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Mental Health by the Numbers: Global

Situation on Mental Health
Applied Field of Psychology
● Clinical Psychology – applies
● The most common mental health
psychological principles to the
problem.
prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of
● The second leading cause of death of
psychological disorders.
15-29 year old on the world (2015).
● Counseling Psychology - applies
● 300m people suffer from depression
psychological principles to help
● 800k people die from suicide
individuals deal with personal problems.
● 1 person every 40 second
● Educational Psychology - applies
psychological principles to improving
“Mental health is just as curriculum, teaching methods, and
important as Physical administrative procedures.
● Industrial/organizational Psychology –
health” applies psychological principles to
improve productivity in business,
The Mental Health of Filipinos
industries, and government agencies.
● 3.3m depressive disorders ● Health Psychology- applies
● 3.1m anxiety disorders psychological principles to the
● 2558 reported suicide cases and 2009 prevention and treatment od the
were males physical illness.
● Nearly 8 in 10 of reported suicide ● Legal Psychology – deals with the
cases in 2012 were males. application of psychological knowledge
in the field of law relating to the study
of human behavior.
Fields of Specialization in
Psychology Republic Act 10029 Philippine Psychology Act

● Is set to professionalize the practice

Academic Fields of Specialization
of psychology and psychometrics in the
● Experimental Psychology – primarily Philippines and to nurture competent,
concerned with laboratory research on upright and assiduous psychologists
basic psychological processes. whose standards of practice are
● Psychological Psychology – study excellent and globally competitive.
relating bodily processes to behavior.
Psychology - Taken from the Greek
● Comparative Psychology – deals with
words “psyche” which means “soul” and
the behavior and mental processes of
“logos” meaning “mind study”. It is the
the different species.
scientific study of behavior and cognitive
● Dynamic Psychology – scientific
processes.
interpretation of mental phenomena
emphasizing internal drives and motives Scientific - Refers to the fact that the
as the cause of behavior. study of psychology is based on
● Developmental Psychology – this field information collected through a set of
studies physical, cognitive, and systematic procedures known as a
psychosocial changes across the scientific method.
lifespan.
● Abnormal Psychology – concerned with Psi symbol
mental and emotional disorders and
with certain incompletely understood
normal phenomena.
Behavior - Anything that an organism
does involving action and response to its
environment
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Mental Processes - Include thoughts,
memories, emotions, motivations, dreams,
perceptions, and beliefs.
Classification of Behavior
1. Conscious Behavior – acts may be
within the level of one’s awareness
2. Unconscious Behavior – Behavior of
which the individual is not aware and
does not know the reason to motive or
it
3. Overt Behavior – consists of responses
which are publicly observable
4. Covert Behavior -refers to the
responses which cannot be directly
observed such as thoughts, feelings,
etc.
Importance of Psychology
● It deepens our understanding of
ourselves and those around us.
● It can teach us the unknown and
undiscovered things about ourselves.
● It can help us to sanitize our ability to
understand each other.
Brief History of Psychology
● Psychology did not begin as a science
but started in primitive mysticism.
● It became a Branch of Philosophy
● After more than 2000 years, finally
achieved status as a science
● The philosophical roots of psychology
reach back to the philosophers of
ancient Greece, most notably Plato and
Aristotle
● By the mid-nineteenth century,
philosophers appeared to reach the
limits of their ability to answer
questions about the nature of
psychological processes
● As a consequence, psychology began to
look less to philosophy and more to
science for guidance
● The formal launching of the separate
field of psychology is in 1879 where in
Wilhelm Wundt started the first
psychological laboratory at the
University of Leipzig Germany.
● Wundt became the Father of Scientific
Psychology
Schools of Thought
Structuralism (1875-1930)
● Founded by Wilhelm Wundt and his
student Edward B. Titchener
● Structuralism were primarily concerned
with discovering the structure of the
mind
● They believed that the way to learn
about the brain and its function was to
break the mind down into its most basic
elements.
● Titchener used technique called
introspection to try to understand the
conscious mind.
Functionalism (1890-1930)
● Founded by William James, John
Dewey, James Rowland Angell and
Harvey Carr.
● Suggests to Investigate the function
purpose of consciousness rather than
its structure
● Functionalists held the view that is not
the “structure” that should be of prime
importance but the “function”
● They developed the technique of
longitudinal research
Psychoanalysis (1900-Present)
Founded by Sigmund Freud together with
Alfred Adler and Carl Jung
● Method of investigating unconscious
mental process to a form of
psychotherapy
● Freud attempted to find the cause and
cure of personality disorder
● Many of the factors that influence our
thoughts and actions lie outside the
conscious awareness
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Behaviorism (1913-Present)
● Founded by John B. Watson
● Covert behavior including mental
processes could not be scientifically
studies
● BF Skinner supported Watson’s view
● Watson also rejected introspection as
a psychological technique
Gestalt Psychology
● Founded by Max Wertheimer, Kurt
Koffka and Wolfgang Kohler
● The Gestalt theory which uses
observation method stated that “the
whole is greater than the sum of its
parts”
The Nature and Scope of
Psychology
Research Methods
● Introspection – uses self-examination
to inspect certain aspects about self
● Survey – attempts to estimate the
opinions, characteristics, or behavior
of a particular population by
investigation of a representative
sample.
● Questionnaire – a set of written
questions that can be answered easily
with checkmarks.
● Interview – a series of open-ended
questions used to gather basic detailed
information about a person.
● Observation – visual method of
examining, discriminating, and
interpreting the action of individuals
and groups in laboratories, classrooms,
or out of school situation
● Natural Observation
● Direct Observation
● Case Study – an intensive investigation
of an individual; rather than a
representative sample.
● Experimentation – method which a
researcher systematically manipulates
certain variables in order to describe
objectively the relation between the
variables of concern and the resulting
behavior.
❖ It consists of three steps:
➢ Formulation of
hypothesis
➢ Experiments to test the
hypothesis
➢ Acceptance, rejection,
or modification of
hypothesis
❖ Researchers work with two groups:
➢ Experimental Group –
experiences the
experimental condition
➢ Control Group - does not
Learning
- It is basic to all aspects of life because it
leads to the acquisition of knowledge,
habits, attitudes, ideals, and advancement
of skills needed to get along in life.
- It takes place in school but much of human
learning occurs outside the classroom, and
people continue to learn throughout their
lives
- It is a lifetime process
- The study of learning is important in many
different fields.
Simple Forms of Learning
· Habituation – tending to become familiar with
a stimulus after repeated exposure to it
· Sensitization – it is the increase that occurs
in an organism’s responsiveness to stimuli
following an especially intense or irritating
stimulus.
Classical Conditioning
- Is a reflexive or automatic response that
transfers from one stimulus to another.
- Most psychologists believe that classical
conditioning occurs when a person forms a
mental association between two stimuli.
Ivan Pavlov’s Experiments
- Classical conditioning was discovered by
accident in the early 1900s when Pavlov was
studying how saliva helps the digestive
process.
- After the dog had gone through this
procedure a few times, it would begin to
salivate before receiving any food
· Food – unconditioned stimulus
· Salivation – unconditioned response
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· Bell – neutral stimulus: the sound normally through simple responses such as
has no relation to salivation pressing a lever.

