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Current Component Cost Breakdown by System ($2019)
Utility Scale Commercial Scale
Model Component $/kWh $/kW Model Component
Lithium-ion Battery 192 768 Lithium-ion Battery
Battery Central Inverter 15 59 Battery Central Inverter
Structural BOS 13 52 Structural BOS
Electrical BOS 35 142 Electrical BOS
Install Labor & Equip 19 77 Install Labor & Equip
EPC Overhead 10 39 EPC Overhead
Sale Tax 16 63 Sale Tax
∑ EPC Cost 300 1,201 ∑ EPC Cost
Land acquisition 0 0 Land acquisition
Permitting fee 1 5 Permitting fee
Interconnection fee 8 31 Interconnection fee
Contingency 9 37 Contingency
Developer overhead 7 26 Developer overhead
EPC/developer net profit 16 65 EPC/developer net profit
∑ Developer cost 41 164 ∑ Developer cost
∑ Total system cost 341 1,365 ∑ Total system cost
ercial Scale Residential Scale (AC Coupled)
$/kWh $/kW 3kW/6KWh ($/kWh) 3kW/6KWh ($/kW)
$192 $768 Battery Pack $251 $501
$15 $59 Inverter $172 $345
$26 $102 BOS (Total) $244 $487
$48 $191
$68 $272 Install Labor & Equip $199 $398
$37 $148 Sales & Marketing $417 $833
$18 $70 Sales Tax $44 $88
$403 $1,611
$0 $0
$3 $12 PII $196 $392
$11 $46
$16 $65 Supply Chain Costs $33 $67
$24 $97 Engineering Fee $17 $33
$22 $89 Overhead & Profit $476 $953
$78 $310
$480 $1,921 ∑ Total system cost $2,048 $4,096
AC Coupled)
5 kW/20 kWh ($/kWh) 5 kW/20 kWh ($/kW)
$250 $1,002
$172 $689
$73 $292

$69 $277
$185 $742
$31 $124

$59 $235

$25 $99
$5 $20
$185 $742

$1,102 $4,408
 10/27/2020
Storage Futures Study
ReEDS inputs for Utility-scale BESS - Assume 2019 AC-Coupled Systems with 60 MW battery power capac

Costs are presented in 2019 USD, converted from 2018 USD using CPI multiplier of:
Current costs (2019 in 2019 USD) were developed using the NREL bottom up BESS and PV+BESS costing tool (Ex
BESS storage durations of 2/4/6/8/10 hours were modeld and then a linear cost curve fit to the data
Total BESS cost = batt_capex_per_kWh x

There are each three scenarios: ADVANCED, MODERATE, CONSERVATIVE (cost)

BESS- Cost Projection Assumptions

ADVANCED - applied the NREL 2020 ATB Utility-Scale BESS Advanced scenario, normalized to 2019, to bo
MODERATE - applied BNEF 2019 utility-scale BESS cost projections, by component, to the component cos
CONSERVATIVE - applied the NREL 2020 ATB commercial & industrial (CI) Scale PV Conservative scenario
ith 60 MW battery power capacity, and storage durations of 2-10 hours

1.018
f
ar cost curve fit to the data
BESS storage capacity (kWh) + batt_capex_per_kW x

nario, normalized to 2019, to both the BESS Energy (kWh) and Power (kW) cost terms in the linear cost curve fit to the data
mponent, to the component cost breakdown of the modeled PV+BESS systems
Scale PV Conservative scenario, normalized to 2019, to both the BESS Energy (kWh) and Power (kW) cost terms in the linear co
 BESS power capacity (kW)

terms in the linear cost curve fit to the data

kWh) and Power (kW) cost terms in the linear cost curve fit to the data
Generated 2020/10/27
Utility- BESS Stand-Alone cost estimates - MODERA
Assume 2019 60-MWe AC-Coupled Systems 2-10 hours of
year batt_capex_per_kWh batt_capex_per_kW
2019 326 250
2020 299 268
2021 272 284
2022 245 301
2023 219 318
2024 192 334
2025 165 351
2026 153 360
2027 143 363
2028 134 363
2029 125 359
2030 118 352
2031 114 357
2032 108 370
2033 103 380
2034 99 387
2035 95 392
2036 91 395
2037 88 397
2038 86 398
2039 83 398
2040 81 396
2041 79 395
2042 77 392
2043 75 389
2044 73 386
2045 72 382
2046 70 378
2047 69 373
2048 67 368
2049 66 362
2050 65 356
ost estimates - MODERATE BESS
Systems 2-10 hours of storage duration
batt_om_per_kw batt_om_per_kwh
2.5% of total capital costs -
2.5% of total capital costs -
2.5% of total capital costs -
2.5% of total capital costs -
2.5% of total capital costs -
2.5% of total capital costs -
2.5% of total capital costs -
2.5% of total capital costs -
2.5% of total capital costs -
2.5% of total capital costs -
2.5% of total capital costs -
2.5% of total capital costs -
2.5% of total capital costs -
2.5% of total capital costs -
2.5% of total capital costs -
2.5% of total capital costs -
2.5% of total capital costs -
2.5% of total capital costs -
2.5% of total capital costs -
2.5% of total capital costs -
2.5% of total capital costs -
2.5% of total capital costs -
2.5% of total capital costs -
2.5% of total capital costs -
2.5% of total capital costs -
2.5% of total capital costs -
2.5% of total capital costs -
2.5% of total capital costs -
2.5% of total capital costs -
2.5% of total capital costs -
2.5% of total capital costs -
2.5% of total capital costs -
Generated 2020/10/27
Utility- BESS Stand-Alone cost estimates - ADVANC
Assume 2019 60-MWe AC-Coupled Systems 2-10 hours of
year batt_capex_per_kWh batt_capex_per_kW
2019 326 250
2020 254 195
2021 236 181
2022 218 168
2023 200 154
2024 182 140
2025 165 126
2026 156 120
2027 147 113
2028 138 106
2029 129 99
2030 120 92
2031 117 90
2032 115 88
2033 113 87
2034 110 85
2035 108 83
2036 106 81
2037 103 79
2038 101 78
2039 99 76
2040 96 74
2041 94 72
2042 92 70
2043 89 69
2044 87 67
2045 85 65
2046 82 63
2047 80 61
2048 78 60
2049 75 58
2050 73 56
ost estimates - ADVANCED BESS
Systems 2-10 hours of storage duration
batt_om_per_kw batt_om_per_kwh
2.5% of total capital costs -
2.5% of total capital costs -
2.5% of total capital costs -
2.5% of total capital costs -
2.5% of total capital costs -
2.5% of total capital costs -
2.5% of total capital costs -
2.5% of total capital costs -
2.5% of total capital costs -
2.5% of total capital costs -
2.5% of total capital costs -
2.5% of total capital costs -
2.5% of total capital costs -
2.5% of total capital costs -
2.5% of total capital costs -
2.5% of total capital costs -
2.5% of total capital costs -
2.5% of total capital costs -
2.5% of total capital costs -
2.5% of total capital costs -
2.5% of total capital costs -
2.5% of total capital costs -
2.5% of total capital costs -
2.5% of total capital costs -
2.5% of total capital costs -
2.5% of total capital costs -
2.5% of total capital costs -
2.5% of total capital costs -
2.5% of total capital costs -
2.5% of total capital costs -
2.5% of total capital costs -
2.5% of total capital costs -
Generated 2020/10/27
Utility- BESS Stand-Alone cost estimates - CONSERVA
Assume 2019 60-MWe AC-Coupled Systems 2-10 hours of
year batt_capex_per_kWh batt_capex_per_kW
2019 326 250
2020 317 244
2021 309 237
2022 300 231
2023 292 224
2024 283 218
2025 275 211
2026 268 206
2027 262 201
2028 255 196
2029 249 191
2030 243 186
2031 240 184
2032 237 182
2033 233 179
2034 230 177
2035 227 175
2036 224 172
2037 221 170
2038 218 168
2039 215 165
2040 212 163
2041 209 161
2042 206 158
2043 203 156
2044 200 154
2045 197 151
2046 194 149
2047 191 147
2048 188 144
2049 185 142
2050 182 140
t estimates - CONSERVATIVE BESS
Systems 2-10 hours of storage duration
batt_om_per_kw batt_om_per_kwh
2.5% of total capital costs -
2.5% of total capital costs -
2.5% of total capital costs -
2.5% of total capital costs -
2.5% of total capital costs -
2.5% of total capital costs -
2.5% of total capital costs -
2.5% of total capital costs -
2.5% of total capital costs -
2.5% of total capital costs -
2.5% of total capital costs -
2.5% of total capital costs -
2.5% of total capital costs -
2.5% of total capital costs -
2.5% of total capital costs -
2.5% of total capital costs -
2.5% of total capital costs -
2.5% of total capital costs -
2.5% of total capital costs -
2.5% of total capital costs -
2.5% of total capital costs -
2.5% of total capital costs -
2.5% of total capital costs -
2.5% of total capital costs -
2.5% of total capital costs -
2.5% of total capital costs -
2.5% of total capital costs -
2.5% of total capital costs -
2.5% of total capital costs -
2.5% of total capital costs -
2.5% of total capital costs -
2.5% of total capital costs -
 10/27/2020

Future Costs - Storage Futures Study Utilty-

Results from the NREL Utility-Scale BESS mod
201

Future 60-MW BESS Costs ($/kW) - MID Future 60-MW BESS Costs

2-hour 4-hour 6-hour 8-hour 10-hour 2-hour

2018
2019 902 1,554 2,206 2,858 3,509 451
2020 866 1,464 2,062 2,660 3,258 433
2021 829 1,373 1,918 2,462 3,007 414
2022 792 1,283 1,773 2,264 2,755 396
2023 755 1,192 1,629 2,066 2,503 377
2024 718 1,101 1,485 1,868 2,252 359
2025 681 1,011 1,340 1,670 2,000 340
2026 666 973 1,280 1,586 1,893 333
2027 649 935 1,221 1,507 1,793 325
2028 630 898 1,165 1,433 1,700 315
2029 610 860 1,111 1,361 1,612 305
2030 587 823 1,058 1,294 1,529 294
2031 585 812 1,040 1,267 1,495 292
2032 586 802 1,018 1,234 1,449 293
2033 586 792 998 1,203 1,409 293
2034 584 781 978 1,176 1,373 292
2035 582 771 961 1,150 1,339 291
2036 578 761 944 1,126 1,309 289
2037 574 751 927 1,104 1,280 287
2038 569 740 911 1,083 1,254 285
2039 564 730 896 1,062 1,229 282
2040 558 720 881 1,043 1,205 279
2041 552 709 867 1,024 1,182 276
2042 546 699 853 1,006 1,159 273
2043 539 689 839 988 1,138 270
2044 532 679 825 971 1,117 266
2045 525 668 811 955 1,098 263
2046 518 658 798 939 1,079 259
2047 510 648 785 923 1,060 255
2048 502 637 772 907 1,042 251
2049 495 627 760 892 1,025 247
2050 486 617 747 878 1,008 243
Study Utilty-Scale BESS
-Scale BESS model (current costs) with projections from NREL ATB 2
2019 System Costs in 2019 USD. Costs are presented in

