DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

FUNCTIONS:
PERITONEUM
1. Take in food (KAIN)
2. Break down food (NGUYA) A layer of smooth epithelial tissue
3. Absorb digested materials (ABSORB)
MESENTERIES
4. Provide nutrients (BIGAY)
5. Eliminate waste (ALIS TAE) • Connective tissue of organs in abdominal
cavity
PARTS:
LESSER OMENTUM
• Pharynx
(THROAT/LEEG) • Mesentery connecting LESSER curvature
• Oral Cavity of stomach to liver and diaphragm.
• Liver (ATAY)
(BUNGANGA, MOUTH) GREATER OMENTUM
• Gallbladder
• Salivary glands
• Small intestine (ABSORPTION)• Mesentery connecting GREATER curvature
(LAWAY/TONGUE)
• LARGE intestine (FECES) of stomach to transverse colon and
• Esophagus
• Appendix (STORAGE)
(PAPUNTA SA TIYAN) posterior body wall.
• Rectum (HOLDS POOP)
• Stomach
• Anus (REMOVES POOP)
(TIYAN)

LAYERS OF DIGESTIVE SYSTEM:

3. MUSCLULARIS
1. MUCOSA
• Innermost layer
• Above sub

• Secretes mucus
• Longitudinal, circular
, oblique muscles
2. SUBMUCOSA
4. SEROSA/ADVENTITIA
• Above mucosa
• Outermost layer
• Contains blood vessels, ORAL CAV ITY (AIDS IN MECH.
nerves, small glands •
Peritoneum present (Serosa)
• No peritoneum (Adventitia) DIGESTION)
• FIRST part of digestive system

(Contains STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS EPITHELIA)

SALIVARY GLANDS

• SUBMANDIBULAR. SUBLINGUAL. PAROTID

• MUMPS is inflammation of PAROTID GLAND
• Produces saliva (CONTAINS ENZYMES)
To break down carbohydrates into glucose
• Cleanses mouth
• Dissolve and Moisten food
• AMYLASE ESOPHAGUS
-breaks down CARBOHYDRATES -Connects PHARYNX to STOMACH
• LYSOZYME - Transport FOOD to STOMACH
-Active AGAINST BACTERIA - Join stomach at cardiac opening
• TONGUE • GINGIVA • HEARTBURN
-taste buds and mucus -GUMS • Gastric juices regurgitate into the
ORAL CAV ITY (MORE PARTS) esophagus.
• Caffeine, Smoking, eating, drinking
excessively.