- Pavlov begin the conditioning process: rang

the bell immediately placed food in the dog’s
mouth
- After several pairings (sound of bell and Principles of Operant
food), the dog salivated normally in response
to the sound of the bell alone Conditioning
- The dog learned a new response: salivating to · Positive Reinforcement - a powerful method
the sound of a bell of controlling the behavior of both animals
- The dog learned response was the salivation and people. It can strengthen either
to the sound of the bell (conditioned desirable or undesirable behavior
response) · Negative Reinforcement - method of
- Previously neutral stimulus (CS) is paired with strengthening a behavior by following it with
unconditional stimulus (UCS) to elicit a the removal or omission of an unpleasant
conditioned response (CR) stimulus
a. Escape -performing a
particular behavior leads
Principles of Classical to the removal of an
Conditioning unpleasant stimulus.
b. Avoidance - learning to
· Acquisition – initial learning of the conditioned
avoid or prevent an
response
unpleasant situation
· Extinction – describes the elimination of the
before its occurrence
conditioned response by repeatedly
· Punishment – negative consequence of a
presenting the conditioned stimulus without
behavior that leads to a decrease in the
the unconditioned stimulus
frequency of behavior.
· Generalization – responding to similar stimuli
without further training
COGNITIVE LEARNING
· Discrimination - individual learns to produce
- It is a learning which involves
a conditioned response to one stimulus but
perception and knowledge --- memory,
not to another stimulus that is similar
thinking and representation
❖ Insight learning
Operant Conditioning
- Wolfgang_Kohler conducted
- Involves increasing a behavior by following it
an experiment wherein he
with a reward, or decreasing a behavior by
used an ape (Sultan)
following it with punishment
- Kohler puls Sultan in a cage
- The organism must “operate on” or do
where a bunch of bananas and
something to the environment in order to
two bamboo sticks were
produce a result
hanging from the ceiling
· BF Skinner – one of the most famous
- Sultan originally spent a great
psychologists in history who coined the term
deal of time trying to knock
operant conditioning
down the bananas with one of
● Skinner Box – a barren chamber in
which an animal could earn food
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the sticks but eventually gave
up
- As he was fiddling idly with
the two sticks, he joined the
sticks together into one long
pole and used it to reach the
bananas
- Every time he was presented
with the same problem, he
immediately solved it In the
same way
❖ Modelling - learning by watching others
Remembering - It is the ability to retrieve
- Albert Bandura was one of
stored
the most influential
consciousness.
contemporary proponents of
the cognitive view of learning
who called this modelling or
observational learning
- Bandura considered modeling
to be an important
demonstration of the role of
cognition in learning
Transfer of Learning - It is the ability to apply
what has been learned in one situation that are in
some way similar.
Involves Acquiring. Retaining And Retrieving
Information.
Basic Memory Process
● Encoding - sensory information is put
into various memory codes or mental
representatives of physical stimuli.
● Storage - simply means maintaining
information in the system over time.
● Retrieval - a process of finding
information stored in memory and
bringing it into consciousness.
lasts from one second to no more than
a minute.
● Long-term memory - involves the
storage of information for much longer
periods, perhaps for a lifetime
information and bring it into
Basíc Types of Memory
● Episodic Memory - memory for
particular events of one's own life. o
● Semantic Memory - the memory that
concerns the meaning of words and
concepts.
● Procedural Memory - involves how to
do things.
Strategies for Remembering
● Recall - the ability to retrieve
information from long-term memory
with few cues.
● Recognition -a measure of memory
based on the ability to select correct
information among the options provided
● Relearning - a measure of memory
based on the length of time it takes to
relearn forgotten material
● Chunking - perceiving related items as
a larger unit or cluster,