Future 60-MW BESS Costs ($/kWh) - MID Future 60-MW BESS Costs ($/kW) - LOW

4-hour 6-hour 8-hour 10-hour 2-hour 4-hour 6-hour 8-hour 10-hour

389 368 357 351 - 902 1,554 2,206 2,858 3,509

366 344 333 326 - 703 1,210 1,718 2,226 2,733
343 320 308 301 - 653 1,125 1,597 2,069 2,541
321 296 283 275 - 604 1,040 1,476 1,912 2,349
298 272 258 250 - 554 955 1,355 1,756 2,156
275 247 234 225 - 505 870 1,234 1,599 1,964
253 223 209 200 - 455 784 1,113 1,442 1,771
243 213 198 189 - 431 742 1,053 1,364 1,675
234 204 188 179 - 406 699 992 1,286 1,579
224 194 179 170 - 381 656 932 1,207 1,482
215 185 170 161 - 356 614 871 1,129 1,386
206 176 162 153 - 332 571 811 1,050 1,290
203 173 158 149 - 325 560 795 1,030 1,264
200 170 154 145 - 319 549 779 1,009 1,239
198 166 150 141 - 312 538 763 989 1,214
195 163 147 137 - 306 526 747 968 1,189
193 160 144 134 - 299 515 731 947 1,164
190 157 141 131 - 293 504 715 927 1,138
188 155 138 128 - 286 493 700 906 1,113
185 152 135 125 - 280 482 684 886 1,088
182 149 133 123 - 273 471 668 865 1,063
180 147 130 120 - 267 459 652 845 1,037
177 144 128 118 - 260 448 636 824 1,012
175 142 126 116 - 254 437 620 804 987
172 140 124 114 - 247 426 604 783 962
170 137 121 112 - 241 415 589 762 936
167 135 119 110 - 234 403 573 742 911
165 133 117 108 - 228 392 557 721 886
162 131 115 106 - 221 381 541 701 861
159 129 113 104 - 215 370 525 680 835
157 127 112 103 - 208 359 509 660 810
154 125 110 101 - 202 348 493 639 785
om NREL ATB 2020 Utility-Scale BESS Projections + BNEF battery cos
re presented in both $/kW and $/kWh.

Future 60-MW BESS Costs ($/kWh) - LOW Future 60-MW BESS Costs ($/kW) - HIGH

2-hour 4-hour 6-hour 8-hour 10-hour 2-hour 4-hour 6-hour 8-hour

451 389 368 357 351 - 902 1,554 2,206 2,858

351 303 286 278 273 - 879 1,513 2,148 2,783
327 281 266 259 254 - 855 1,473 2,090 2,708
302 260 246 239 235 - 831 1,432 2,032 2,633
277 239 226 219 216 - 808 1,391 1,975 2,558
252 217 206 200 196 - 784 1,350 1,917 2,483
228 196 186 180 177 - 760 1,310 1,859 2,408
215 185 175 170 168 - 743 1,279 1,816 2,352
203 175 165 161 158 - 725 1,249 1,772 2,296
191 164 155 151 148 - 707 1,218 1,729 2,240
178 153 145 141 139 - 689 1,187 1,685 2,183
166 143 135 131 129 - 672 1,157 1,642 2,127
163 140 132 129 126 - 663 1,142 1,621 2,101
159 137 130 126 124 - 655 1,128 1,601 2,074
156 134 127 124 121 - 646 1,113 1,580 2,047
153 132 125 121 119 - 638 1,099 1,560 2,021
150 129 122 118 116 - 630 1,084 1,539 1,994
146 126 119 116 114 - 621 1,070 1,519 1,968
143 123 117 113 111 - 613 1,056 1,498 1,941
140 120 114 111 109 - 604 1,041 1,478 1,914
137 118 111 108 106 - 596 1,027 1,457 1,888
133 115 109 106 104 - 588 1,012 1,437 1,861
130 112 106 103 101 - 579 998 1,416 1,835
127 109 103 100 99 - 571 983 1,396 1,808
124 106 101 98 96 - 562 969 1,375 1,782
120 104 98 95 94 - 554 954 1,355 1,755
117 101 95 93 91 - 546 940 1,334 1,728
114 98 93 90 89 - 537 925 1,314 1,702
111 95 90 88 86 - 529 911 1,293 1,675
107 92 88 85 84 - 520 897 1,273 1,649
104 90 85 82 81 - 512 882 1,252 1,622
101 87 82 80 79 - 504 868 1,231 1,595
NEF battery cost projections

s ($/kW) - HIGH Future 60-MW BESS Costs ($/kWh) - HIGH

10-hour 2-hour 4-hour 6-hour 8-hour 10-hour

3,509 451 389 368 357 351

3,417 439 378 358 348 342
3,326 427 368 348 338 333
3,234 416 358 339 329 323
3,142 404 348 329 320 314
3,050 392 338 319 310 305
2,958 380 327 310 301 296
2,889 371 320 303 294 289
2,820 362 312 295 287 282
2,750 354 304 288 280 275
2,681 345 297 281 273 268
2,612 336 289 274 266 261
2,580 332 286 270 263 258
2,547 327 282 267 259 255
2,514 323 278 263 256 251
2,482 319 275 260 253 248
2,449 315 271 257 249 245
2,416 311 268 253 246 242
2,384 306 264 250 243 238
2,351 302 260 246 239 235
2,318 298 257 243 236 232
2,286 294 253 239 233 229
2,253 290 249 236 229 225
2,221 285 246 233 226 222
2,188 281 242 229 223 219
2,155 277 239 226 219 216
2,123 273 235 222 216 212
2,090 269 231 219 213 209
2,057 264 228 216 209 206
2,025 260 224 212 206 202
1,992 256 221 209 203 199
1,959 252 217 205 199 196
 10/27/2020
Storage Futures Study
dGen inputs for CI BESS and PV+BESS systems - Assume 2019 AC-Coupled Systems with 60 kW-1,200 kW b

Costs are presented in 2019 USD

Current costs (2019 in 2019 USD) were developed using the NREL bottom up BESS and PV+BESS costing tool (Ex
A large number of PV/BESS power/BESS storage durations system combinations were run and then a linea
Total PV+BESS cost = PV_capex_per_kw_CI x
Total BESS cost = batt_capex_per_kwh_CI x
Cost Projections for PV+BESS systems depend on the scenario (case) being tested.
For PV and BESS there are each three scenarios: ADVANCED, MODERATE, CONSERVATIVE (cost)
For PV and BESS, the Inverter-Load ration (ILR) is fixed at 0.6, meaning the battery power capacity is alwa
We developed cost projections for the 3 BESS scenarios all 9 possible PV+BESS cost scenarios.

PV - Cost Projection Assumptions

ADVANCED - applied the NREL 2020 ATB commercial & industrial (CI) Scale PV Advanced scenario, norma
MODERATE - applied the NREL 2020 ATB commercial & industrial (CI) Scale PV Moderate scenario, norma
CONSERVATIVE - applied the NREL 2020 ATB commercial & industrial (CI) Scale PV Conservative scenario

BESS- Cost Projection Assumptions

ADVANCED - applied the NREL 2020 ATB Utility-Scale BESS Advanced scenario, normalized to 2019, to bo
MODERATE - applied BNEF 2019 commercial & industrial (CI) BESS cost projections, by component, to the
CONSERVATIVE - applied the NREL 2020 ATB commercial & industrial (CI) Scale PV Conservative scenario
stems with 60 kW-1,200 kW battery power capacity, and battery Energy/Power (E/P) ratios of 0.5-4

SS and PV+BESS costing tool (Excel-based).

ons were run and then a linear cost curve fit to the data
PV power capacity (kW) + batt_capex_per_kwh_CI x
BESS storage capacity (kWh) + batt_capex_per_kw_CI x

ONSERVATIVE (cost)
attery power capacity is always 60% of PV power capacity - not an independent variable
SS cost scenarios.

PV Advanced scenario, normalized to 2019, to the PV cost term in the linear cost curve fit to the data
PV Moderate scenario, normalized to 2019, to the PV cost term in the linear cost curve fit to the data
ale PV Conservative scenario, normalized to 2019, to the PV cost term in the linear cost curve fit to the data

io, normalized to 2019, to both the BESS Energy (kWh) and Power (kW) cost terms in the linear cost curve fit to the data
ections, by component, to the component cost breakdown of the modeled PV+BESS systems
ale PV Conservative scenario, normalized to 2019, to both the BESS Energy (kWh) and Power (kW) cost terms in the linear cost
 r (E/P) ratios of 0.5-4

BESS storage capacity (kWh) + batt_capex_per_kw_CI x BESS power capacity (kW)

BESS power capacity (kW) + PV_batt_capex_constant_CI x

st curve fit to the data

st curve fit to the data
near cost curve fit to the data

rms in the linear cost curve fit to the data

+BESS systems
Wh) and Power (kW) cost terms in the linear cost curve fit to the data
+ PV_batt_capex_constant_CI
Generated 2020/10/27
Commercial & industrial (CI) PV+BES
Assume 2019 AC-Coupled Systems with 60 kW-1,200 kW
year PV_capex_per_kw_comm batt_capex_per_kwh_comm
2019 1,814 225
2020 1,731 175
2021 1,659 163
2022 1,588 150
2023 1,516 138
2024 1,444 126
2025 1,373 113
2026 1,303 107
2027 1,233 101
2028 1,163 95
2029 1,094 89
2030 1,024 83
2031 1,012 81
2032 1,000 79
2033 988 78
2034 975 76
2035 963 75
2036 951 73
2037 939 71
2038 927 70
2039 915 68
2040 903 66
2041 891 65
2042 878 63
2043 866 62
2044 854 60
2045 842 58
2046 830 57
2047 818 55
2048 806 54
2049 794 52
2050 781 50
ercial & industrial (CI) PV+BESS cost estimates - MODERATE PV/ADVANCED BESS
d Systems with 60 kW-1,200 kW battery power capacity, battery Energy/Power (E/P) ratios of 0.5-4
batt_capex_per_kw_comm PV_batt_capex_constant_comm batt_om_per_kw_comm
- 199,276 -
- 154,416 -
- 143,422 -
- 132,428 -
- 121,435 -
- 110,441 -
- 99,447 -
- 94,026 -
- 88,605 -
- 83,184 -
- 77,762 -
- 72,341 -
- 70,906 -
- 69,471 -
- 68,036 -
- 66,601 -
- 65,166 -
- 63,731 -
- 62,295 -
- 60,860 -
- 59,425 -
- 57,990 -
- 56,555 -
- 55,120 -
- 53,685 -
- 52,250 -
- 50,815 -
- 49,380 -
- 47,945 -
- 46,509 -
- 45,074 -
- 43,639 -
5-4 Example Calculation

batt_om_per_kwh_comm year
PV+BESS Capital Costs ($)
- PV power capacity (kW) 1,000 2019 2,552,880
- BESS storage capacity (kWh) 2,400 2020 2,305,421
- BESS power capacity (kW) 600 2021 2,193,205
- 2022 2,080,989
- 2023 1,968,773
- 2024 1,856,557
- 2025 1,744,341
- 2026 1,654,379
- 2027 1,564,416
- 2028 1,474,454
- 2029 1,384,491
- 2030 1,294,529
- 2031 1,277,091
- 2032 1,259,653
- 2033 1,242,215
- 2034 1,224,777
- 2035 1,207,339
- 2036 1,189,901
- 2037 1,172,463
- 2038 1,155,025
- 2039 1,137,588
- 2040 1,120,150
- 2041 1,102,712
- 2042 1,085,274
- 2043 1,067,836
- 2044 1,050,398
- 2045 1,032,960
- 2046 1,015,522
- 2047 998,084
- 2048 980,646
- 2049 963,209
- 2050 945,771
Capital Costs ($)
Generated 2020/10/27
Commercial & industrial (CI) PV+BESS
Assume 2019 AC-Coupled Systems with 60 kW-1,200 kW
year PV_capex_per_kw_comm batt_capex_per_kwh_comm
2019 1,814 225
2020 1,742 206
2021 1,670 187
2022 1,598 169
2023 1,526 151
2024 1,455 132
2025 1,384 114
2026 1,315 107
2027 1,245 100
2028 1,176 95
2029 1,107 90
2030 1,038 86
2031 1,026 85
linear interpolation for battery costs, assuming 25% total cost
reduction between 2030 and 2050. PV cost reductions from

