Measures of Variability

By: Redwaynne Jester T. Ipapo, LPT

Objectives
At the end of the discussion, students must be able to:
• Compute the range, variance, and standard deviation of
an ungrouped data set.
• Interpret the range, variance, and standard deviation of an
ungrouped data set.

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 Measures of Variability
It is an important characteristic of a data set that refers to how
data is distributed, or how far each element is from some
measure of central tendency.

DISPERSION is the difference between the actual value and

the average value.

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 RANGE
It is the difference of the highest value and the lowest value in the
data set.

Advantages Disadvantages
* It is easy to compute * It can be distorted by a
single extreme value
* It is easy to understand

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Example:
The daily rates of a sample of eight employees at GMS Inc.
are ₱550, ₱420, ₱560, ₱500, ₱700, ₱670, ₱860, ₱480.
Find the range.
Highest Value: ₱860 Lowest
Value: ₱420

𝑹𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 = 𝑯𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒆𝒔𝒕 𝑽𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆 − 𝑳𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒔𝒕 𝑽𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆

= ₱860 - ₱420
= ₱440 The range in daily rate salary is ₱440
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Example:

The monthly salary of six faculties in the Senior

High School Department at University of
Mindanao are: ₱17200, ₱17500, ₱18400, ₱17800,
₱18100 and
₱19000. Find the range.

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 Highest Value: ₱19000
Lowest Value: ₱17200

𝑹𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 = 𝑯𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒆𝒔𝒕 𝑽𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆 − 𝑳𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒔𝒕 𝑽𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆

= ₱19000 - ₱17200
= ₱1800

The range of monthly salary is ₱1800

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Example:

LeBron James’ scores in his first ten games this

season are 22, 22, 18, 29, 26, 26, 22, 26, 27, and 28.
Determine the range of his scoring outputs.

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 Highest Value: 29
Lowest Value: 18

𝑹𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 = 𝑯𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒆𝒔𝒕 𝑽𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆 − 𝑳𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒔𝒕 𝑽𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆

= 29- 18
= 11

The range of James’ scoring outputs is 11

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Example:

The monthly salaries of 12 faculty members in the Senior

High School Department at University of Mindanao are:
₱17200, ₱17200, ₱17200, ₱17500, ₱17500, ₱17800,
₱18100, ₱18100, ₱18400, ₱19000 and ₱26800. Find the
range.

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 Highest Value: ₱26800
Lowest Value: ₱17200

𝑹𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 = 𝑯𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒆𝒔𝒕 𝑽𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆 − 𝑳𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒔𝒕 𝑽𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆

= ₱26800 - ₱17200
= ₱9600

The range of monthly salary is ₱9600

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Example:

The weekly sales of a Burger Stand for the past 15 weeks

are: ₱15600, ₱15600, ₱15600, ₱18590, ₱18590, ₱ 21400,
₱21400, ₱21400, ₱21400, ₱19300, ₱22100, ₱17480,
₱17840, ₱17840, and ₱21000. Find the average weekly
sales.

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 Highest Value: ₱22100
Lowest Value: ₱15600

𝑹𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 = 𝑯𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒆𝒔𝒕 𝑽𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆 − 𝑳𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒔𝒕 𝑽𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆

= ₱22100 - ₱15600
= ₱6500
The range of weekly sales is ₱6500

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 VARIANCE AND
STANDARD DEVIATION
- spreadness of the data

The more spread apart the data, the higher

the deviation.

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 Variance
- mathematical expectation of the average squared
deviations from the mean.

Standard Deviation
-is calculated as the square root of variance.

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 Range Rule of Thumb
The range can be used to approximate the standard
deviation.
FORMULA
𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒
σ= 4

Note: This is only an approximation and it should be used when the

distribution of data values is unimodal and roughly symmetric.

