AQUINO, PAOLO MIGUEL P.

PHYS101L- B9
March 21, 2023
AQUINO, PAOLO MIGUEL P. PHYS101L SECTION: B9

PART 1 – LINEAR EXPANSION

Analysis

As a substance is heated, its kinetic energy rises, which causes the atoms

to move more freely. The substance will expand because each moving atom will

occupy more space. This experiment looked at a linear expansion, a change that

only affects one dimension. The following formula can be used to determine how

much an object will vary in length when heated:

∆𝐿 = 𝐿0 𝛼∆𝑡

The experiment was used to determine the metal tube's linear expansion

coefficient. The tube was heated by a steam generator to ascertain the sort of

metal it was and to determine how long it changed as the temperature changed.

The coefficient of linear expansion is calculated using the formula above, and it

is as follows:

∆𝐿
𝛼=
𝐿0 ∆𝑡

where:

𝐿0 = initial length of the object

𝛼 = coefficient of linear expansion

∆𝑡 = change in temperature
AQUINO, PAOLO MIGUEL P. PHYS101L SECTION: B9

I. Result and Analysis

With our newfound understanding of the linear expansion idea, the group

will utilize this experiment's preceding theories and the linear expansion notion.

This experiment aims to ascertain the metal rod's coefficient of linear expansion,

confirm the relationship between a body's length and temperature change, and

establish the relationship between a body's change in length and the kind of

material. The materials utilized were:

• 1 pc aluminum metal tube.

• 1 pc copper metal tube.

• 1 pc digital multi-tester.

• 1 set expansion base with built-in gauge and thermistor.

• 1 pc foam insulator.

• 1 pc rubber tubing.

• 1 pc steam generator.

Figure 1. Apparatus | Linear Expansion

AQUINO, PAOLO MIGUEL P. PHYS101L SECTION: B9

To conduct the experiment, measure the length of the tube from one end to

the other, from the inner edge of the stainless-steel pin to the inner edge of the

angle bracket. It should be entered as beginning length 𝐿0 . In the expansion base,

mount the tube. Ensure the tube's stainless steel pin fits into the mounting block's

slot and that the tube's bracket pushes on the dial gauge's spring arm. With a

thumb screw, fasten the thermistor lug to the threaded hole in the center of the

tube. The lug should be positioned along the tube to establish optimal contact

between the lug and the tube. Over the thermistor log, place the foam insulator.

The thermistor's plug connector is found in the center of the expansion base.

Attach the ohmmeter's leads to this connector. 𝑅0 is the resistance of the

thermistor when it is at room temperature. The corresponding temperature should

be calculated and recorded as 𝑇0 . This now determines the tube's starting

temperature. The end of the tube farthest from the dial gauge should have a rubber

tube attached to the steam generator. Set the steam generator to be on. Watch the

dial gauge, measure the lengthening, and simultaneously measure the thermistor's

resistance. Determine the tube's corresponding final temperature. You can

calculate the temperature change by calculating the difference between the

beginning and end temperatures for each trial. Calculate the experimental

coefficient of thermal expansion, compare it to the real one, and calculate the

percentage error. Choose a different material and go through the same procedure

again.
AQUINO, PAOLO MIGUEL P. PHYS101L SECTION: B9
Trial/ Type of Tube Trial 1. Aluminum Trial 2. Brass
Tube Tube
Initial Length of Tube, 𝐿0 708 𝑚𝑚 707 𝑚𝑚
Initial Resistance of Thermistor at Room
91126 Ω 91126 Ω
Temperature, 𝑅0
Initial Temperature, 𝑇0 27 °𝐶 27 °𝐶
Change in Length of Tube, ∆𝐿 1.1 𝑚𝑚 0.84 𝑚𝑚
Resistance of Thermistor at Final Temperature,
12340 Ω 10600 Ω
𝑅
Final Temperature of the Tube, 𝑇 76 °𝐶 80 °𝐶
Change in Temperature of the Tube, 𝑇 − 𝑇0 49 𝐶° 53 𝐶°
−6
Experimental Coefficient of Linear Expansion, 31.71 ∗ 10 22.42 ∗ 10−6
𝛼𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐶° 𝐶°
−6
Actual Coefficient of Linear Expansion, 𝛼𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 23.80 ∗ 10 19.30 ∗ 10−6
𝐶° 𝐶°
Percentage Error 33.23 % 16.15 %