2032 1,014 84
2033 1,002 83
2034 990 81
2035 978 80
2036 965 79
2037 953 78
2038 941 77
ATB mid-case

2039 929 76
2040 917 75
2041 905 74
2042 893 73
2043 881 72
2044 868 71
2045 856 70
2046 844 69
2047 832 68
2048 820 66
2049 808 65
2050 796 64
ercial & industrial (CI) PV+BESS cost estimates - MODERATE PV/MODERATE BESS
d Systems with 60 kW-1,200 kW battery power capacity, battery Energy/Power (E/P) ratios of 0.5-4
batt_capex_per_kw_comm PV_batt_capex_constant_comm batt_om_per_kw_comm
- 199,276 -
- 191,042 -
- 184,095 -
- 177,093 -
- 171,266 -
- 166,372 -
- 162,219 -
- 158,948 -
- 155,984 -
- 153,296 -
- 150,553 -
- 148,058 -
- 146,205 -
- 144,352 -
- 142,500 -
- 140,647 -
- 138,794 -
- 136,941 -
- 135,088 -
- 133,235 -
- 131,382 -
- 129,529 -
- 127,677 -
- 125,824 -
- 123,971 -
- 122,118 -
- 120,265 -
- 118,412 -
- 116,559 -
- 114,707 -
- 112,854 -
- 111,001 -
5-4 Example Calculation

batt_om_per_kwh_comm year
- PV power capacity (kW) 1,000 2019
- BESS storage capacity (kWh) 2,400 2020
- BESS power capacity (kW) 600 2021
- 2022
- 2023
- 2024
- 2025
- 2026
- 2027
- 2028
- 2029
- 2030
- 2031
- 2032
- 2033
- 2034
- 2035
- 2036
- 2037
- 2038
- 2039
- 2040
- 2041
- 2042
- 2043
- 2044
- 2045
- 2046
- 2047
- 2048
- 2049
- 2050
ple Calculation

PV+BESS Capital Costs ($)

2,552,880
2,427,081
2,303,682
2,180,224
2,058,936
1,939,366
1,821,151
1,730,482
1,642,525
1,557,776
1,474,126
1,392,011
1,375,466
1,358,921
1,342,376
1,325,831
1,309,286
1,292,741
1,276,195
1,259,650
1,243,105
1,226,560
1,210,015
1,193,470
1,176,925
1,160,380
1,143,834
1,127,289
1,110,744
1,094,199
1,077,654
1,061,109
Generated 2020/10/27
Com
Assume 2019 AC-Co
year PV_capex_per_kw_comm
2019 1,814
2020 1,745
2021 1,675
2022 1,605
2023 1,536
2024 1,466
2025 1,396
2026 1,327
2027 1,258
2028 1,189
2029 1,120
2030 1,050
2031 1,038
2032 1,026
2033 1,014
2034 1,001
2035 989
2036 977
2037 964
2038 952
2039 940
2040 928
2041 915
2042 903
2043 891
2044 879
2045 866
2046 854
2047 842
2048 829
2049 817
2050 805
 Commercial & industrial (CI) PV+BESS cost estimates - MODERATE PV/CONSERVATIVE BESS
Assume 2019 AC-Coupled Systems with 60 kW-1,200 kW battery power capacity, battery Energy/Power (E/P
batt_capex_per_kwh_comm batt_capex_per_kw_comm
225 -
219 -
213 -
207 -
201 -
195 -
189 -
185 -
181 -
176 -
172 -
167 -
165 -
163 -
161 -
159 -
157 -
155 -
153 -
151 -
148 -
146 -
144 -
142 -
140 -
138 -
136 -
134 -
132 -
130 -
128 -
125 -
ost estimates - MODERATE PV/CONSERVATIVE BESS
W battery power capacity, battery Energy/Power (E/P) ratios of 0.5-4
PV_batt_capex_constant_comm batt_om_per_kw_comm
199,276 -
194,109 -
188,943 -
183,776 -
178,610 -
173,443 -
168,277 -
164,438 -
160,600 -
156,762 -
152,924 -
149,086 -
147,220 -
145,355 -
143,489 -
141,623 -
139,758 -
137,892 -
136,026 -
134,160 -
132,295 -
130,429 -
128,563 -
126,698 -
124,832 -
122,966 -
121,100 -
119,235 -
117,369 -
115,503 -
113,638 -
111,772 -
 Example Calculation

batt_om_per_kwh_comm year
- PV power capacity (kW) 1,000 2019
- BESS storage capacity (kWh) 2,400 2020
- BESS power capacity (kW) 600 2021
- 2022
- 2023
- 2024
- 2025
- 2026
- 2027
- 2028
- 2029
- 2030
- 2031
- 2032
- 2033
- 2034
- 2035
- 2036
- 2037
- 2038
- 2039
- 2040
- 2041
- 2042
- 2043
- 2044
- 2045
- 2046
- 2047
- 2048
- 2049
- 2050
ample Calculation

PV+BESS Capital Costs ($)

2,552,880
2,463,935
2,374,989
2,286,044
2,197,098
2,108,153
2,019,208
1,935,567
1,851,927
1,768,287
1,684,646
1,601,006
1,581,849
1,562,691
1,543,533
1,524,376
1,505,218
1,486,061
1,466,903
1,447,746
1,428,588
1,409,431
1,390,273
1,371,115
1,351,958
1,332,800
1,313,643
1,294,485
1,275,328
1,256,170
1,237,012
1,217,855
Generated 2020/10/27
Commercial & industrial
Assume 2019 AC-Coupled Systems with 60
year PV_capex_per_kw_comm batt_capex_per_kwh_comm
2019 1,814 225
2020 1,710 175
2021 1,617 163
2022 1,524 150
2023 1,431 138
2024 1,339 126
2025 1,246 113
2026 1,155 107
2027 1,064 101
2028 973 95
2029 882 89
2030 792 83
2031 781 81
2032 770 79
2033 760 78
2034 749 76
2035 739 75
2036 728 73
2037 717 71
2038 707 70
2039 696 68
2040 686 66
2041 675 65
2042 665 63
2043 654 62
2044 643 60
2045 633 58
2046 622 57
2047 612 55
2048 601 54
2049 590 52
2050 580 50
ommercial & industrial (CI) PV+BESS cost estimates - ADVANCED PV/ADVANCED BESS
upled Systems with 60 kW-1,200 kW battery power capacity, battery Energy/Power (E/P) ratios of 0.5-4
batt_capex_per_kw_comm PV_batt_capex_constant_comm
- 199,276
- 154,469
- 143,527
- 132,586
- 121,645
- 110,704
- 99,763
- 94,395
- 89,026
- 83,658
- 78,289
- 72,921
- 71,482
- 70,043
- 68,604
- 67,165
- 65,726
- 64,287
- 62,848
- 61,409
- 59,970
- 58,531
- 57,092
- 55,653
- 54,214
- 52,776
- 51,337
- 49,898
- 48,459
- 47,020
- 45,581
- 44,142
ED BESS
Power (E/P) ratios of 0.5-4 Example

batt_om_per_kw_comm batt_om_per_kwh_comm
- - PV power capacity (kW)
- - BESS storage capacity (kWh)
- - BESS power capacity (kW)
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
 Example Calculation

year PV+BESS Capital Costs ($)

1,000 2019 2,552,880
2,400 2020 2,284,346
600 2021 2,151,055
2022 2,017,764
2023 1,884,473
2024 1,751,183
2025 1,617,892
2026 1,506,854
2027 1,395,817
2028 1,284,779
2029 1,173,742
2030 1,062,705
2031 1,046,805
2032 1,030,905
2033 1,015,005
2034 999,105
2035 983,206
2036 967,306
2037 951,406
2038 935,506
2039 919,607
2040 903,707
2041 887,807
2042 871,907
2043 856,008
2044 840,108
2045 824,208
2046 808,308
2047 792,409
2048 776,509
2049 760,609
2050 744,709
Generated 2020/10/27
Commercial & industrial
Assume 2019 AC-Coupled Systems with 60
year PV_capex_per_kw_comm batt_capex_per_kwh_comm
2019 1,814 225
2020 1,721 206
2021 1,628 187
2022 1,535 169
2023 1,442 151
2024 1,350 132
2025 1,258 114
2026 1,167 107
2027 1,076 100
2028 986 95
2029 896 90
2030 806 86
2031 795 85
linear interpolation for battery costs, assuming 25% total cost
reduction between 2030 and 2050. PV cost reductions from

2032 785 84
2033 774 83
2034 763 81
2035 753 80
2036 742 79
2037 732 78
2038 721 77
ATB mid-case

2039 711 76
2040 700 75
2041 689 74
2042 679 73
2043 668 72
2044 658 71
2045 647 70
2046 636 69
2047 626 68
2048 615 66
2049 605 65
2050 594 64
ommercial & industrial (CI) PV+BESS cost estimates - ADVANCED PV/MODERATE BESS
upled Systems with 60 kW-1,200 kW battery power capacity, battery Energy/Power (E/P) ratios of 0.5-4
batt_capex_per_kw_comm PV_batt_capex_constant_comm
- 199,276
- 191,095
- 184,200
- 177,251
- 171,476
- 166,636
- 162,535
- 159,316
- 156,405
- 153,770
- 151,080
- 148,638
- 146,781
- 144,924
- 143,068
- 141,211
- 139,354
- 137,497
- 135,641
- 133,784
- 131,927
- 130,071
- 128,214
- 126,357
- 124,500
- 122,644
- 120,787
- 118,930
- 117,074
- 115,217
- 113,360
- 111,503
TE BESS
Power (E/P) ratios of 0.5-4 Example

batt_om_per_kw_comm batt_om_per_kwh_comm
- - PV power capacity (kW)
- - BESS storage capacity (kWh)
- - BESS power capacity (kW)
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
 Example Calculation

year PV+BESS Capital Costs ($)