SWALLOWING
• VOLUNTARY PHASE
BOLUS (mass of food) formed in mouth
pushed into the oropharynx.
• PHARYNGEAL PHASE
TEETH Swallowing reflex initiated when BOLUS
• 32 teeth in NORMAL ADULT stimulates receptors in oropharynx.
✓ Premolars Wisdom • ESOPHAGEAL PHASE
✓ Incisors
✓ Molars Moves food from PHARYNX to STOMACH
✓ Canine
• 20 PRIMARY teeth (baby teeth) • PERISTALSIS
Each tooth has crown, cusp, neck, root Wave like contractions moves food
• Center of tooth is PULP CAVITY through digestive tract.
• ENAMEL
Hard covering, protects against abrasions STOMACH
• CAVITIES • Located in ABDOMEN
Breakdown of ENAMEL by ACIDS from • STORAGE for FOOD(2L)
BACTERIA
• Produces:
MUCUS, HYDROCHLORIC ACID,
PROTEIN-DIGESTING ENZYMES
• Contains thick mucus layer that
LUBRICATES and PROTECTS
EPITHELIAL CELLS on stomach wall
form acidic pH (3)
• HAS 3 MUSCULAR LAYERS
PALATE 1. OUTER LONGHITUDINAL
Roof of oral cavity 2. MIDDLE CIRCULAR
HARD SOFT
3. INNER OBLIQUE
Anterior part Posterior part
(TO PRODUCE CHURNING ACTION)
PHARYNX • RUGAE
-THROAT Large folds allow stomach to
- connects MOUTH to ESOPHAGUS STRETCH
• CHYME
 Paste-like Substance, forms when
food begins to be broken down.
• PYLORIC OPENING
Between the STOMACH and SMALL
INTESTINE
• PYLORIC SPHINCTER
Thick ring of smooth muscle around
PYLORIC OPENING
• HUNGER PANGS
Stomach is stimulated to contract
by low blood glucose levels usually
12-24 hours after a meal. (GUTOM)
REGULATION OF STOMACH
SECRETIONS
• PARASYMPHATETIC STIMULATION,
GASTRIN, HISTAMINE increase
stomach secretions.
• CEPHALIC PHASE (1ST)
- Stomach secretions are
initiated by SIGHT, SMELL,
TASTE, FOOD THOUGHT.
• GASTRIC PHASE (2nd)
- Partially digested proteins and
distention of stomach promote
secretion.
• INTESTINAL (3rd)
- Acidic chyme styimulates
neuronal reflexes and
secretions of hormones that
inhibit gastric secretions by
negative feedback loops.
MOVEMENT IN STOMACH
• MIXING WAV ES
- weak contraction
Thoroughly mix food forms chyme
• PERISTALTIC WAV ES
- Stronger contraction
- Force chyme to and through
pyloric sphincter
• HORMONAL AND NEURAL
MECHANISMS STIMULATE STOMACH
SECRETIONS
• STOMACH EMPTIES EV ERY 4 HOURS
AFTER REGULAR MEAL, 6-8 HOURS
AFTER HIGH FAT MEAL.
SMALL INTESTINE
• Measures 6 meters in length
• MAJOR ABSORPTIV E organ
• Chyme takes 3-5 hours to pass
through
• Contains ENZYMES to break down
food
• Contains SECRETIONS to protect
against CHYME ACIDITY.
PARTS OF SMALL INTESTINE
• DUODENUM
- 2cm long
- Containts ABSORPTIV E CELLS,
GOBLET CELLS, GRANULAR CELLS,
ENDOCRINE CELLS
- BILE AND PANCREATIC DUCTS
• JEJUNUM
- 2.5 meters long, ABSORBS
NUTRIENTS
• ILEUM
- 3.5 meters long
 LIVER ANATOMY (FILTER)
LARGE INTESTINE
• Absorbs water from indigestible
food.
• CECUM, COLON, RECTUM, ANAL
CANAL
• CECUM
- Joins small intestine at
ileocecal junction
- Appendix attached
• APPENDIX
9 cm, often removed.
• COLON
- 1.5 m long
- Ascending, transverse,
descending , sigmoid regions
• RECTUM
- Straight tube that begins at
sigmoid and ends at anal canal
• ANAL CANAL
- 2-3 cm of digestive tract (LAST)
- Food takes 18-24 hours to pass
thorugh
- Feces is product of water,
indigestible food, and microbes.
- Microbes synthesize vitamin K
LIVER DUCTS
• 3lbs
• Right upper quadrant of
abdomen under DIAPHRAGM
• Right, left, cuadate, quadrate
lobes
• PORTA:
- Gate where blood vessels, ducts,
nerves enter and exit
- Receives blood from hepatic
artery.
• LOBULES
- Divisions of liver with portal
triads at corners
• PORTAL TRIAD
- Contain hepatic artery, hepatic
portal vein, hepatic duct
• HEPATIC CORDS
- Betweel center margins of each
lobule
- Separated by hepatic sinusoids
• HEPATIC SINUSOIDS
- Phagocytic cells that remove
foreign particles from blood
• CENTRAL V EIN
- Center of each lobule
- Mixed blood flows towards it
- Forms hepatic veins
• HEPATIC DUCT
Transport bile out
• COMMON HEPATIC DUCT
 Formed left and right hepatic
duct
• CYSTIC DUCT
- Joins common hepatic duct
- gallbladder
• COMMON BILE DUCT
- Formed from common hepatic
duct and cystic duct.
GALL BLADDER
- Small sac on inferior surface of
liver
- Stores, concentrates bile.
FUNCTIONS OF LIVER
• Small sac on inferior surface of
liver
• Stores processes nutrients
• Detoxifies harmful chemicals
• Synthesizes new molecules
• Secretes 700 ml of bile each day
• BILE – dilutes and neutralizes
stomach acid and breaks down
fats.
PANCREAS
• Located POSTERIOR to stomach,
in inferior or left upper
quadrant.
• Head near midline of body
• Tail extends to left and touches
spleen
• Endocrine tissues have
pancreatic islet that produce
insuline and glucagon
• Exocrine tissues produce
digestive enzyme
DIGESTIVE PROCESS
1. DIGESTION
- Breakdown of food ( STOMACH
AND MOUTH)
2. PROPULSION
- Moves food through digestive
tract, (SWALLOWING AND
PERISTALSIS)
3. ABSORPTION
- In DUODENUM and JEJUNUM of
SMALL INTESTINE
4. DEFECATION
- Elimination of waste in form of
FECES (POOP)
CARBOHYDRATE DIGESTION
• Polysaccharides split into
disaccharides by salivary and
pancreatic amylases
• Disacchardies broken down into
monosaccharides by
disaccharidases on surface of
intestinal epithelium
• Glucose is absorbed by
cotransport with Na+ into
intestinal epithelium
• Glucose is carried by hepatic
portal vein to liver and enters
most cells by facilitated
diffusion
LIPID DIGESTION
• Bile salts emulsify lipids
• Lipase breaks down lipids which
form micelles
• Micelles are in contact with
intestinal epi. And diffuse with
cells where they are packaged
and released into lacteals.
• Lipids are stored in adipose
tissue and liver.
PROTEINS DIGESTION
• Split into polypeptides by
enzymes secreted by stomach
and pancreas
• Peptides and amino acids are
absorbed into intestinal epi.
Cells
• Amino acids are transported
into cells
• Amino acids used to build new
proteins
WATER AND MINERALS
• Can move across intestinal wall
in either direction
• Depends on osmotic conditions
• 99% of water entering intestine
is absorbed
• Minerals are actively
transported across wall of
small intestine
GOODLUCK BEH PAGOD NA AKO
SOBRA
 INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM (INCREASED BLOOD FLOW, HEAT LOSS)