II. Calculations of Experiment (E105)

Sample Computations | Trial 1 (Aluminum Tube):

∆𝐿 1.1𝑚𝑚
𝑎𝑒𝑥𝑝 = = = 𝟑𝟏. 𝟕𝟏 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟔 /𝑪°
𝐿0 ∆𝑡 (708𝑚𝑚)(76°𝐶−27°𝐶)
|𝐴𝑉 − 𝐸𝑉| |(23.80 × 10−6 ) − (31.71 × 10−6 )
% 𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = × 100% = × 100% = 𝟑𝟑. 𝟐𝟑%
𝐴𝑉 (23.80 × 10−6 )

Sample Computations | Trial 2 (Brass Tube):

∆𝐿 0.84𝑚𝑚
𝑎𝑒𝑥𝑝 = = = 𝟐𝟐. 𝟒𝟐 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟔 /𝑪°
𝐿0 ∆𝑡 (707𝑚𝑚)(80°𝐶−27°𝐶)
|𝐴𝑉 − 𝐸𝑉| |(19.30 × 10−6 ) − (22.42 × 10−6 )
% 𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = × 100% = × 100% = 𝟏𝟔. 𝟏𝟓%
𝐴𝑉 (19.30 × 10−6 )

Conclusion:

As previously noted, the coefficient of linear expansion was calculated

after calculating the rod's length change due to the temperature change, which

was accomplished with the aid of a steam generator and a dial gauge. A body will

expand when heated, according to the experiment. The rod's length rises along

with its temperature. They are related to one another in direct proportion. The

linear expansion coefficient directly affects how much an object's length changes.

This indicates that the length change is more noticeable when the object's linear

expansion coefficient is more significant.

AQUINO, PAOLO MIGUEL P. PHYS101L SECTION: B9

III. Problems and Solutions:

1. A metal scale is graduated at 0 𝐶°. What would be the true length of an

object which when measured with the scale at 25 𝐶°, reads 50 cm? α for

metal is 18 x 10-6 / 𝐶°.

Given: Initial temperature = 𝑡1 = 0 °𝐶

final temperature = 𝑡2 = 25 °𝐶
measured length = 𝐼2 = 50 cm
coefficient of linear expansion = 𝛼 = 18 × 10−6 / °𝐶.

Solution:

𝐼2 = 𝐼1 (1 + 𝛼(𝑡2 − 𝑡1 )
𝐼2 = 50 × (1 + 18 × 10−6 (25 − 0))
𝐼2 = 50 × (1 + 18 × 10−6 × 25)
𝐼2 = 50 × (1 + 450 × 10−6 )
𝐼2 = 50 × (1 + 0.000450)
𝐼2 = 50 × 1.000450)
𝐼2 = 50.225 𝑐𝑚

2. Metric rulers are calibrated at 20 °𝐶. What is the error in a measurement

of 500 mm if made at 45°𝐶. (𝛼 = 1.2 × 10−5 /°𝐶 )

Solution:

∆𝐿 = (𝛼)(𝐿𝑖 )(∆𝑡)
∆𝐿 = (1.2 × 10−5 /°𝐶)(500𝑚)(45°𝐶 − 20°𝐶)
∆𝐿 = 0.15 𝑚𝑚
AQUINO, PAOLO MIGUEL P. PHYS101L SECTION: B9

PART 2 – SPECIFIC HEAT

Analysis

Specific heat and calorimetry will be the main topics of this investigation.