1,000 2019 2,552,880
2,400 2020 2,406,006
600 2021 2,261,532
2022 2,116,999
2023 1,974,636
2024 1,833,991
2025 1,694,702
2026 1,582,958
2027 1,473,925
2028 1,368,102
2029 1,263,377
2030 1,160,187
2031 1,145,180
2032 1,130,173
2033 1,115,166
2034 1,100,159
2035 1,085,152
2036 1,070,145
2037 1,055,138
2038 1,040,131
2039 1,025,124
2040 1,010,117
2041 995,110
2042 980,103
2043 965,096
2044 950,089
2045 935,082
2046 920,075
2047 905,068
2048 890,061
2049 875,054
2050 860,047
Generated 2020/10/27
Commercial & industrial (C
Assume 2019 AC-Coupled Systems with 60
year PV_capex_per_kw_comm batt_capex_per_kwh_comm
2019 1,814 225
2020 1,723 219
2021 1,633 213
2022 1,542 207
2023 1,451 201
2024 1,360 195
2025 1,270 189
2026 1,179 185
2027 1,089 181
2028 999 176
2029 908 172
2030 818 167
2031 807 165
2032 797 163
2033 786 161
2034 775 159
2035 764 157
2036 754 155
2037 743 153
2038 732 151
2039 721 148
2040 711 146
2041 700 144
2042 689 142
2043 678 140
2044 668 138
2045 657 136
2046 646 134
2047 636 132
2048 625 130
2049 614 128
2050 603 125
mmercial & industrial (CI) PV+BESS cost estimates - ADVANCED PV/CONSERVATIVE BESS
upled Systems with 60 kW-1,200 kW battery power capacity, battery Energy/Power (E/P) ratios of 0.5-4
batt_capex_per_kw_comm PV_batt_capex_constant_comm
- 199,276
- 194,162
- 189,048
- 183,934
- 178,820
- 173,707
- 168,593
- 164,807
- 161,022
- 157,236
- 153,451
- 149,666
- 147,796
- 145,927
- 144,057
- 142,187
- 140,318
- 138,448
- 136,579
- 134,709
- 132,840
- 130,970
- 129,101
- 127,231
- 125,361
- 123,492
- 121,622
- 119,753
- 117,883
- 116,014
- 114,144
- 112,274
TIVE BESS
Power (E/P) ratios of 0.5-4 Example

batt_om_per_kw_comm batt_om_per_kwh_comm
- - PV power capacity (kW)
- - BESS storage capacity (kWh)
- - BESS power capacity (kW)
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
 Example Calculation

year PV+BESS Capital Costs ($)

1,000 2019 2,552,880
2,400 2020 2,442,860
600 2021 2,332,839
2022 2,222,819
2023 2,112,799
2024 2,002,778
2025 1,892,758
2026 1,788,043
2027 1,683,328
2028 1,578,612
2029 1,473,897
2030 1,369,182
2031 1,351,563
2032 1,333,943
2033 1,316,324
2034 1,298,704
2035 1,281,085
2036 1,263,465
2037 1,245,846
2038 1,228,227
2039 1,210,607
2040 1,192,988
2041 1,175,368
2042 1,157,749
2043 1,140,129
2044 1,122,510
2045 1,104,891
2046 1,087,271
2047 1,069,652
2048 1,052,032
2049 1,034,413
2050 1,016,793
Generated 2020/10/27
Commercial & industrial (
Assume 2019 AC-Coupled Systems with 60
year PV_capex_per_kw_comm batt_capex_per_kwh_comm
2019 1,814 225
2020 1,781 175
2021 1,760 163
2022 1,738 150
2023 1,717 138
2024 1,695 126
2025 1,674 113
2026 1,654 107
2027 1,635 101
2028 1,615 95
2029 1,596 89
2030 1,576 83
2031 1,548 81
2032 1,520 79
2033 1,492 78
2034 1,464 76
2035 1,435 75
2036 1,407 73
2037 1,379 71
2038 1,351 70
2039 1,323 68
2040 1,295 66
2041 1,267 65
2042 1,239 63
2043 1,211 62
2044 1,183 60
2045 1,154 58
2046 1,126 57
2047 1,098 55
2048 1,070 54
2049 1,042 52
2050 1,014 50
mmercial & industrial (CI) PV+BESS cost estimates - CONSERVATIVE PVADVANCED BESS
upled Systems with 60 kW-1,200 kW battery power capacity, battery Energy/Power (E/P) ratios of 0.5-4
batt_capex_per_kw_comm PV_batt_capex_constant_comm
- 199,276
- 154,291
- 143,172
- 132,053
- 120,934
- 109,815
- 98,696
- 93,150
- 87,604
- 82,057
- 76,511
- 70,965
- 69,569
- 68,174
- 66,779
- 65,384
- 63,988
- 62,593
- 61,198
- 59,803
- 58,407
- 57,012
- 55,617
- 54,222
- 52,826
- 51,431
- 50,036
- 48,641
- 47,245
- 45,850
- 44,455
- 43,060
CED BESS
Power (E/P) ratios of 0.5-4 Example

batt_om_per_kw_comm batt_om_per_kwh_comm
- - PV power capacity (kW)
- - BESS storage capacity (kWh)
- - BESS power capacity (kW)
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
 Example Calculation

year PV+BESS Capital Costs ($)

1,000 2019 2,552,880
2,400 2020 2,355,483
600 2021 2,293,329
2022 2,231,176
2023 2,169,022
2024 2,106,868
2025 2,044,714
2026 2,004,814
2027 1,964,913
2028 1,925,013
2029 1,885,113
2030 1,845,212
2031 1,811,831
2032 1,778,450
2033 1,745,070
2034 1,711,689
2035 1,678,308
2036 1,644,927
2037 1,611,546
2038 1,578,165
2039 1,544,784
2040 1,511,404
2041 1,478,023
2042 1,444,642
2043 1,411,261
2044 1,377,880
2045 1,344,499
2046 1,311,118
2047 1,277,737
2048 1,244,357
2049 1,210,976
2050 1,177,595
Generated 2020/10/27
Commercial & industrial (C
Assume 2019 AC-Coupled Systems with 60
year PV_capex_per_kw_comm batt_capex_per_kwh_comm
2019 1,814 225
2020 1,792 206
2021 1,770 187
2022 1,748 169
2023 1,727 151
2024 1,706 132
2025 1,686 114
2026 1,666 107
2027 1,647 100
2028 1,628 95
2029 1,609 90
2030 1,590 86
2031 1,562 85
linear interpolation for battery costs, assuming 25% total cost
reduction between 2030 and 2050. PV cost reductions from

2032 1,534 84
2033 1,506 83
2034 1,478 81
2035 1,450 80
2036 1,422 79
2037 1,393 78
2038 1,365 77
ATB mid-case

2039 1,337 76
2040 1,309 75
2041 1,281 74
2042 1,253 73
2043 1,225 72
2044 1,197 71
2045 1,169 70
2046 1,141 69
2047 1,112 68
2048 1,084 66
2049 1,056 65
2050 1,028 64
mmercial & industrial (CI) PV+BESS cost estimates - CONSERVATIVE PV/MODERATE BESS
upled Systems with 60 kW-1,200 kW battery power capacity, battery Energy/Power (E/P) ratios of 0.5-4
batt_capex_per_kw_comm PV_batt_capex_constant_comm
- 199,276
- 190,917
- 183,844
- 176,718
- 170,765
- 165,747
- 161,468
- 158,072
- 154,983
- 152,169
- 149,302
- 146,682
- 144,869
- 143,056
- 141,242
- 139,429
- 137,616
- 135,803
- 133,990
- 132,177
- 130,364
- 128,551
- 126,738
- 124,925
- 123,112
- 121,299
- 119,486
- 117,673
- 115,860
- 114,047
- 112,234
- 110,421
 ATE BESS
Power (E/P) ratios of 0.5-4 Example

batt_om_per_kw_comm batt_om_per_kwh_comm
- - PV power capacity (kW)
- - BESS storage capacity (kWh)
- - BESS power capacity (kW)
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
 Example Calculation

year PV+BESS Capital Costs ($)

1,000 2019 2,552,880
2,400 2020 2,477,143
600 2021 2,403,806
2022 2,330,410
2023 2,259,184
2024 2,189,676
2025 2,121,524
2026 2,080,917
2027 2,043,022
2028 2,008,335
2029 1,974,747
2030 1,942,695
2031 1,910,207
2032 1,877,719
2033 1,845,231
2034 1,812,742
2035 1,780,254
2036 1,747,766
2037 1,715,278
2038 1,682,790
2039 1,650,302
2040 1,617,814
2041 1,585,326
2042 1,552,838
2043 1,520,350
2044 1,487,861
2045 1,455,373
2046 1,422,885
2047 1,390,397
2048 1,357,909
2049 1,325,421
2050 1,292,933
Generated 2020/10/27
Commercial & industrial (CI)
Assume 2019 AC-Coupled Systems with 60
year PV_capex_per_kw_comm batt_capex_per_kwh_comm
2019 1,814 225
2020 1,795 219
2021 1,775 213
2022 1,756 207
2023 1,736 201
2024 1,717 195
2025 1,697 189
2026 1,678 185
2027 1,659 181
2028 1,640 176
2029 1,621 172
2030 1,602 167
2031 1,574 165
2032 1,546 163
2033 1,518 161
2034 1,489 159
2035 1,461 157
2036 1,433 155
2037 1,405 153
2038 1,376 151
2039 1,348 148
2040 1,320 146
2041 1,292 144
2042 1,263 142
2043 1,235 140
2044 1,207 138
2045 1,179 136
2046 1,150 134
2047 1,122 132
2048 1,094 130
2049 1,066 128
2050 1,037 125
mercial & industrial (CI) PV+BESS cost estimates - CONSERVATIVE PV/CONSERVATIVE BESS
upled Systems with 60 kW-1,200 kW battery power capacity, battery Energy/Power (E/P) ratios of 0.5-4
batt_capex_per_kw_comm PV_batt_capex_constant_comm
- 199,276
- 193,984
- 188,692
- 183,401
- 178,109
- 172,817
- 167,526
- 163,562
- 159,599
- 155,636
- 151,673
- 147,710
- 145,884
- 144,058
- 142,232
- 140,406
- 138,580
- 136,754
- 134,929
- 133,103
- 131,277
- 129,451
- 127,625
- 125,799
- 123,973
- 122,148
- 120,322
- 118,496
- 116,670
- 114,844
- 113,018
- 111,192
 ATIVE BESS
Power (E/P) ratios of 0.5-4 Example

batt_om_per_kw_comm batt_om_per_kwh_comm
- - PV power capacity (kW)
- - BESS storage capacity (kWh)
- - BESS power capacity (kW)
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
 Example Calculation

year PV+BESS Capital Costs ($)

1,000 2019 2,552,880
2,400 2020 2,513,997
600 2021 2,475,114
2022 2,436,230
2023 2,397,347
2024 2,358,464
2025 2,319,580
2026 2,286,002
2027 2,252,424
2028 2,218,846
2029 2,185,268
2030 2,151,690
2031 2,116,589
2032 2,081,489
2033 2,046,388
2034 2,011,288
2035 1,976,187
2036 1,941,087
2037 1,905,986
2038 1,870,885
2039 1,835,785
2040 1,800,684
2041 1,765,584
2042 1,730,483
2043 1,695,383
2044 1,660,282
2045 1,625,182
2046 1,590,081
2047 1,554,981
2048 1,519,880
2049 1,484,780
2050 1,449,679
Generated 2020/10/27