- Body’s outer layer TYPES OF HEATLOSS

- PHYSICAL barrier (SKIN)
RADIATION
- Regulates body temp
- Heat lost through INFRARED
COMPONENTS: ENERGY (Ex. Campfire)
- Skin , Hair, Nails, Glands
CONV ECTION
(baka di ko nasulat lahat huhu)
- Through AIR MOV EMENT
FUNCTIONS: (ex. Fan)

1. PROTECTION CONDUCTION
- Reduces WATER LOSS
- DIRECT CONTACT with objects
- STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM
(ex. Ice)
protects structures from abrassion
- MELANIN absorbs UV light MAJOR FUNCTIONS OF INTEGUMENTARY
2. SENSATION (FEELS) SYSTEM
- Has SENSORY RECEPTORS
5. EXCRETION(MINOR)
- Detects movement of hair
- Skin glands remove large amounts
3. V ITAMIN D PRODUCTION
of sweat but small waste products
- UV light causes skin to produce
precursor molecule of vitamin D SKIN
(causes darker skin(?)) 2 MAJOR TISSUE LAYERS
7 DEHYDROCHOLESTEROL ➔ Precursor 1. DERMIS
is carried by blood to be modified in LIV ER (10-20x THICKER than EPIDERMIS)
➔ Carried by blood to KIDNEY ➔ - Used to determine body fat
Formation of ACTIV E V ITAMIN D - Weighs approx. 9Lbs
4. TEMPERATURE REGULATION: 2. EPIDERMIS
- Body temp should be 37°c (98.6°f) - Most SUPERFICIAL layer of skin
- Rate of chemical reactions - Prevents water loss
(Metabolism) is altered by - Has 5 EPIDERMAL STRATA
CHANGES IN TEMP. (NEXT PAGE)

WHEN BODY DETECTS:

COLD → BLOOD V ESSELS CONSTRICT

(LESS BLOOD FLOW)

HOT → BLOOD V ESSELS DILATE

 Co Lu Go Sa BaLat DANDRUFF:
1. STRATUM CORNEUM (OUT)
- OUTERMOST LAYER - Sloughing of corneum from the
- SUPERFICIAL surface of scalp
- SURROUNDED BY LIPIDS CALLOUS:
(WATERPROOF)
- HARD SKIN
2. STRATUM LUCIDUM CORN:
(TRANSPARENT)
- When corneum THICKENS to form
- SMOOTH,
CORN shaped structures.
- Seemingly TRANSPARENT
- found on THICK SKIN on palms, soles DERMIS
of feet, fingers.
- 2nd MAJOR skin region
- Has COLLAGEN & ELASTIC FIBERS

3. STRATUM GRANOSOLUM
(GRAINY)
• CLEAVAGE LINES
- Grainy, changes to Keratinocytes,
- It’s where skin is RESISTANT TO
pushed from SPINOSUM
STRETCHING
- GENERATES A LOT OF KERATIN
• STRETCH MARKS
- OV ERSTRETCHED skin
- Happens when person increases in
4. STRATUM SPINOSUM
size RAPIDLY (ex. Pregnancy)
(SPINY)
- SPINY LAYERS OF DERMIS
- Composed of 8-10 layers of
• PAPILLARY LAYERS:
keratinocytes
- THIN connective tissue layer that
contains BLOOD V ESSELS

5. STRATUM BASALE • DERMAL PAPILLAE

(BASEMENT) - Projections that extend to

- CUBOIDAL/ COLUMNAR CELLS epidermis

- Undergoes mitotic every 19 days - Removes waste, helps regulate

- FIRMLY attached to dermis body temp.