Stages of Memory
● Sensory memory stage - involves
holding information from the senses
and may last for a half to four seconds.
❖ Iconic memory - refers to
the sensory register for
visual images.
❖ Echoic memory - refers to
the sensory register for
auditory items.
● Short-term memory - temporarily
holds information in consciousness. It
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Long Term Memory unconscious so as to avoid confronting

then directly
● Amnesia - disorder involving loss of
memory.
Motivation
❖ Retrograde Amnesia - loss of
- It is the force that initiates, guides,
memory for events prior to
and maintains goal-oriented behaviors
some çritical brain injury.
- The forces that lie beneath motivation
❖ Anterograde Amnesia- loss
can be biological, social, emotional, or
of memory for any event that
cognitive in nature
occurs after a brain injury
➢ Motive - something (need or
● Aphasia - impairment in the ability to
desires ) that causes a person
use or remember language.
to act
❖ Anomic Aphasia - inability to
➢ Need - a condition that
recall the name of objects.
exists when we are deprived
❖ Wernicke's Aphasia -
of something that we want to
inability to locate an item
acquire
precisely in long-term
➢ Drive - the “push” that
storage.
activates the behavior
❖ Broca's Aphasia - a person
cannot recall the "shape" or
Intrinsic & Extrinsic Motivations
'sound" of an item, even
● Intrinsic Motivation - behaviors that
though he may recognize the
are pleasureable and reinforcing for
item as being familiar.
their own sake
❖ Condition Aphasia - damage is
● Extrinsic Motivation - based on the
in the upper portion of the
rewards and punishments that the
temporal lobe.
behavior might bring human motives are
stimulated by external rewards
Forgetting - it is a failure to retrieve
information
Theories Of Motivation
● Instinct Theory - people are motivated
Causes of forgetting
to behave in certain ways bacause they
● Decay Theory - presumes that when a
are evolutionary programmed to do so
new fact is learned or a new experience
● Incentive Theory - people are
occurs, a memory trace is formed in
motivated to do things because of
the brain
external rewards
● Interferrence Theory - states that
● Drive Theory - people are motivated
forgetting occurs because other
to take certain actions in order to
memories interfere with the storage or
reduce the internal tension that is
retrieval of information.
caused by unmet needs
❖ Proactive Interference -
● Arousal Theory - people take certain
created by memories from
actions to either decrease or increase
prior learning
levels of arousal
❖ Retroactive Interference -
● Humanistic Theory - people have trong
created by memories from
cognitive reasons to perform various
later learning
actions. This is famously illustrated by
● Reconstruction Theory - explains
Abraham Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs,
forgetting as a change in the structure
which presents different motivations
of a memory that makes it inaccurate
at different levels
or difficult to retrieve
● Freaud’s Repression Theory -
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
according to Freud, people often push
- suggests that people are not motivated
unacceptable, anxiety provoking
to fulfill basic needs before moving on
thoughts and impulses into their
to other, more advanced needs
- Most often displayed as a pyramid
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- The fundamental needs musty be thoughts and feelings that would cause
satisfied before a person is free to anxiety if they became conscious again.
progress to psychological needs
States of Consciousness
● Passive state of consciousness -
involves mental activity that is not
directed or actively controlled and
manipulated
● Active state of consciousness - refers
to the mental activity that is directed
and controlled by the individual