Commercial & industrial (CI) BESS Stan

Assume 2019 AC-Coupled Systems with 60 kW-1,200 kW ba

year batt_capex_per_kwh_comm batt_capex_per_kw_comm

2019 252 458
2020 232 436
2021 213 417
2022 193 398
2023 174 382
2024 155 368
2025 137 356
2026 129 347
2027 122 339
2028 116 332
2029 111 325
2030 106 319
2031 105 315
2032 103 311
2033 102 307
2034 101 303
2035 99 299
2036 98 295
2037 97 291
2038 95 287
2039 94 283
2040 93 279
2041 91 275
2042 90 271
2043 89 267
2044 88 263
2045 86 259
2046 85 255
2047 84 251
2048 82 247
2049 81 243
2050 80 239
ndustrial (CI) BESS Stand-Alone cost estimates - MODERATE BESS
h 60 kW-1,200 kW battery power capacity, battery Energy/Power (E/P) ratios of 0.5-4

PV_batt_capex_constant_comm batt_om_per_kw_comm
283,623 -
271,919 -
262,007 -
252,019 -
243,666 -
236,615 -
230,595 -
225,802 -
221,439 -
217,459 -
213,404 -
209,693 -
207,072 -
204,450 -
201,829 -
199,208 -
196,587 -
193,966 -
191,345 -
188,723 -
186,102 -
183,481 -
180,860 -
178,239 -
175,618 -
172,997 -
170,375 -
167,754 -
165,133 -
162,512 -
159,891 -
157,270 -
 Example Calculation
os of 0.5-4

batt_om_per_kwh_comm year
- BESS storage capacity (kWh) 2,400 2019
- BESS power capacity (kW) 600 2020
- 2021
- 2022
- 2023
- 2024
- 2025
- 2026
- 2027
- 2028
- 2029
- 2030
- 2031
- 2032
- 2033
- 2034
- 2035
- 2036
- 2037
- 2038
- 2039
- 2040
- 2041
- 2042
- 2043
- 2044
- 2045
- 2046
- 2047
- 2048
- 2049
- 2050
ample Calculation

BESS Capital Costs ($)

1,163,627
1,091,004
1,022,994
954,832
890,862
830,216
772,201
743,248
717,536
695,508
674,484
655,422
647,230
639,037
630,844
622,651
614,458
606,266
598,073
589,880
581,687
573,495
565,302
557,109
548,916
540,723
532,531
524,338
516,145
507,952
499,760
491,567
Generated 2020/10/27

Commercial & industrial (CI) BESS Stan

Assume 2019 AC-Coupled Systems with 60 kW-1,200 kW ba

year batt_capex_per_kwh_comm batt_capex_per_kw_comm

2019 252 458
2020 196 357
2021 183 331
2022 169 306
2023 155 281
2024 141 256
2025 127 231
2026 120 219
2027 113 206
2028 107 193
2029 100 181
2030 93 168
2031 91 165
2032 89 162
2033 87 158
2034 85 155
2035 84 152
2036 82 148
2037 80 145
2038 78 142
2039 76 139
2040 75 135
2041 73 132
2042 71 129
2043 69 125
2044 67 122
2045 65 119
2046 64 116
2047 62 112
2048 60 109
2049 58 106
2050 56 102
ndustrial (CI) BESS Stand-Alone cost estimates - ADVANCED BESS
h 60 kW-1,200 kW battery power capacity, battery Energy/Power (E/P) ratios of 0.5-4

PV_batt_capex_constant_comm batt_om_per_kw_comm
283,623 -
220,903 -
205,355 -
189,807 -
174,258 -
158,710 -
143,162 -
135,375 -
127,589 -
119,802 -
112,015 -
104,229 -
102,190 -
100,150 -
98,111 -
96,072 -
94,033 -
91,993 -
89,954 -
87,915 -
85,875 -
83,836 -
81,797 -
79,758 -
77,718 -
75,679 -
73,640 -
71,601 -
69,561 -
67,522 -
65,483 -
63,444 -
 Example Calculation
os of 0.5-4

batt_om_per_kwh_comm year
- BESS storage capacity (kWh) 2,400 2019
- BESS power capacity (kW) 600 2020
- 2021
- 2022
- 2023
- 2024
- 2025
- 2026
- 2027
- 2028
- 2029
- 2030
- 2031
- 2032
- 2033
- 2034
- 2035
- 2036
- 2037
- 2038
- 2039
- 2040
- 2041
- 2042
- 2043
- 2044
- 2045
- 2046
- 2047
- 2048
- 2049
- 2050
mple Calculation

BESS Capital Costs ($)

1,163,627
906,306
842,515
778,725
714,934
651,144
587,353
555,407
523,461
491,515
459,568
427,622
419,256
410,889
402,523
394,156
385,790
377,423
369,057
360,690
352,324
343,957
335,590
327,224
318,857
310,491
302,124
293,758
285,391
277,025
268,658
260,292
Generated 2020/10/27

Commercial & industrial (CI) BESS Stand

Assume 2019 AC-Coupled Systems with 60 kW-1,200 k

year batt_capex_per_kwh_comm batt_capex_per_kw_comm

2019 252 458
2020 246 446
2021 239 434
2022 232 422
2023 226 410
2024 219 398
2025 213 386
2026 208 377
2027 203 368
2028 198 359
2029 193 350
2030 188 341
2031 185 337
2032 183 332
2033 181 328
2034 178 324
2035 176 319
2036 174 315
2037 171 311
2038 169 307
2039 167 302
2040 164 298
2041 162 294
2042 160 290
2043 157 285
2044 155 281
2045 153 277
2046 150 273
2047 148 268
2048 146 264
2049 143 260
2050 141 256
ustrial (CI) BESS Stand-Alone cost estimates - CONSERVATIVE BESS
ms with 60 kW-1,200 kW battery power capacity, 0.5-4 hours of storage duration

PV_batt_capex_constant_comm batt_om_per_kw_comm
283,623 -
276,191 -
268,759 -
261,327 -
253,896 -
246,464 -
239,032 -
233,450 -
227,869 -
222,288 -
216,706 -
211,125 -
208,486 -
205,847 -
203,207 -
200,568 -
197,929 -
195,290 -
192,651 -
190,012 -
187,373 -
184,734 -
182,095 -
179,456 -
176,817 -
174,178 -
171,539 -
168,900 -
166,261 -
163,622 -
160,983 -
158,343 -
 Example Calculation
ation

batt_om_per_kwh_comm year
- BESS storage capacity (kWh) 2,400 2019
- BESS power capacity (kW) 600 2020
- 2021
- 2022
- 2023
- 2024
- 2025
- 2026
- 2027
- 2028
- 2029
- 2030
- 2031
- 2032
- 2033
- 2034
- 2035
- 2036
- 2037
- 2038
- 2039
- 2040
- 2041
- 2042
- 2043
- 2044
- 2045
- 2046
- 2047
- 2048
- 2049
- 2050
mple Calculation

BESS Capital Costs ($)

1,163,627
1,133,136
1,102,646
1,072,155
1,041,664
1,011,173
980,682
957,783
934,884
911,985
889,086
866,187
855,359
844,532
833,705
822,877
812,050
801,223
790,395
779,568
768,741
757,913
747,086
736,259
725,431
714,604
703,777
692,949
682,122
671,295
660,467
649,640
 10/27/2020
Storage Futures Study
dGen inputs for Residential PV+BESS systems - Assume 2019 DC-Coupled Systems with 3.5-15 kW PV, 3-1

Costs are presented in 2019 USD, converted from 2018 USD using CPI multiplier of:
Current costs (2020 in 2019 USD) were developed using the NREL bottom up PV+BESS costing tool (Excel-based
A large number of PV/BESS power/BESS storage durations system combinations were run and then a linea
Total PV+BESS cost = PV_capex_per_kw_res
Total BESS (stand-alone) cost = batt_capex_per_kwh_res

Cost Projections for stand-alone BESS and PV+BESS systems depend on the scenario (case) being tested.
For PV and BESS there are each three scenarios: ADVANCED, MODERATE, CONSERVATIVE (cost)
We developed cost projections for the 3 BESS stand-alone scenarios and all 9 possible PV+BESS cost scena

PV - Cost Projection Assumptions

ADVANCED - applied the NREL 2020 ATB Residential Scale PV Advanced scenario, normalized to 2019, to
MODERATE - applied the NREL 2020 ATB Residential Scale PV Moderate scenario, normalized to 2019, to
CONSERVATIVE - applied the NREL 2020 ATB Residential Scale PV Conservative scenario, normalized to 2

BESS- Cost Projection Assumptions

ADVANCED - applied the NREL 2020 ATB Utility-Scale BESS Advanced scenario, normalized to 2019, to bo
MODERATE - applied BNEF 2019 residential BESS cost projections, by component, to the component cost
CONSERVATIVE - applied the NREL 2020 ATB Residential Scale PV Conservative scenario, normalized to 2
9 DC-Coupled Systems with 3.5-15 kW PV, 3-10 kW battery power, and battery Energy/Power (E/P) ratios of 2-5

d from 2018 USD using CPI multiplier of: 1.018

REL bottom up PV+BESS costing tool (Excel-based).
ystem combinations were run and then a linear cost curve fit to the data
x PV power capacity (kW) + batt_capex_per_kwh_res x
r_kwh_res

depend on the scenario (case) being tested.

, MODERATE, CONSERVATIVE (cost)
cenarios and all 9 possible PV+BESS cost scenarios.

V Advanced scenario, normalized to 2019, to the PV cost term in the linear cost curve fit to the data
PV Moderate scenario, normalized to 2019, to the PV cost term in the linear cost curve fit to the data
ale PV Conservative scenario, normalized to 2019, to the PV cost term in the linear cost curve fit to the data

Advanced scenario, normalized to 2019, to both the BESS Energy (kWh) and Power (kW) cost terms in the linear cost curve fit to
ctions, by component, to the component cost breakdown of the modeled PV+BESS systems
ale PV Conservative scenario, normalized to 2019, to both the BESS Energy (kWh) and Power (kW) cost terms in the linear cost c
ery Energy/Power (E/P) ratios of 2-5

x BESS storage capacity (kWh) + batt_capex_per_kw_res x BESS power capacity (kW) +

cost curve fit to the data

cost curve fit to the data
linear cost curve fit to the data

Power (kW) cost terms in the linear cost curve fit to the data
V+BESS systems
kWh) and Power (kW) cost terms in the linear cost curve fit to the data
PV_batt_capex_constant_res
Generated 2020/10/27
Residential PV+BESS cost estimates - MO
Assume 2019 DC-Coupled Systems with 3.5-15 kW PV, 3-10
year PV_capex_per_kw_res batt_capex_per_kwh_res
2019 2,649 365
2020 2,484 336
2021 2,343 307
2022 2,202 278
2023 2,064 249
2024 1,928 221
2025 1,793 193
2026 1,660 181
2027 1,529 171
2028 1,397 163
2029 1,266 155
2030 1,135 148
2031 1121 146
linear interpolation for battery costs, assuming 25% total cost
reduction between 2030 and 2050. PV cost reductions from

2032 1108 144

2033 1094 142
2034 1081 140
2035 1067 139
2036 1053 137
2037 1040 135
2038 1026 133
ATB mid-case