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 Sample Variance and Sample Standard
Deviation for Ungrouped Data

FORMULA FORMULA
s- sample standard deviation
σ 𝑥 − 𝑥ҧ σ 𝑥 − 𝑥ҧ 2 s2 −sample variance
2 s =
2 x- the value of any particular
observations or measurements.
s= 𝑛−1 � −sample
𝑛−1
STANDARD DEVIATION VARIANCE
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Example:

The daily rates of a sample of eight employees at GMS Inc.

are ₱550, ₱420, ₱560, ₱500, ₱700, ₱670, ₱860, ₱480.
Find the variance and standard deviation.

Compute the mean of the data set.

�ത σ𝑥 ₱55 0+
0+ ₱560 +
� = ₱500 +
𝑛 ₱42
₱700 +
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 ₱ 4740
6 =
7 =
0 8 592.50

+
₱
8
6
0
+
₱
4
8
0
=
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Subtract the mean from each of the value in the data set
𝒙 𝒙 − 𝒙ഥ
550 −42.50
420 −172.50
560 −32.50
500 −92.50
700 107.50
670 77.50
860 267.50
480 −112.50

෍ 𝒙 = 𝟒𝟕𝟒𝟎 ෍(𝒙 − 𝒙ഥ) = 𝟎

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 Square the 𝑿 − 𝑿ഥ , then get the sum.
𝒙 𝒙 − 𝒙ഥ 𝒙 − 𝒙ഥ 𝟐
550 −42.50 1806.25
420 −172.50 29756.25
560 −32.50 1056.25
500 −92.50 8556.25
700 107.50 11556.25
670 77.50 6006.25
860 267.50 71556.25
480 −112.50 12656.25
𝟐
෍ 𝒙 = 𝟒𝟕𝟒𝟎 ෍(𝒙 − 𝒙) = 𝟎 ෍ 𝒙 − 𝑥ҧ = 𝟏𝟒𝟐𝟗𝟓𝟎

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 Substitute the values in the formula
2
σ 𝑥 − 𝑥ҧ
s =
2
σ 𝑥 −ҧ
𝑥2
𝑛−1 s= 𝑛−1
142950 𝑠 = 20421.43
s2 = 8 − 1
s = 142950
s𝟐 = 𝟐𝟎𝟒𝟐𝟏. 𝟒𝟑 8−1 𝒔 = 𝟏𝟒𝟐. 𝟗𝟎

Hence , the variance is ₱20,421.43 and the standard deviation is ₱142.90

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Example:

LeBron James’ scores in his first ten games this

season are 22, 22, 18, 29, 26, 26, 22, 26, 27, and 28.
Determine the variance and standard deviation of
his scoring outputs.

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 Compute the mean of the data set.

𝑋ത σ𝑥 22 + 22 + 18 + 29 + 26 + 26 + 22 + 26 + 27 + 24
= 28 6 = 24.6
𝑛 = 10
=
10

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Subtract the mean from each of the value in the data set
𝒙 𝒙 − 𝒙ഥ
22 -2.6
22 -2.6
18 -6.6
29 4.4
26 1.4
26 1.4
22 -2.6
26 1.4
27 2.4
28 3.4
σ 𝒙 = 𝟐𝟒𝟔 σ(𝒙 − 𝑥ҧ) = 𝟎

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 Square the 𝐱 − 𝒙ഥ, then get the sum.
𝒙 𝒙 − 𝒙ഥ 𝒙 − 𝒙ഥ 𝟐
22 -2.6 (-2.6)^2=6.76
22 -2.6
18 -6.6
29 4.4
26 1.4
26 1.4
22 -2.6
26 1.4
27 2.4
28 3.4
σ 𝒙 = 𝟐𝟒𝟔 σ(𝒙 − 𝑥ҧ) = 𝟎

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 Square the 𝐱 − 𝒙ഥ, then get the sum.
𝒙 𝒙 − 𝒙ഥ 𝒙 − 𝒙ഥ 𝟐
22 -2.6 6.76
22 -2.6 6.76
18 -6.6 43.56
29 4.4 19.36
26 1.4 1.96
26 1.4 1.96
22 -2.6 6.76
26 1.4 1.96
27 2.4 5.76
28 3.4 11.56
σ 𝒙 = 𝟐𝟒𝟔 σ(𝒙 − 𝑥ҧ) = 𝟎 σ 𝑥 − 𝑥ҧ 2=106.4