Different Altered States of Consciousness and

Cognitive Experiences

● Daydreaming - a shift of attention

away from ongoing physical or mental
task toward some internal stimulus
● Hallucination - a false perceptual
experience
● Depersonalization - perceptual;
experience of one’s body becoming
“distorted” or “ unreal” in some way
● Meditation - this is one method of
searching for an alternative to waking
consciousness
Consciousness - it is a state of awareness of the ● Hypnotism - an altered state of
outside worlds and ones own mental activity consciousness brought on by special
techniques and characterized by
Consciousness and Attention susceptibility to suggestions made by
- The cognitive (or mental) process that the hypnotist
limits the amount of information ● Altering consciousness with drugs -
allowed into consciousness is known as the most distinct type of altered
selective attention consciousness which involves taking
- The fact that we are selective implies chemicals into the body or using drugs
that there is a limit to our attention ❖ Stimulants - drugs that can
increase the central nervous
Levels of Consciousness system, providing a sense of
● Conscious level - an awareness of energy and well being
moment to moment activities and ★ Caffeine
thoughts ★ Cociane
● Preconscious level - stores sensations, ★ Mariwana
memories, inferences and assumptions ❖ Depressants - reduce the
that are not at the conscious level but activity of the central
can be easily be brought into nervous system, leading to a
consciousness sense of relaxation,
● Nonconscious level - includes drowsiness and lower
physiological processes that we are not inhibitions
conscious of ★ Alcohol
● Unconscious level - (according to ★ Energy drinks
Freud) it holds our sexual aggresive, ❖ Hallucinogens - produce
and other impulses as well as dreamlike alterations in
one-conscious but unacceptable perceptual experience
★ Medicine drugs

❖ Inhalats - common household
chemicals that are put to
dangerous use by being
inhaled, producing feelings of
intoxication
★ Paint
★ Gasoline
★ Aerosol sprays
Sleep
- a state of unconsciousness in which the
brain is relatively more responsive to
internal than to external stimulus.
- Early psychologists thought a sleep as a
time during which most mental activity
appeared to stop
- It is not a single state but a complex
combination of states, some of which
involve conscious awareness
Medical and Scientific Devices used to Record
and Measure Different Aspects
Physiological Activity
● Electroencephalograph - a device for
recording the brain's electrical activity
● Electrooculogram - can record eye
movements
● Electromyogram - can record the
electrical activity of muscles
Stages of Sleep
- Recordings of sleeping subjects EEC’s
have revealed five distinct patterns of
electrical activity
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- Four are designated as NREM (no rapid
eye movement) sleep stages, and the
other pattern is called REM sleep
because rapid eye movements occur
during this period
STAGE 5: REM 25%
- First occurs about 90 minutes after
falling asleep and recurs about every
90 minutes, getting longer later in the
night
- Provides energy to brain and body
- Supports daytime performance
- Brain is active and dreams occur
- Eyes dart back and forth
- Body becomes immobile andrelaxed, as
muscles are turned off
- Deepest and most restorative sleep
- Blood pressure drops
- Breathing becomes slower Muscles are
relaxed
- Blood supply to muscles increases
- Tissue growth and repair occurs
- Energy is restored
- Hormones are released:
- Growth hormone essential for growth
and development including muscle
development
Circadian Rhythms
- These are the natural biological cycles
that control how people are attuned to
night and day.
- Most circadian rhythms are controlled
by the body's biological "clock" called
❖ Suprachiasmatic Nucleus
of
(SCN) - contains about
20,000 neurons
- The SCN rests in a part of the brain
called the hypothalamus.
- The body's level of melatonin normally
arises after darkness falls, making
people feel sleepy.
Common Circadian Rhythm Disorders:
● Jet Lag or Rapid Time Zone Change
Syndrome
● Shift work Sleep Disorder
● Delayed Sleep Phase Syndrome (DSPS)
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● Advanced Sleep Phase Syndrome

(ADPS)

Sleep-Related Disorders
● Insomnia - this refers to the inability
to fall asleep or stay asleep.
● Hypersomnia - a sleeping problem
characterized by sleeping longer than
most people at night by feeling tired
and needing to take one or more naps
during the daytime.
● Narcolepsy - a daytime sleep disorder
in which a wide-awake person suddenly
loses muscle control and quickly
collapses into sleep
● Sleep Apnea - a condition in which
breathing stops periodically during
sleep.
● Bruksizm - grinding of teeth during
sleep

Sleep Related Phenomena or Disorders

● Nightmare - a dream that occurs
during REM sleep whose content is
exceptionally frightening. saddening,
provoking, or in some other way
uncomfortable.
● Night terror - an upsetting nocturnal
experience that occurs most often in
preschool-age children during NREM
sleep.
● Sleepwalking (Somnambulism) - brief
episodes of leaving the bed and walking
without full consciousness
● Sleep talking (Somniloquy) - an act of
speaking during sleep.