2039 1013 131

2040 999 129
2041 985 127
2042 972 126
2043 958 124
2044 945 122
2045 931 120
2046 917 118
2047 904 116
2048 890 115
2049 877 113
2050 863 111
esidential PV+BESS cost estimates - MODERATE PV/MODERATE BESS
upled Systems with 3.5-15 kW PV, 3-10 kW battery power, and battery E/P ratios of 2-5
batt_capex_per_kw_res PV_batt_capex_constant_res batt_om_per_kw_res
720 4,847 -
686 4,642 -
657 4,468 -
629 4,293 -
605 4,147 -
586 4,024 -
569 3,919 -
555 3,836 -
543 3,760 -
532 3,691 -
521 3,620 -
511 3,556 -
505 3511 -
498 3467 -
492 3422 -
485 3378 -
479 3334 -
473 3289 -
466 3245 -
460 3200 -
454 3156 -
447 3111 -
441 3067 -
434 3022 -
428 2978 -
422 2934 -
415 2889 -
409 2845 -
402 2800 -
396 2756 -
390 2711 -
383 2667 -
-5 Example Calculation

batt_om_per_kwh_res PV+BESS
year Capital Costs ($)
- PV power capacity (kW) 7 2019 39,612
- BESS storage capacity (kWh) 5 2020 37,423
- BESS power capacity (kW) 20 2021 35,548
- 2022 33,673
- 2023 31,945
- 2024 30,333
- 2025 28,811
- 2026 27,475
- 2027 26,182
- 2028 24,931
- 2029 23,679
- 2030 22,460
- 2031 22,183
- 2032 21,906
- 2033 21,630
- 2034 21,353
- 2035 21,076
- 2036 20,800
- 2037 20,523
- 2038 20,247
- 2039 19,970
- 2040 19,693
- 2041 19,417
- 2042 19,140
- 2043 18,863
- 2044 18,587
- 2045 18,310
- 2046 18,033
- 2047 17,757
- 2048 17,480
- 2049 17,204
- 2050 16,927
S Capital Costs ($)
Generated 2020/10/27
Residential PV+BESS cost estimates - MO
Assume 2019 DC-Coupled Systems with 3.5-15 kW PV, 3-10
year PV_capex_per_kw_res batt_capex_per_kwh_res
2019 2,649 365
2020 2,484 336
2021 2,337 312
2022 2,191 288
2023 2,044 265
2024 1,898 241
2025 1,751 217
2026 1,615 206
2027 1,479 194
2028 1,342 182
2029 1,206 170
2030 1,070 158
2031 1,056 155
linear interpolation for battery costs, assuming 25% total cost
reduction between 2030 and 2050. PV cost reductions from

2032 1,043 152

2033 1,029 149
2034 1,015 146
2035 1,001 143
2036 987 140
2037 974 137
2038 960 134
ATB mid-case

2039 946 130

2040 932 127
2041 919 124
2042 905 121
2043 891 118
2044 877 115
2045 863 112
2046 850 109
2047 836 106
2048 822 103
2049 808 99
2050 795 96
esidential PV+BESS cost estimates - MODERATE PV/ADVANCED BESS
upled Systems with 3.5-15 kW PV, 3-10 kW battery power, and battery E/P ratios of 2-5
batt_capex_per_kw_res PV_batt_capex_constant_res batt_om_per_kw_res
720 4,847 -
686 4,642 -
638 4,315 -
589 3,988 -
541 3,662 -
493 3,335 -
444 3,008 -
420 2,845 -
396 2,681 -
372 2,517 -
348 2,354 -
324 2,190 -
317 2,147 -
311 2,104 -
305 2,062 -
298 2,019 -
292 1,976 -
286 1,933 -
279 1,890 -
273 1,847 -
267 1,804 -
260 1,762 -
254 1,719 -
248 1,676 -
241 1,633 -
235 1,590 -
229 1,547 -
222 1,504 -
216 1,462 -
210 1,419 -
203 1,376 -
197 1,333 -
-5 Example Calculation

batt_om_per_kwh_res PV+BESS
year Capital Costs ($)
- PV power capacity (kW) 7 2019 39,612
- BESS storage capacity (kWh) 5 2020 37,423
- BESS power capacity (kW) 20 2021 34,987
- 2022 32,551
- 2023 30,114
- 2024 27,678
- 2025 25,242
- 2026 23,583
- 2027 21,923
- 2028 20,264
- 2029 18,604
- 2030 16,945
- 2031 16,663
- 2032 16,382
- 2033 16,100
- 2034 15,819
- 2035 15,538
- 2036 15,256
- 2037 14,975
- 2038 14,694
- 2039 14,412
- 2040 14,131
- 2041 13,849
- 2042 13,568
- 2043 13,287
- 2044 13,005
- 2045 12,724
- 2046 12,442
- 2047 12,161
- 2048 11,880
- 2049 11,598
- 2050 11,317
S Capital Costs ($)
Generated 2020/10/27
Residential PV+BESS cost estimates - MODE
Assume 2019 DC-Coupled Systems with 3.5-15 kW PV, 3-10
year PV_capex_per_kw_res batt_capex_per_kwh_res
2019 2,649 365
2020 2,484 336
2021 2,350 327
2022 2,216 318
2023 2,083 308
2024 1,949 299
2025 1,815 290
2026 1,683 284
2027 1,552 277
2028 1,420 270
2029 1,288 263
2030 1,157 257
2031 1,143 253
linear interpolation for battery costs, assuming 25% total cost
reduction between 2030 and 2050. PV cost reductions from

2032 1,129 250

2033 1,115 247
2034 1,101 244
2035 1,087 240
2036 1,073 237
2037 1,059 234
2038 1,046 231
ATB mid-case

2039 1,032 228

2040 1,018 224
2041 1,004 221
2042 990 218
2043 976 215
2044 962 212
2045 949 208
2046 935 205
2047 921 202
2048 907 199
2049 893 196
2050 879 192
 dential PV+BESS cost estimates - MODERATE PV/CONSERVATIVE BESS
upled Systems with 3.5-15 kW PV, 3-10 kW battery power, and battery E/P ratios of 2-5
batt_capex_per_kw_res PV_batt_capex_constant_res batt_om_per_kw_res
720 4,847 -
686 4,642 -
667 4,517 -
649 4,392 -
631 4,267 -
612 4,142 -
594 4,017 -
580 3,923 -
566 3,830 -
552 3,736 -
538 3,642 -
524 3,548 -
518 3,504 -
511 3,459 -
505 3,415 -
498 3,371 -
492 3,326 -
485 3,282 -
478 3,238 -
472 3,193 -
465 3,149 -
459 3,105 -
452 3,060 -
446 3,016 -
439 2,972 -
433 2,927 -
426 2,883 -
419 2,839 -
413 2,794 -
406 2,750 -
400 2,705 -
393 2,661 -
-5 Example Calculation

batt_om_per_kwh_res PV+BESS
year Capital Costs ($)
- PV power capacity (kW) 7 2019 39,612
- BESS storage capacity (kWh) 5 2020 37,423
- BESS power capacity (kW) 20 2021 35,948
- 2022 34,473
- 2023 32,998
- 2024 31,523
- 2025 30,047
- 2026 28,720
- 2027 27,393
- 2028 26,066
- 2029 24,739
- 2030 23,412
- 2031 23,124
- 2032 22,835
- 2033 22,547
- 2034 22,258
- 2035 21,970
- 2036 21,681
- 2037 21,392
- 2038 21,104
- 2039 20,815
- 2040 20,527
- 2041 20,238
- 2042 19,950
- 2043 19,661
- 2044 19,373
- 2045 19,084
- 2046 18,796
- 2047 18,507
- 2048 18,219
- 2049 17,930
- 2050 17,641
S Capital Costs ($)
Generated 2020/10/27
Residential PV+BESS cost estimates - ADV
Assume 2019 DC-Coupled Systems with 3.5-15 kW PV, 3-10
year PV_capex_per_kw_res batt_capex_per_kwh_res
2019 2,649 365
2020 2,484 336
2021 2,316 312
2022 2,148 288
2023 1,980 265
2024 1,812 241
2025 1,644 217
2026 1,486 206
2027 1,329 194
2028 1,171 182
2029 1,013 170
2030 856 158
2031 842 155
linear interpolation for battery costs, assuming 25% total cost
reduction between 2030 and 2050. PV cost reductions from

2032 829 152

2033 816 149
2034 802 146
2035 789 143
2036 775 140
2037 762 137
2038 749 134
ATB mid-case

2039 735 130

2040 722 127
2041 708 124
2042 695 121
2043 682 118
2044 668 115
2045 655 112
2046 642 109
2047 628 106
2048 615 103
2049 601 99
2050 588 96
esidential PV+BESS cost estimates - ADVANCED PV/ADVANCED BESS
upled Systems with 3.5-15 kW PV, 3-10 kW battery power, and battery E/P ratios of 2-5
batt_capex_per_kw_res PV_batt_capex_constant_res batt_om_per_kw_res
720 4,847 -
686 4,642 -
638 4,315 -
589 3,988 -
541 3,662 -
493 3,335 -
444 3,008 -
420 2,845 -
396 2,681 -
372 2,517 -
348 2,354 -
324 2,190 -
317 2,147 -
311 2,104 -
305 2,062 -
298 2,019 -
292 1,976 -
286 1,933 -
279 1,890 -
273 1,847 -
267 1,804 -
260 1,762 -
254 1,719 -
248 1,676 -
241 1,633 -
235 1,590 -
229 1,547 -
222 1,504 -
216 1,462 -
210 1,419 -
203 1,376 -
197 1,333 -
-5 Example Calculation

batt_om_per_kwh_res PV+BESS
year Capital Costs ($)
- PV power capacity (kW) 7 2019 39,612
- BESS storage capacity (kWh) 5 2020 37,423
- BESS power capacity (kW) 20 2021 34,837
- 2022 32,251
- 2023 29,664
- 2024 27,078
- 2025 24,492
- 2026 22,682
- 2027 20,873
- 2028 19,063
- 2029 17,254
- 2030 15,444
- 2031 15,166
- 2032 14,887
- 2033 14,608
- 2034 14,329
- 2035 14,051
- 2036 13,772
- 2037 13,493
- 2038 13,215
- 2039 12,936
- 2040 12,657
- 2041 12,379
- 2042 12,100
- 2043 11,821
- 2044 11,543
- 2045 11,264
- 2046 10,985
- 2047 10,707
- 2048 10,428
- 2049 10,149
- 2050 9,871
S Capital Costs ($)
Generated 2020/10/27
Residential PV+BESS cost estimates - ADV
Assume 2019 DC-Coupled Systems with 3.5-15 kW PV, 3-10
year PV_capex_per_kw_res batt_capex_per_kwh_res
2019 2,649 365
2020 2,484 336
2021 2,321 307
2022 2,159 278
2023 1,999 249
2024 1,842 221
2025 1,686 193
2026 1,532 181
2027 1,378 171
2028 1,226 163
2029 1,073 155
2030 921 148
2031 907 146
linear interpolation for battery costs, assuming 25% total cost
reduction between 2030 and 2050. PV cost reductions from

2032 894 144

2033 881 142
2034 868 140
2035 855 139
2036 841 137
2037 828 135
2038 815 133
ATB mid-case

