NUTRITION AND DIET THERAPY

NCMA 215

DE GUIA, JANDREA ANGELYN F.

BSN 2-Y0-8
 REFLECTION PAPER
DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES RE-EXAMINATION OF THE ESTIMATED AVERAGE REQUIREMENT FOR CARBOHYDRATE INTAKE
DURING PREGNANCY: ADDITION OF PLACENTAL GLUCOSE CONSUMPTION

Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) are two conditions that cause
persistent inflammation of the gastrointestinal system. IBD is a complex and
multifactorial disease caused by the interaction of an individual's genetic background,
environmental triggers, and changes in the intestinal microbiome, which together
stimulate an aberrant immune response and cause chronic intestinal inflammation. Both
diseases are characterized by alternating periods of remission and flare-up with
symptoms of abdominal pain, diarrhea, extra-intestinal manifestations, and malnutrition.
In UC, the inflammatory process is continuous and only localized to the mucosa of the
colon. In contrast to UC, CD exhibits transmural inflammation and skip lesions in the
gastrointestinal system without a particular location. With the use of genome-wide
association studies, an array of genes that control IBD-related activities, including as
microbe identification, lymphocyte activation, and intestinal epithelial defense, have been
mapped. These studies have shown over 163 loci that are associated with greater IBD
susceptibility. However, they only contribute around 13% to CD disease variation and 7%
to UC disease variance. Additionally, research examining the degree of CD or UC
concordance between identical twins predicted that hereditary variables might only
contribute a maximum of 10% for UC and 30%–40% for CD to IBD. As a result, the biggest
risk factor for IBD is probably the environment. IBD affects about 2 million individuals
globally. With the exception of Australia, it is more widespread in northern Europe and
North America and less common in the Asia-Pacific area. According to several research
on children and adults in Western Europe and North America, IBD is no longer an
uncommon disorder but instead affects up to 0.5% of the population. The increased
prevalence of IBD in developed nations and urban populations, as opposed to rural
populations, is further confirmation that IBD is linked to a number of environmental
factors, including a poor diet, smoking, drug use (including oral contraceptives and non-
steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) and geographic location.

R O N D A N E L L I , M . , L A M B U R G H I N I , S . , F A L I V A , M . A . , P E R O N I , G . , R I V A , A . , A L L E G R I N I , P ., S P A D A C C I N I ,
D., GASPARRI, C., IANNELLO, G., INFANTINO, V., NASO, M., PERNA, S., & MICCONO, A. (2021). A FOOD
PYRAMID, BASED ON A REVIEW OF THE EMERGING LITERATURE, FOR SUBJECTS WITH
INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE. ENDOCRINOLOGÍA, DIABETES Y NUTRICIÓN, 68(1), 17–46.
HTTPS://DOI.ORG/10.1016/J.ENDINU.2020.01.004