- Found in RIDGES ON HANDS AND
FEET( ex. FINGERPRINTS)
- Genetically determined
• RETICULAR LAYER
- DEEPEST layer
 - 80% of DERMIS
SKIN COLOR & VARIATIONS
- Pigments
- Genetics
- Blood circulation
- Thickness of stratum corneum
MELANIN
- Produced by MELANOCYTHES
- Yellow → Reddish brown → Black
- Responsible for HAIR and EYE
COLOR
- Protection against UV light
- It’s amount is determined by
GENETICS, UV lights, HORMONES
- Albinism- ABSENCE of MELANIN
( ALL RACES HAVE THE SAME NUMBER OF
MELANOCYTES, BUT DIFFERS FROM
PRODUCTION OF MELANIN AND COLOR)
- MELANOSOMES produced by GOLGI
APPARATUS of MELANOCYTE.
Melanosomes turn into Melanocyte.
- EPITHELIAL CELLS Phago—(Di ko
maintindihan sulat ko huhu) at
melanocyte process.
- Melanocytes have transferred to
epithelial cells and are now inside
them.
HYPODERMIS / SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE
- Attaches skin to UNDERLYING
TISSUE and BONE
- Supplies area with BLOOD V ESSELS
AND NERV ES
- The amount and location of adipose
tissue varies with AGE, SEX, and
DIETS.
TOTAL BODY FAT? (TBF)
Sorry di ako sure sa acronym meaning
FEMALE → 21% → 30%
MALE → 13% → 25%
HAIR
• Hair follicles – Extend deep into
EPIDERMIS
• Hair cortex – MIDDLE layer of hair
• Hair shaft – PART OF HAIR YOU CAN
SEE
• Hair bulb : Located UNDER your skin,
Responsible for HAIR GROWTH
SWEAT GLANDS
• ECCRINE SWEAT GLANDS –
- Mostly Water
- Sweat pores
• APOCRINE SWEAT GLANDS
- Affected by SEX HORMONES
NAILS
- Think plate with DEAD LAYERS of INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM AS
dead stratum corneum cells DIAGNOSIS
(OUTER)
- Hard type of keratin
1. SANDPAPER SKIN

- V ITAMIN A DEFICIENCY

• NAIL BODY
- Visible part

• NAIL ROOT
- COV ERED by skin 2. SPOON SHAPED NAILS
- IRON DEFICIENCY (Flat, Concave
• CUTICLE/ EPONYCHIUM nails)
- Stratum corneum extends into nail - Anemia
body.

• NAIL MATRIX
- Made up of epithelial cells (Causes
nails to grow.)

• NAIL BED
- Located distally to nail matrix

• LUNULA
- WHITISH part of nail.
 JAUNDICE
VARIATIONS IN SKIN COLOR - Yellowish Discoloration
REDNESS
- too much CAROTENE
- Increased blood flow
- Liver disorder
- Fever, Hypertension, Inflammation,
allergies.
- Scarlet fever (bacterial infection)

(natakot din ako)

PALLOR/ PALENESS BRONZING

- DECREASED blood flow
- Anemia, Low bp, Shock
- Darkened skin pigmentation
Adrenocorticotropic
Hormone(ACTH) on melanocytes
- Bruising
- Blue to purple
- Broken blood vessels
- Trauma, Blood disorders

CYANOSIS

-BLUISH color caused by decrease in

blood oxygen
BURNS

- heat or due to radiation, TREATMENTS:

radioactivity, electricity, friction
or contact with chemicals
CLASSIFICATION OF BURNS:
PARTIAL THICKNESS:
A. FIRST DEGREE
- Epidermis, Redness, swelling, pain
- Heals 2-3 days NO SCARS
- Sunburn, brief exposure to heat or
cold
SPLIT SKIN GRAFT
- Epidermis and Dermis taken from
other parts of body, and placed
onto burnt area
DEBRIDEMENT
- Involves REMOVAL of dead tissue
(prevents infections by cleaning
wound)
(Hayahay tapos na, goodluck bukas mga be)
<3 Gensheal

B. SECOND DEGREE
- Epidermis AND dermis
- Blister
- 2 weeks, NO SCARS
- But if DEEP into dermis, takes
several months, HAS SCAR.

C. THIRD DEGREE
- Destroyed epidermis AND dermis
- Painless, Sensory receptors
destroyed
- White, tan, brown, black, cherry
red.
- SKIN GRAFT MAY BE NECESSARY