2039 802 131

2040 788 129
2041 775 127
2042 762 126
2043 749 124
2044 736 122
2045 722 120
2046 709 118
2047 696 116
2048 683 115
2049 670 113
2050 656 111
esidential PV+BESS cost estimates - ADVANCED PV/MODERATE BESS
upled Systems with 3.5-15 kW PV, 3-10 kW battery power, and battery E/P ratios of 2-5
batt_capex_per_kw_res PV_batt_capex_constant_res batt_om_per_kw_res
720 4,847 -
686 4,642 -
657 4,468 -
629 4,293 -
605 4,147 -
586 4,024 -
569 3,919 -
555 3,836 -
543 3,760 -
532 3,691 -
521 3,620 -
511 3,556 -
505 3,511 -
498 3,467 -
492 3,422 -
485 3,378 -
479 3,334 -
473 3,289 -
466 3,245 -
460 3,200 -
454 3,156 -
447 3,111 -
441 3,067 -
434 3,022 -
428 2,978 -
422 2,934 -
415 2,889 -
409 2,845 -
402 2,800 -
396 2,756 -
390 2,711 -
383 2,667 -
-5 Example Calculation

batt_om_per_kwh_res PV+BESS
year Capital Costs ($)
- PV power capacity (kW) 7 2019 39,612
- BESS storage capacity (kWh) 5 2020 37,423
- BESS power capacity (kW) 20 2021 35,398
- 2022 33,373
- 2023 31,495
- 2024 29,733
- 2025 28,061
- 2026 26,574
- 2027 25,132
- 2028 23,731
- 2029 22,329
- 2030 20,959
- 2031 20,685
- 2032 20,411
- 2033 20,137
- 2034 19,863
- 2035 19,590
- 2036 19,316
- 2037 19,042
- 2038 18,768
- 2039 18,494
- 2040 18,220
- 2041 17,946
- 2042 17,672
- 2043 17,398
- 2044 17,124
- 2045 16,850
- 2046 16,576
- 2047 16,302
- 2048 16,029
- 2049 15,755
- 2050 15,481
S Capital Costs ($)
Generated 2020/10/27
Residential PV+BESS cost estimates - ADVA
Assume 2019 DC-Coupled Systems with 3.5-15 kW PV, 3-10
year PV_capex_per_kw_res batt_capex_per_kwh_res
2019 2,649 365
2020 2,484 336
2021 2,329 327
2022 2,173 318
2023 2,018 308
2024 1,863 299
2025 1,708 290
2026 1,555 284
2027 1,402 277
2028 1,249 270
2029 1,095 263
2030 942 257
2031 929 253
linear interpolation for battery costs, assuming 25% total cost
reduction between 2030 and 2050. PV cost reductions from

2032 915 250

2033 902 247
2034 888 244
2035 875 240
2036 861 237
2037 848 234
2038 834 231
ATB mid-case

2039 821 228

2040 807 224
2041 794 221
2042 780 218
2043 767 215
2044 753 212
2045 740 208
2046 726 205
2047 713 202
2048 700 199
2049 686 196
2050 673 192
idential PV+BESS cost estimates - ADVANCED PV/CONSERVATIVE BESS
upled Systems with 3.5-15 kW PV, 3-10 kW battery power, and battery E/P ratios of 2-5
batt_capex_per_kw_res PV_batt_capex_constant_res batt_om_per_kw_res
720 4,847 -
686 4,642 -
667 4,517 -
649 4,392 -
631 4,267 -
612 4,142 -
594 4,017 -
580 3,923 -
566 3,830 -
552 3,736 -
538 3,642 -
524 3,548 -
518 3,504 -
511 3,459 -
505 3,415 -
498 3,371 -
492 3,326 -
485 3,282 -
478 3,238 -
472 3,193 -
465 3,149 -
459 3,105 -
452 3,060 -
446 3,016 -
439 2,972 -
433 2,927 -
426 2,883 -
419 2,839 -
413 2,794 -
406 2,750 -
400 2,705 -
393 2,661 -
-5 Example Calculation

batt_om_per_kwh_res PV+BESS
year Capital Costs ($)
- PV power capacity (kW) 7 2019 39,612
- BESS storage capacity (kWh) 5 2020 37,423
- BESS power capacity (kW) 20 2021 35,798
- 2022 34,173
- 2023 32,548
- 2024 30,922
- 2025 29,297
- 2026 27,820
- 2027 26,343
- 2028 24,866
- 2029 23,389
- 2030 21,912
- 2031 21,626
- 2032 21,340
- 2033 21,054
- 2034 20,769
- 2035 20,483
- 2036 20,197
- 2037 19,911
- 2038 19,625
- 2039 19,339
- 2040 19,054
- 2041 18,768
- 2042 18,482
- 2043 18,196
- 2044 17,910
- 2045 17,624
- 2046 17,339
- 2047 17,053
- 2048 16,767
- 2049 16,481
- 2050 16,195
S Capital Costs ($)
Generated 2020/10/27
Residential PV+BESS cost estimates - CONS
Assume 2019 DC-Coupled Systems with 3.5-15 kW PV, 3-10
year PV_capex_per_kw_res batt_capex_per_kwh_res
2019 2,649 365
2020 2,484 336
2021 2,437 312
2022 2,389 288
2023 2,342 265
2024 2,295 241
2025 2,248 217
2026 2,211 206
2027 2,174 194
2028 2,138 182
2029 2,101 170
2030 2,064 158
2031 2,010 155
linear interpolation for battery costs, assuming 25% total cost
reduction between 2030 and 2050. PV cost reductions from

2032 1,955 152

2033 1,901 149
2034 1,846 146
2035 1,792 143
2036 1,738 140
2037 1,683 137
2038 1,629 134
ATB mid-case

2039 1,574 130

2040 1,520 127
2041 1,465 124
2042 1,411 121
2043 1,357 118
2044 1,302 115
2045 1,248 112
2046 1,193 109
2047 1,139 106
2048 1,084 103
2049 1,030 99
2050 976 96
idential PV+BESS cost estimates - CONSERVATIVE PV/ADVANCED BESS
upled Systems with 3.5-15 kW PV, 3-10 kW battery power, and battery E/P ratios of 2-5
batt_capex_per_kw_res PV_batt_capex_constant_res batt_om_per_kw_res
720 4,847 -
686 4,642 -
638 4,315 -
589 3,988 -
541 3,662 -
493 3,335 -
444 3,008 -
420 2,845 -
396 2,681 -
372 2,517 -
348 2,354 -
324 2,190 -
317 2,147 -
311 2,104 -
305 2,062 -
298 2,019 -
292 1,976 -
286 1,933 -
279 1,890 -
273 1,847 -
267 1,804 -
260 1,762 -
254 1,719 -
248 1,676 -
241 1,633 -
235 1,590 -
229 1,547 -
222 1,504 -
216 1,462 -
210 1,419 -
203 1,376 -
197 1,333 -
-5 Example Calculation

batt_om_per_kwh_res PV+BESS
year Capital Costs ($)
- PV power capacity (kW) 7 2019 39,612
- BESS storage capacity (kWh) 5 2020 37,423
- BESS power capacity (kW) 20 2021 35,683
- 2022 33,942
- 2023 32,202
- 2024 30,461
- 2025 28,721
- 2026 27,757
- 2027 26,794
- 2028 25,830
- 2029 24,866
- 2030 23,903
- 2031 23,337
- 2032 22,771
- 2033 22,205
- 2034 21,639
- 2035 21,073
- 2036 20,507
- 2037 19,941
- 2038 19,375
- 2039 18,809
- 2040 18,243
- 2041 17,677
- 2042 17,111
- 2043 16,545
- 2044 15,979
- 2045 15,413
- 2046 14,847
- 2047 14,281
- 2048 13,715
- 2049 13,149
- 2050 12,583
S Capital Costs ($)
Generated 2020/10/27
Residential PV+BESS cost estimates - CONSE
Assume 2019 DC-Coupled Systems with 3.5-15 kW PV, 3-10
year PV_capex_per_kw_res batt_capex_per_kwh_res
2019 2,649 365
2020 2,484 336
2021 2,442 307
2022 2,401 278
2023 2,362 249
2024 2,325 221
2025 2,290 193
2026 2,257 181
2027 2,224 171
2028 2,192 163
2029 2,160 155
2030 2,129 148
2031 2,075 146
linear interpolation for battery costs, assuming 25% total cost
reduction between 2030 and 2050. PV cost reductions from

2032 2,020 144

2033 1,966 142
2034 1,912 140
2035 1,858 139
2036 1,803 137
2037 1,749 135
2038 1,695 133
ATB mid-case

2039 1,641 131

2040 1,586 129
2041 1,532 127
2042 1,478 126
2043 1,424 124
2044 1,369 122
2045 1,315 120
2046 1,261 118
2047 1,207 116
2048 1,152 115
2049 1,098 113
2050 1,044 111
dential PV+BESS cost estimates - CONSERVATIVE PV/ MODERATE BESS/
upled Systems with 3.5-15 kW PV, 3-10 kW battery power, and battery E/P ratios of 2-5
batt_capex_per_kw_res PV_batt_capex_constant_res batt_om_per_kw_res
720 4,847 -
686 4,642 -
657 4,468 -
629 4,293 -
605 4,147 -
586 4,024 -
569 3,919 -
555 3,836 -
543 3,760 -
532 3,691 -
521 3,620 -
511 3,556 -
505 3,511 -
498 3,467 -
492 3,422 -
485 3,378 -
479 3,334 -
473 3,289 -
466 3,245 -
460 3,200 -
454 3,156 -
447 3,111 -
441 3,067 -
434 3,022 -
428 2,978 -
422 2,934 -
415 2,889 -
409 2,845 -
402 2,800 -
396 2,756 -
390 2,711 -
383 2,667 -
-5 Example Calculation

batt_om_per_kwh_res PV+BESS
year Capital Costs ($)
- PV power capacity (kW) 7 2019 39,612
- BESS storage capacity (kWh) 5 2020 37,423
- BESS power capacity (kW) 20 2021 36,244
- 2022 35,065
- 2023 34,033
- 2024 33,116
- 2025 32,290
- 2026 31,650
- 2027 31,053
- 2028 30,498
- 2029 29,941
- 2030 29,418
- 2031 28,856
- 2032 28,295
- 2033 27,734
- 2034 27,173
- 2035 26,612
- 2036 26,050
- 2037 25,489
- 2038 24,928
- 2039 24,367
- 2040 23,806
- 2041 23,244
- 2042 22,683
- 2043 22,122
- 2044 21,561
- 2045 21,000
- 2046 20,438
- 2047 19,877
- 2048 19,316
- 2049 18,755
- 2050 18,194
S Capital Costs ($)
Generated 2020/10/27
Residential PV+BESS cost estimates - CONSER
Assume 2019 DC-Coupled Systems with 3.5-15 kW PV, 3-10
year PV_capex_per_kw_res batt_capex_per_kwh_res
2019 2,649 365
2020 2,484 336
2021 2,449 327
2022 2,415 318
2023 2,381 308
2024 2,347 299
2025 2,312 290
2026 2,280 284
2027 2,248 277
2028 2,215 270
2029 2,183 263
2030 2,151 257
2031 2,096 253
linear interpolation for battery costs, assuming 25% total cost
reduction between 2030 and 2050. PV cost reductions from

2032 2,042 250

2033 1,987 247
2034 1,932 244
2035 1,878 240
2036 1,823 237
2037 1,769 234
2038 1,714 231
ATB mid-case