The quantity of heat energy needed to increase a substance's temperature per unit

of mass is known as specific heat capacity. A material's specific heat capacity is

a physical characteristic. As its value is inversely correlated with the size of the

system under study, it is also an illustration of an extended feature. The quantity

of heat in joules needed to elevate 1 gram of a material by 1 Kelvin is known as

the specific heat capacity in SI units. It might be written as J/kgK. The values of

calories per gram degree Celsius can also be used to express specific heat

capacity. Molar heat capacity, measured in J/mol K, and volumetric heat capacity,

measured in J/m3 K, are the corresponding values. The ratio of energy delivered

to a substance to the resultant change in temperature is known as the heat

capacity:

𝑄
𝐶=
∆𝑡

The equation can also be written as follows:

𝑄 = 𝐶𝑚∆𝑡

where:

t = the temperature change

Q = energy

C = heat capacity.
AQUINO, PAOLO MIGUEL P. PHYS101L SECTION: B9

I. Result and Analysis

As soon as everyone has a solid understanding of thermodynamics, heat,

calorimetry, and specific heat, the group may move on to the experiment. The

group's objectives in this experiment were to show how the temperature changed

when the substance was mixed in a calorimeter and to determine the solid metal's

specific heat. When energy is transferred through bulk mass, this mechanism of

heat transmission happens. The motion of the fluid begins when lower-density

fluid tries to reach the top of the liquid whenever there is a temperature

differential in a fluid, according to details. Convection is the most effective

method of heat transmission because it involves the movement of mass, energy,

and heat during motion. The last mechanism of heat transmission is radiation,

which facilitates heat transfer via a void or space. This heat transfer type doesn't

require physical contact between the heated object and the heat source. Thermal

radiation allows for the transmission of heat via distance. One example of

electromagnetic radiation is thermal radiation. An energy-transfer method known

as radiation uses electromagnetic waves that move at the speed of light. No

medium is needed, and no mass is transferred. Visible light is absorbed by an

object, which transforms the short-wavelength light into heat with a long

wavelength. As a result, the thing warms up. An in-depth discussion of the three

forms of heat transport may make it possible to see the fundamental differences

between them. Energy moves from particle to particle through matter due to
AQUINO, PAOLO MIGUEL P. PHYS101L SECTION: B9

conduction, which is heat transmission in a substance caused by molecular

motion. A temperature gradient is necessary for this type of heat transfer to create

the potential for heat flow. The equipment utilized in this experiment is as

follows:

• 1 pc aluminum or brass solid.

• 1 pc beaker.

• 1 pc electric stove

• 1 pc thermometer

• 1 set calorimeter with stirrer

• 1 pc digital weighing scale

The experiment's goals are to combine items of various temperatures using

calorimetric concepts, especially the law of heat exchange, and to utilize the law

of heat exchange to calculate the specific heat of a solid metal. Before starting the

experiment, the group heated a beaker of water on the electric burner to a

temperature of 2/4 or ¾ full.

Figure 2. Apparatus | Specific Heat

The group then held the thread to prevent the metal from touching the beaker

while it was lowered into the beaker filled with boiling water for heating. The
 AQUINO, PAOLO MIGUEL P. PHYS101L SECTION: B9

group weighed the calorimeter's inner cup before filling it with tap water and re-

recording its weight while the metal was heated. The group next got ready for the

setup by inserting the calorimeter cup and the lid, thermometer, and stirrer into

the outer shell. The crew then took a temperature reading of the water within the

calorimeter that was in thermal equilibrium. The group inserted the metal into the

calorimeter it had been using after boiling it for 20 minutes. The group gave it a

gentle stir, watched the thermometer's reading steady, then took note of it. The

group discovered that as water acquires or loses energy, it alters its temperature.

In actuality, the equation provides the amount of energy obtained or lost.

