Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Rf00019-电磁复合场对Ni60合金凝固过程中显微组织和裂纹的影响 林英华
Rf00019-电磁复合场对Ni60合金凝固过程中显微组织和裂纹的影响 林英华
10
2018 年 10 月 ACTA METALLURGICA SINICA Oct. 2018
ABSTRACT Ni60 alloy has been widely used in many application fields due to its excellent wear resis-
tance, corrosion resistance and high temperature oxidation resistance. However, uneven microstructure
was easily formed due to the effect of heat shock and heat accumulation during laser multi-track overlap
process. Moreover, Ni60 alloy powder was composed of a variety of elements. The composition segrega-
tion and high content CrB, (Cr, Fe)23C6 were easily present in the coating during the laser cladding pro-
cess, which can easily lead to the cracking of Ni60 alloy coating. In this work, multi-layer Ni60 alloy coat-
ing was prepared by electric- magnetic compound field assisted laser cladding. Synthesis of Ni60 alloy
coating was analyzed by coloring agent, OM, SEM, EDS, XRD and microhardness tester. The results
showed that cracks and large pores were to appear at the coating when the electric-magnetic compound
field was not applied, and the molding quality was also poor. When the electric-magnetic compound field
资 助 项 目 国 家 重 点 研 发 计 划 项 目 No.2017YFB1103601,国 家 自 然 科 学 基 金 项 目 No.51475429 和 中 国 博 士 后 科 学 基 金 项 目
No.2017M610376
收稿日期 2018-04-11 定稿日期 2018-06-24
作者简介 林英华,男,1985 年生,博士
通讯作者 姚建华,laser@zjut.edu.cn,主要从事激光熔覆方面的研究
DOI 10.11900/0412.1961.2018.00134
10 期 林英华等:电磁复合场对 Ni60 合金凝固过程中显微组织和裂纹的影响 1443
was applied, the surface cracks of Ni60 alloy coating were suppressed, the pores were eliminated, and
the molding quality of the coating was also improved. Meanwhile, the particle size of the brittle phase
(CrB, (Cr, Fe)23C6) was decreased from 4~6 mm to 2~4 mm by the aid of the electric-magnetic compound
field, and the degree of particle cluster was also reduced, which was beneficial to the elimination of the in-
ternal crack. XRD, microstructure and microhardness analysis results showed that the brittle phase con-
tent, particle segregation, lattice distortion and hardness were reduced under the condition of electric-
magnetic compound field, leading to the decrease of crack initiation probability, so the crack of Ni60 alloy
coating was remarkably reduced.
KEY WORDS Ni60 alloy, laser cladding, electric-magnetic compound field, crack
860 素比较复杂。目前还没有工具能直接检测出熔覆层
Wi
thoutEMCF
Wi
thEMCF
内部裂纹源的形成。接下来将通过脆性相种类与含
850
量、晶格畸变程度、显微组织变化、组织均匀化等方
s/mm
840
面来研究 L orentz力对 N i60 合金熔覆层裂纹的抑制
nes
830
k
机理。
hi
ngt c
(
a) Ni (
Cr,Fe) C
23 6
FeNi3
Ni
3
B
O CrB
u.
Wi
t
hEMCF
y/a.
O
enst
i
Wi
t
houtEMCF
nt
O
I
O O
20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
2q /()
o
(
b)
u.
y/a.