2039 1,660 228

2040 1,605 224
2041 1,551 221
2042 1,496 218
2043 1,442 215
2044 1,387 212
2045 1,333 208
2046 1,278 205
2047 1,224 202
2048 1,169 199
2049 1,115 196
2050 1,060 192
ential PV+BESS cost estimates - CONSERVATIVE BESS/CONSERVATIVE PV
upled Systems with 3.5-15 kW PV, 3-10 kW battery power, and battery E/P ratios of 2-5
batt_capex_per_kw_res PV_batt_capex_constant_res batt_om_per_kw_res
720 4,847 -
686 4,642 -
667 4,517 -
649 4,392 -
631 4,267 -
612 4,142 -
594 4,017 -
580 3,923 -
566 3,830 -
552 3,736 -
538 3,642 -
524 3,548 -
518 3,504 -
511 3,459 -
505 3,415 -
498 3,371 -
492 3,326 -
485 3,282 -
478 3,238 -
472 3,193 -
465 3,149 -
459 3,105 -
452 3,060 -
446 3,016 -
439 2,972 -
433 2,927 -
426 2,883 -
419 2,839 -
413 2,794 -
406 2,750 -
400 2,705 -
393 2,661 -
-5 Example Calculation

batt_om_per_kwh_res PV+BESS
year Capital Costs ($)
- PV power capacity (kW) 7 2019 39,612
- BESS storage capacity (kWh) 5 2020 37,423
- BESS power capacity (kW) 20 2021 36,644
- 2022 35,864
- 2023 35,085
- 2024 34,306
- 2025 33,526
- 2026 32,895
- 2027 32,264
- 2028 31,633
- 2029 31,002
- 2030 30,370
- 2031 29,797
- 2032 29,224
- 2033 28,651
- 2034 28,078
- 2035 27,505
- 2036 26,932
- 2037 26,359
- 2038 25,785
- 2039 25,212
- 2040 24,639
- 2041 24,066
- 2042 23,493
- 2043 22,920
- 2044 22,347
- 2045 21,774
- 2046 21,200
- 2047 20,627
- 2048 20,054
- 2049 19,481
- 2050 18,908
S Capital Costs ($)
Generated 2020/10/27

Residentia Stand-Alone BESS cost esti

Assume 2019 AC-Coupled Systems with 3.5-15 kW PV, 3-10 kW

year batt_capex_per_kwh_res batt_capex_per_kw_res

2019 360 1,807
2020 331 1,720
2021 302 1,648
2022 273 1,575
2023 245 1,515
2024 217 1,465
2025 189 1,422
2026 178 1,388
2027 168 1,358
2028 159 1,330
2029 152 1,302
2030 145 1,276
2031 143 1,260
linear interpolation for battery costs, assuming 25% total cost
reduction between 2030 and 2050. PV cost reductions from

2032 141 1,244

2033 139 1,228
2034 137 1,212
2035 136 1,196
2036 134 1,180
2037 132 1,164
2038 130 1,148
ATB mid-case

2039 128 1,132

2040 127 1,116
2041 125 1,100
2042 123 1,084
2043 121 1,068
2044 119 1,052
2045 118 1,037
2046 116 1,021
2047 114 1,005
2048 112 989
2049 110 973
2050 108 957
ntia Stand-Alone BESS cost estimates - MODERATE
ms with 3.5-15 kW PV, 3-10 kW battery power, and battery E/P ratios of 2-5

PV_batt_capex_constant_res batt_om_per_kw_res batt_om_per_kwh_res

6,088 - -
5,837 - -
5,624 - -
5,410 - -
5,230 - -
5,079 - -
4,950 - -
4,847 - -
4,753 - -
4,668 - -
4,581 - -
4,501 - -
4,445 - -
4,389 - -
4,332 - -
4,276 - -
4,220 - -
4,164 - -
4,107 - -
4,051 - -
3,995 - -
3,938 - -
3,882 - -
3,826 - -
3,770 - -
3,713 - -
3,657 - -
3,601 - -
3,545 - -
3,488 - -
3,432 - -
3,376 - -
 Example Calculation

year BESS Capital Costs ($)

BESS storage capacity (kWh) 20 2019 22,328
BESS power capacity (kW) 5 2020 21,059
2021 19,908
2022 18,755
2023 17,709
2024 16,747
2025 15,850
2026 15,347
2027 14,896
2028 14,503
2029 14,120
2030 13,773
2031 13,601
2032 13,428
2033 13,256
2034 13,084
2035 12,912
2036 12,740
2037 12,568
2038 12,395
2039 12,223
2040 12,051
2041 11,879
2042 11,707
2043 11,535
2044 11,362
2045 11,190
2046 11,018
2047 10,846
2048 10,674
2049 10,502
2050 10,330
Generated 2020/10/27

Residentia Stand-Alone BESS cost esti

Assume 2019 AC-Coupled Systems with 3.5-15 kW PV, 3-10 kW

year batt_capex_per_kwh_res batt_capex_per_kw_res

2019 360 1,807
2020 331 1,720
2021 308 1,599
2022 284 1,478
2023 261 1,357
2024 238 1,236
2025 215 1,115
2026 203 1,054
2027 191 994
2028 180 933
2029 168 872
2030 156 812
2031 153 796
linear interpolation for battery costs, assuming 25% total cost
reduction between 2030 and 2050. PV cost reductions from

2032 150 780

2033 147 764
2034 144 748
2035 141 732
2036 138 716
2037 135 701
2038 132 685
ATB mid-case

2039 129 669

2040 126 653
2041 123 637
2042 120 621
2043 116 605
2044 113 589
2045 110 573
2046 107 558
2047 104 542
2048 101 526
2049 98 510
2050 95 494
ntia Stand-Alone BESS cost estimates - ADVANCED
ms with 3.5-15 kW PV, 3-10 kW battery power, and battery E/P ratios of 2-5

PV_batt_capex_constant_res batt_om_per_kw_res batt_om_per_kwh_res

6,088 - -
5,837 - -
5,426 - -
5,015 - -
4,604 - -
4,194 - -
3,783 - -
3,577 - -
3,371 - -
3,165 - -
2,960 - -
2,754 - -
2,700 - -
2,646 - -
2,592 - -
2,538 - -
2,485 - -
2,431 - -
2,377 - -
2,323 - -
2,269 - -
2,215 - -
2,161 - -
2,107 - -
2,054 - -
2,000 - -
1,946 - -
1,892 - -
1,838 - -
1,784 - -
1,730 - -
1,676 - -
 Example Calculation

year BESS Capital Costs ($)

BESS storage capacity (kWh) 20 2019 22,328
BESS power capacity (kW) 5 2020 21,059
2021 19,577
2022 18,094
2023 16,612
2024 15,130
2025 13,648
2026 12,905
2027 12,163
2028 11,421
2029 10,678
2030 9,936
2031 9,742
2032 9,547
2033 9,353
2034 9,159
2035 8,964
2036 8,770
2037 8,575
2038 8,381
2039 8,187
2040 7,992
2041 7,798
2042 7,603
2043 7,409
2044 7,215
2045 7,020
2046 6,826
2047 6,631
2048 6,437
2049 6,243
2050 6,048
Generated 2020/10/27
Residentia Stand-Alone BESS cost estim
Assume 2019 AC-Coupled Systems with 3.5-15 kW PV, 3-10 kW
year batt_capex_per_kwh_res batt_capex_per_kw_res
2019 360 1,807
2020 331 1,720
2021 322 1,674
2022 313 1,628
2023 304 1,581
2024 295 1,535
2025 286 1,489
2026 280 1,454
2027 273 1,419
2028 266 1,385
2029 260 1,350
2030 253 1,315
2031 250 1,299
linear interpolation for battery costs, assuming 25% total cost
reduction between 2030 and 2050. PV cost reductions from

2032 247 1,282

2033 244 1,266
2034 240 1,249
2035 237 1,233
2036 234 1,216
2037 231 1,200
2038 228 1,184
ATB mid-case

2039 225 1,167

2040 221 1,151
2041 218 1,134
2042 215 1,118
2043 212 1,101
2044 209 1,085
2045 206 1,068
2046 202 1,052
2047 199 1,036
2048 196 1,019
2049 193 1,003
2050 190 986
tia Stand-Alone BESS cost estimates - CONSERVATIVE
ms with 3.5-15 kW PV, 3-10 kW battery power, and battery E/P ratios of 2-5
PV_batt_capex_constant_res batt_om_per_kw_res batt_om_per_kwh_res
6,088 - -
5,837 - -
5,680 - -
5,523 - -
5,366 - -
5,209 - -
5,052 - -
4,934 - -
4,816 - -
4,698 - -
4,580 - -
4,462 - -
4,406 - -
4,350 - -
4,294 - -
4,239 - -
4,183 - -
4,127 - -
4,071 - -
4,016 - -
3,960 - -
3,904 - -
3,848 - -
3,792 - -
3,737 - -
3,681 - -
3,625 - -
3,569 - -
3,514 - -
3,458 - -
3,402 - -
3,346 - -
 Example Calculation

year BESS Capital Costs ($)

BESS storage capacity (kWh) 20 2019 22,328
BESS power capacity (kW) 5 2020 21,059
2021 20,492
2022 19,925
2023 19,359
2024 18,792
2025 18,226
2026 17,800
2027 17,374
2028 16,949
2029 16,523
2030 16,098
2031 15,896
2032 15,695
2033 15,494
2034 15,293
2035 15,092
2036 14,890
2037 14,689
2038 14,488
2039 14,287
2040 14,085
2041 13,884
2042 13,683
2043 13,482
2044 13,281
2045 13,079
2046 12,878
2047 12,677
2048 12,476
2049 12,274
2050 12,073
 Capital Capital Round-
Variable Fixed Cycles (at
Costs Costs trip # of cycles
Technology Abbrev. O&M O&M 80%
(Energy) (Power) Efficiency per year
($/MWh) ($/kW-yr) DOD)
($/kWh) ($/kw) (DOD)
Flywheel (2018) 11,520 0 30 5.6 0.86 200,000 660
Ultracapacitors (2018) 74,480 0 30 1 0.92 1,000,000 660
LEAD (2018) 352 137 0.5125 5.11 0.72 900 660
LIB -4 hour (2020) 320 246 0.5125 10 0.86 3,500 330
FLOW (2018) 483 137 0.5125 5.89 0.68 10,000 330
Sodium Sulfur (2018) 794 450 0.3 10 0.75 4,000 330
Sodium Metal Halide (2018) 815 450 0.3 10 0.83 3,500 330
Zinc-Hybrid Cathode (2018) 438 450 0.3 10 0.72 3,500 330
CAES (2020) 4 1,153 0.5125 16.12 0.52 1 330
LAES (anticipated) 450 3,500 3.3 48.7 0.6 10,000 330
PTES (anticipated) 37 1,836 3.3 48.7 0.56 10,000 330
PSH (2020) 72 1,151 0.5125 26.62 0.8 15,000 52
Gravity (anticipated) 337 692 0 6.12 0.8 200,000 52
H2 elec-cavern- CC (2020) 4 7,351 9.4 29.7 0.27 10,000 52
H2 elec-cavern- FC (Future) 4 1,675 4.9 27 0.37 10,000 52
Depth of project WACC
Approx.
discharge lifetime used for
LCOS
(DOD) (years) LCOS

1 20 0.065 1.832
1 16 0.065 12.578
1 3 0.065 0.707
0.8 10 0.065 0.254
1 15 0.065 0.277
0.8 13.5 0.065 0.543
1 12.5 0.065 0.425
1 10 0.065 0.346
1 25 0.065 0.096
1 25 0.065 0.348
1 25 0.065 0.116
1 40 0.065 0.237
1 25 0.065 0.771
1 30 0.065 2.486
1 30 0.065 0.41