Determining the Specific Heat of a Metal Specimen

Mass of Metal, 𝑚𝑚 49.6 𝑔

Mass of Calorimeter, 𝑚𝑐 60.5 𝑔
Mass of Water, 𝑚𝑤 244.8 𝑔
Initial Temperature of Metal, 𝑡𝑚 100 °𝐶
Initial Temperature of Calorimeter, 𝑡𝑐 21 °𝐶
Initial Temperature of Water, 𝑡𝑤 21 °𝐶
Final Temperature of Mixture, 𝑡𝑚𝑖𝑥 27 °𝐶
Experimental Specific Heat of Metal, 𝑐𝑚 𝐶𝑎𝑙
0.4057
𝑔 − 𝐶°
Actual Specific Heat of Metal, 𝑐𝑚 𝐶𝑎𝑙
0.0932
𝑔 − 𝐶°
Percentage Error 335.30%

II. Calculations of Experiment (E106)

Sample Computations | Determining the Specific Heat of a Metal Specimen

𝑐𝑎𝑙
𝑚𝑤 𝑐𝑤 (𝑇𝑓 −𝑇0 𝑤) (244.8𝑔)(1 )(27℃−21℃) 𝑪𝒂𝒍
𝑔∙℃
𝑐𝑒𝑥𝑝 − 𝑚𝑎 (𝑇𝑓 −𝑇𝑎 )
=− (49.6𝑔)(27℃−100℃)
= 𝟎. 𝟒𝟎𝟓𝟕 𝒈−𝑪°
|𝐴𝑉 − 𝐸𝑉| |(0.0932) − (0.4057)|
% 𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = × 100% = × 100% = 𝟑𝟑𝟓. 𝟑𝟎%
𝐴𝑉 (0.0932)
AQUINO, PAOLO MIGUEL P. PHYS101L SECTION: B9

Conclusion:

The group may infer from the experiment that brass metal has a relatively

low specific heat and requires little heat energy to raise its temperature by one

degree Celsius. With a result of 335.30% percent error, the group were pleased

with the outcome because other influences, such as room temperature and

electricity loss throughout the experiment, invariably influenced the percentage

error during the trial.

𝑄 = 𝑚𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 ∙ 𝑐𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 ∙ ∆𝑇𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟

If the mass of water and the change in temperature of the water in the coffee

cup calorimeter can be monitored, the amount of energy received or lost by the

water can be determined, where 𝑐𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 4.18 𝐽/𝑔/℃. The science of

calorimetry presumes that the energy obtained or lost by the water is equivalent

to the energy gained or lost by the studied item. Now let's say that an effort is

being made to use a coffee cup calorimeter to calculate the specific heat of fusion

of ice.
AQUINO, PAOLO MIGUEL P. PHYS101L SECTION: B9

III. Problems and Solutions:

1. A 500 gram cube of lead is heated from 25 °C to 75 °C. How much energy

was required to heat the lead? The specific heat of lead is 0.129 J/g°C.

Given:

m = 500 grams

c = 0.129 J/g °C

∆𝑇 = (𝑇𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 − 𝑇𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 ) = (75℃ − 25℃) = 50℃

Solution:

𝑄 = 𝑚𝑐∆𝑇

𝑄 = (500𝑔) × (0.129𝐽/𝑔℃) × 50℃

𝑄 = 3225 𝐽

2. A 25-gram metal ball is heated 200 °C with 2330 Joules of energy. What is the specific

heat of the metal?

Given:

m = 25 grams

ΔT = 200 °C

Q = 2330 J

Solution:

Place these into the specific heat equation.

Q = 𝑚𝑐∆𝑇

2330 𝐽 = (25𝑔)(200℃)

2330 𝐽 = (5000𝑔℃)
2330 𝐽
Divide both sides by 5000𝑔℃ = 5000𝑔℃ = 𝑐 | 𝑐 = 0.466 𝐽/𝑔℃