O
Wi
thoutEMCF O O
nt
I t
ensi
Wi
thEMCF
从衍射峰无法精准判断出韧性相与脆性相的变化规
律,还需要结合显微组织与 E D S 测试来进一步分析
相种类、含量及晶格畸变程度。
2.3 显微组织分析
图 6 为未施加 E M C F 的第 1 和第 5 道次 N i60 合
金熔覆层横截面的 SE M 像。从图可见,第 1 和第 5
道次熔覆层内部都出现了 2 种不同衬度的显微组
织。深灰色主要为类颗粒状组织,小颗粒的尺寸大
部分在 1.5~2.5 mm 之间,而大颗粒的尺寸大部分在
4~6 mm 之间。2 个熔覆层的颗粒形态和尺寸变化不
明显,但颗粒的偏聚程度出现了明显的差异,第 5 道
次的颗粒偏聚程度高于第 1 道次。除了形成类颗粒
状组织外,2 个熔覆层都形成了较高含量深灰色的
枝晶状及类树枝晶组织。E D S 分析表明,深灰色组
织主要成分为富 C r、C 和贫 Si、N i、M o 元素,而浅灰
色组织的 C r元素含量降低,但 Fe、N i元素含量明显 图 7 未施加 EMCF 的 Ni60 合金第 2 道次熔覆层内
升高。由于 B 是低原子序数元素,采用 E D S 很难定 部裂纹和周围显微组织的 SEM 像
量检测其准确含量,结合 X R D 谱及参考文献[21,22] Fig.7 Low (a) and locally high (b) magnified SEM
images of second pass of Ni60 alloy coating
分析,认为深灰色组织主要为 C rB 、C r23C 6,而浅灰色 without EMCF
组织主要为 N i3B 、
Fe23C 6 或 FeN i3。
图 7 为未施加 E M C F 的 N i60 合金第 2 道次熔覆 可见,熔覆层内部裂纹直接扩展到熔覆层底部,并且
层内部裂纹扩展路径及显微组织的 SE M 像。由图 熔覆层中部裂纹扩展很光滑,说明熔覆层内部裂纹
10 期 林英华等:电磁复合场对 Ni60 合金凝固过程中显微组织和裂纹的影响 1447
(atomic fraction / %)
Position C Si Cr Fe Ni Mo
1 41.06 1.28 50.24 5.40 1.78 0.24
2 39.93 0.56 11.27 29.35 18.30 0.59
3 39.28 1.30 47.36 8.16 3.63 0.27
4 39.21 0.45 13.63 28.51 17.73 0.47
5 37.63 0.56 48.07 9.10 4.42 0.22
6 36.53 0.39 20.41 27.30 15.16 0.21
7 37.92 0.54 45.13 10.34 5.82 0.25
8 35.83 0.67 17.28 25.76 20.23 0.23
1448 金 属 学 报 54 卷
发生变化,促使元素扩散更为充分,从而在整个熔池 界局部位置出现液化,其过程包括析出相的溶解、溶
区域元素分布更加均匀化。然而,熔池受基材稀释 质元素的扩散、共晶反应和固液转变等过程。在激
与凝固速率极快的影响,熔覆层自表及里的显微硬 光熔覆过程中,由于熔池剧烈对流会造成初生相发
度呈现逐渐下降趋势。 生碰撞与凝并的几率提高,尤其在 N i60 多相体系中
2.5 Ni60 合金熔覆层内部裂纹的抑制机理 更为明显。因为不同物相之间熔点与密度存在差
N i60 合金熔覆层裂纹的形成既与凝固过程的 异,一旦激光束移走后熔池就会开始快速凝固,此时
[23,24] [25,26]
冶金因素相关 ,又与组分液化相关 。冶金因 首先进行偏晶反应,在此阶段发生明显碰撞与凝并,
素主要指金属在凝固温度区间的塑韧性,主要受化 因而施加 E M C F 前出现了晶粒偏聚行为(图 6)。而
学成分、材料性质、凝固组织、拘束条件等因素影响; 随着冷却的不断进行,开始出现共晶反应,由于基体
组分液化主要指由于成分偏析促使在局部区域发生 相和脆性相是同时析出的,会达到阻碍熔层物相偏
扩散或反应而引起晶间局部区域成分偏高,导致晶 聚的效果,如图 10 所示。然而从冶金因素分析,激
900
Wi
t
houtEMCF
光熔覆过程中 N i60 合金的成分、性质和拘束条件未
800 Wi
t
hEMCF
发生变化,而且单道次熔覆层并不开裂。但经过激
700
dness/HV0.3
光多道搭接后,Ni60 合金熔覆层出现了明显开裂。
600
500
因此,该熔覆层裂纹与激光多道搭接热循环带来的
400 局部区域溶质元素偏析有直接关系。由前文显微组
crohar
300 织分析及与单道次熔覆层内部组织对比分析可知,
Mi
200 经过多次激光搭接后,不同道次熔覆层内部都出现
100 了明显的脆性相尺寸粗大和偏聚行为(图 6),导致
0 400 800 1200 1600 2000
Di
stancef
rom sur
face/mm
Ni60 合金偏析形成的过饱和固溶体在多次激光热循
图 9 施加 EMCF 前后 Ni60 合金第 1 道次熔覆层横
环冲击下发生溶质元素扩散,
引起晶界局部位置元素
截面显微硬度
Fig.9 Microhardnesses of cross section of first pass 偏析(表 1),导致晶界塑性和强度急剧下降而成为裂
Ni60 alloy coatings without and with EMCF 纹源。
图 10 施加 EMCF 前物相偏聚示意图
