Examination Problems with Solutions (b) The blade angle at inlet
S.45

Example 5.13: From diagram,

Blade inlet angle, 0 = 220 Ans.
Sleam issues from a nozzle
800 m/s. The velocity
at
the mass
of steam low is 2 kg/s. The nozzles of moving blade is 200 m/s and (c) The blade efficiency:
are inclined at 16° C to
othe wheel; taking friction
factor 0.8 and outlet angle of blade as the plane
(a) Power developed 30" Jind: (+Vw,2u 998.55 x 2x200
(b) The blade angle at inlet 0.624
(c) The blade efficiency (d) Axial 8002
thrust. Oct./Nov. 2008
Solution 62.4% Ans.
V, = 800m/s (d) The Axial Thrust:
u = 200 m/s Axial thrust, F, =
m
(Va V)
-

160 =
(248 - 220)= 56N Ans.
Scale lcm = 100 m/s. Note:

Construction: Draw AB (2cm) u (200 m/s), Draw AC (8cm

=
(1) (V V,) can be obtained directly from the dlagram.
-

800m/s) at =

an angle 16° with AB. Join BC

which represent V, Draw BD (1) If V,> Vg. the force in negative, the end thrust alóng the turbine shaft in the
at an angle 30° with AB. The length BD 0.8 BC. Draw = direction of the velocity of flow.
perpendicular from Cand D to intersect the extended horizontal
(11)If V,, <
V, then the end thrust is in the opposite direction to
line at E and F. velocty of flow
(a) Power developed Example 5.14:
The outlel angles of the blades
of a Parson's turblne are each 20" and the axlal
P mV+).u
1000
w 2x998.55
1000
x 200
399.42 kW veloctty of flow of steam ls 0.5 times the mean blade velocity. i/ the diameter
the ring is 1.27 m and the rotatlonal of
speed is 3000 rpm, determine:
- (Vwt V w -
a) Inlet angles of blades
b) Power developed, if dry saturated steam at 5 bar
u-200 abs., pasex through the
blades whose helght may be taken as 60 mm.

Neglect effect of frlctton and blade thickness.

8olutlon:
No 496
V, 800
TtdN n(1.27)x3000
Blade speed, u =
D Vr
60 60

200m/s
Also V- V =0.5 200
Vr-0.8 Vr x 100m/s
20°
Fix Scale: 1 cm
50 m/s
A P) --(Radlant') (Radiant's)
5..46

Thermal Engineering-I Chptei Steam Turbines. 5.47

From mollier diagram,

Vw+Vw
F A V= h, 2780 kJ/kg

a 200 m/s
B
h2 2175 kJ/kg
Exit velocity,
V Va 100m/s V = 44.72 h -h2)K
DE
= 44.722780-2175)0.8 =983.84m/s
u = 250 m/s, a = 220 and = 300
Fig 5.29
Scale: 1l cm = 100 m/s
Construction: Draw AB of length 4cm (u = 200
m/s). Draw a line parallel to
AB at a distance 2cm
(V = V2 100 m/s). From A and B draw
lines at angle 20° to
intersect horizontal line (parallel to AB) at
Cand D respectively,
AC fepresents V,
and BD is Vr.
Join AD
(V) and CB (Vr). Draw perpendiculars from C and D on k(h 10
extended line AB to intersect at E and F
respectively. 0 . 2 bar
(a) Int angles of blades:
From the diagram,
B 56° Ans. F i g . 5.30.1
(b) Power developed:
h 60mm =0.06m V+V
At 5 bar, v =
0.375 m'/kg, and from the diagram, BO 250m/s
+V)=330 m/s.
Mass flow rate, m=
(Tnd hV x1.27xO.06 XL= 63.8 kg/s V, =

0.375 983.84 m/s

Power developed, P = mVw t VwzJu 63.8x330 x200
1000 1000
= 4210.8 kW Ans.
Fig. 5.30.2

Example 5.15:-
A De-laval steam turbine is supplied with 1 kg steam per sec. from a set of nozles whose (a) Powerdeveloped, P= m(V+VJu =1x1410x
1000
250_352.5 kW As.
pressure range is 10 bar to 0.2 bar. The nozzle angle is 220 and blade exit angle is 30°
The mean blade speed is 250 misec. f the nozle efficiency is 80%. Find the
(b) Blade efficiency (V.+2:2u1410x2x250x 100
(a) Power developed 983.842
b) Blade efficiency and = 72.8% Ans.
(c) Inlet angle of blade. ApriMay2011, 2012,March/April 2013]
(c) From diagram,
Solution Inlet angle of the blade, 0 30° Ans.
m = lkg/s, (Assume dry sat. steam)
Radiant's) (Radiant's {A.P)
 turbines :
Performance of ste am
Summary Tangential force = m (V. tV) N

Steam turbines: Power developed m (VtV.)Ju W

t is N
prime mover
a in which heat energy of steam is transfemed to kinetic Axial thrust =
m
(V -

V
energy, and latter it is utilised for rotation of the turbine shaft.
Efficiencies
Classification :
According to the action of steam, the turbines may be classified as 1. Blade (diagram) n
( 12u
1. Impulse turbine

2. Reaction turbine, and

2. Nozzle efficiency
3. Impulse-reaction turbine 2AH

Difference between impulse and reaction turbines

3. Stage efficiency
( .u= Blade hx Nozzle h
In impulse turbine expansion of steam takes place only in the nozzle and AH
pressure remains constant over the blades, where as in reaction turbine
expansion of steam takes place in fixed and moving blades i.e. pressure
drops continuously throughout the stages Degree of reaction : =
Enthalpy dropin moving blades
Enthalpy drop in stage
V-V.
2uVV2
Compounding:
Method to reduce the turbine speed to a practical limit is called compounding
Methods of compounding :

1. Velocity compounding
2. Pressure corresponding
3. Velocity pressure compounding
speed is reduced by incorporating the number of
In reaction turbine the
stages.
Governing:
speed irrespective of
Governing is the process of maintaininy the
constant

variation of load on the turbine

Methods of governing
1. Throttle governor
2. Nozzle-control governor

3. By pass governor
4. Combined governor {A.P)
{Radiant's) (Radiant's-
(A.P-