Fig.10 Schematics of phase segregation without EMCF
(a) melting stage
(b) monotectic early stage
(c) monotectic late stage
(d) eutectic reaction stage
10 期 电磁复合场对 Ni60 合金凝固过程中显微组织和裂纹的影响
林英华等: 1449
同时耦合感应 L orentz 力和定向 L orentz 力。感应 [2] Wen Z H, Bai Y, Yang J F, et al. Effect of vacuum re-melting on the
solid particles erosion behavior of Ni60-NiCrMoY composite coat-
L orentz力表现为时刻与熔池对流方向相反的阻力,
ings prepared by plasma spraying [J]. Vacuum, 2016, 134: 73
可对熔池流速产生明显的抑制作用;而定向 L orentz
[3] Xu B S, Fang J X, Dong S Y, et al. Heat-affected zone microstruc-
力作为一类与重力类似的体积力,可改变硬质相所 ture evolution and its effects on mechanical properties for laser clad-
受的等效浮力。外加 L orentz 力能否改变激光熔池 ding FV520B stainless steel [J]. Acta Metall. Sin., 2015, 52: 1
流动行为,主要与 L orentz力引起的附加流场和强制 (徐滨士, 方金祥, 董世运等. FV520B 不锈钢激光熔覆热影响区组
织演变及其对力学性能的影响 [J]. 金属学报, 2015, 52: 1)
流场相互作用相关。由于激光熔覆属于远离平衡态
[4] Ocelík V, Furár I, De Hosson J T M. Microstructure and properties
的凝固过程,且 N i60 合金是由多种元素组成,极易
of laser clad coatings studied by orientation imaging microscopy
在激光熔池剧烈流动过程中出现成分不均匀,而且 [J]. Acta Mater., 2010, 58: 6763
初生硬质相长大过程中也很容易在熔液的带动下发 [5] Yao J H, Yang L J, Li B, et al. Characteristics and performance of
生碰撞和凝结 [26]。通过引入 L orentz 力会造成熔池 hard Ni60 alloy coating produced with supersonic laser deposition
证 [10,11]
,发现引入 L orentz力后,熔池区域的表层温度 control of ceramic particles in wide-band laser clad Ni60/WC com-
posite coatings [J]. Mater. Des., 2016, 92: 897
升高,但激光熔池自表及里温度梯度变大,这既可为
[8] Zhang J, Hu Y, Tan X J, et al. Microstructure and high temperature
熔覆层中脆性相种类和含量的变化提供了热力学条 tribological behavior of laser cladding Ni60A alloys coatings on 45
件,又可降低熔覆层的开裂敏感性。 steel substrate [J]. Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China, 2015, 25:
在激光熔池区域引入 L orentz力,既可改变激光 1525
熔池凝固过程中的热力学条件,又能改变动力学条 [9] Shu D, Li Z G, Zhang K, et al. In situ synthesized high volume frac-
tion WC reinforced Ni- based coating by laser cladding [J]. Mater
件。通过热力学与动力学耦合可实现减少熔覆层内
Lett., 2017, 195: 178
部脆性相的数量、颗粒偏聚和晶态转变,达到降低 [10] Wang L, Yao J H, Hu Y, et al. Influence of electric-magnetic com-
N i60 合金熔覆层内部裂纹敏感性的效果,为实现大 pound field on the WC particles distribution in laser melt injection
面积无裂纹 N i60 合金熔覆层的制备提供了一条新 [J]. Surf. Coat. Technol., 2017, 315: 32
的路径。 [11] Wang L, Yao J H, Hu Y, et al. Suppression effect of a steady mag-
netic field on molten pool during laser remelting [J]. Appl. Surf.
3 结论 Sci., 2015, 351: 794
[12] Bachmann M, Avilov V, Gumenyuk A, et al. About the influence
(1)施加电磁复合场前,N i60 合金熔覆层表面出
of a steady magnetic field on weld pool dynamics in partial pene-
现了明显的纵向裂纹,熔覆层内部出现了大尺寸气 tration high power laser beam welding of thick aluminium parts
孔;施加电磁复合场后,N i60 合金熔覆层表面裂纹 [J]. Int. J. Heat. Mass. Transfer, 2013, 60: 309
得到了抑制,内部气孔消失,且熔覆层表面成形质量 [13] Rong Y M, Xu J J, Cao H Y, et al. Influence of steady magnetic
field on fluid flow, temperature profile and humping bead in high structure in Ni60/WC composite coatings fabricated by wide-band
speed gas metal arc welding [J]. Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, 2018, laser cladding [J]. J. Alloys Compd., 2015, 645: 151
116: 1282 [22] Cai Y C, Luo Z, Feng M N, et al. The effect of TiC/Al2O3 compos-
[16] Wen Z H, Bai Y, Yang J F, et al. Corrosion resistance of vacuum re- ite ceramic reinforcement on tribological behavior of laser clad-
melted Ni60-NiCrMoY alloy coatings [J]. J. Alloys Compd., 2017, ding Ni60 alloys coatings [J]. Surf. Coat. Technol., 2016, 291: 222
711: 659 [23] Wen P, Shinozaki K, Yamamoto M. Experimental research and nu-
[17] Luo F, Cockburn A, Sparkes M, et al. Performance characteriza- merical simulation of solidification crack during laser welding of
tion of Ni60-WC coating on steel processed with supersonic laser ring structure [J]. Acta Metall. Sin., 2011, 47: 1241
deposition [J]. Defence Technol., 2015, 11: 35 (温 鹏, 荻崎贤二, 山本元道. 环形结构激光焊接凝固热裂纹的
[18] Chen G, Gao Z Y. Effect of welding processing parameters on po- 实验研究和数值模拟 [J]. 金属学报, 2011, 47: 1241)
rosity formation of mild steel treated by CO2 laser deep penetra- [24] Na S, Yoon D, Kim J, et al. An evaluation of the fatigue crack
tion welding [J]. Acta Metall. Sin., 2013, 49: 181 propagation rate for powder metallurgical nickel- based superal-
(陈 高, 高子英. 焊接工艺参数对低碳钢 CO2 激光深熔焊接气孔 loys using the DCPD method at elevated temperatures [J]. Int. J.
形成的影响 [J]. 金属学报, 2013, 49: 181) Fatigue., 2017, 101: 27
[19] Wei H L, Elmer J W, DebRoy T. Crystal growth during keyhole [25] Yan F, Liu S, Hu C J, et al. Liquation cracking behavior and con-
mode laser welding [J]. Acta Mater., 2017, 133: 10 trol in the heat affected zone of GH909 alloy during Nd: YAG la-
[20] Chen M H, Xu J N, Xin L J, et al. Effect of keyhole characteristics ser welding [J]. J. Mater. Process. Technol., 2017, 244: 44
on porosity formation during pulsed laser-GTA hybrid welding of [26] Ye X, Hua X M, Wang M, et al. Controlling hot cracking in Ni-
AZ31B magnesium alloy [J]. Opt. Laser Eng., 2017, 93: 139 based Inconel-718 superalloy cast sheets during tungsten inert gas
[21] Ma Q S, Li Y J, Wang J, et al. Investigation on cored- eutectic welding [J]. J. Mater. Process. Technol., 2015, 222: 381
(责任编辑:肖素红)