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 Substitute the values in the formula
2
σ 𝑥 − 𝑥ҧ
s =
2
σ 𝑥 −ҧ
𝑥2
𝑛−1 s= 𝑛−1
106.4 s = 11.82
s2 = 10 − 1
s = 106.4
s𝟐 = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟖𝟐 10 − 1 s = 𝟑. 𝟒𝟒

Hence , the variance is 11.82 and the standard deviation is 3.44

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Example:

Worker participation in management is a new concept that

involves employees in corporate decision making, The
following data are the percentages of employees involved
in worker participation programs in a sample of 12 firms.
32, 33, 35, 42, 43, 42, 45, 46, 44, 47, 48, 48. Determine the
variance and standard deviation.

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 Compute the mean of the data set.

� σ 𝑥 32 + 33 + 35 + 42 + 43 + 42 + 45 + 46 + 44 + 47 + 48 + 50
= 48 5 = 42.08
� 𝑛 = =
ത 12 12

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 𝒙 𝒙 − 𝒙ഥ
32 -10.08
33 -9.08
Subtract the mean from 35 -7.08
each of the value in the 42 -0.08
data set 43 0.92
42 -0.08
45 2.92
46 3.92
44 1.92
47 4.92
48 5.92
48 5.92
σ 𝒙 = 𝟓𝟎𝟓 σ 𝒙 − 𝒙ഥ = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟒

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 𝒙 𝒙 − 𝒙ഥ 𝒙 − 𝒙ഥ 𝟐
32 -10.08 101.6064
33 -9.08 82.4464
S quare the 35 -7.08 50.1264

𝐱 − 𝒙ഥ, then 42 -0.08 0.0064

43 0.92 0.8464
get the 42 -0.08 0.0064
sum. 45 2.92 8.5264
46 3.92 15.3664
44 1.92 3.6864
47 4.92 24.2064
48 5.92 35.0464
48 5.92 35.0464
σ 𝒙 = 𝟓𝟎𝟓 σ 𝒙 − 𝒙ഥ = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟒 σ 𝒙 − 𝑥ҧ 𝟐 = 𝟑𝟓𝟔. 𝟗𝟏𝟔𝟖

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 Substitute the values in the formula
2
σ
s2 = 𝑥 − 𝑥ҧ σ 𝑥 −ҧ
𝑥2
𝑛−1 s= 𝑛−1
𝟑𝟓𝟔. 𝟗𝟏𝟔𝟖 s = 32.45
s2 = 12 − 1
s = 106.4
s = 𝟑𝟐. 𝟒𝟓
𝟐 12 − 1 s = 𝟓. 𝟕𝟎

Hence , the variance is 32.45 and the standard deviation is 5.70

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Compute the range, variance, and
standard deviation of the given data set.
The weekly wages in pesos of a production
worker in a manufacturing company are:
₱720, ₱738, ₱750, ₱720, ₱732, ₱690, ₱696,
₱684, ₱762, ₱762, and ₱690.

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 Highest Value: ₱762
Lowest Value: ₱684

𝑹𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 = 𝑯𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒆𝒔𝒕 𝑽𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆 − 𝑳𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒔𝒕 𝑽𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆

= ₱762 - ₱684
= ₱78

The range of monthly salary is ₱78

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 Compute the mean of the data set.

� σ 𝑥 720+738+750+720+732+690+696+684+762+762+690 794
= = 4 = 722.18
� 𝑛 11 =
ത 11

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 𝒙 𝒙 − 𝒙ഥ
720 -2.18
Subtract the mean from 738 15.82
each of the value in the 750 27.82
720 -2.18
data set 732 9.82
690 -32.18
696 -26.18
684 -38.18
762 39.82
762 39.82
690 -32.18
σ 𝒙 = 𝟕𝟗𝟒𝟒 σ 𝒙 − 𝒙ഥ = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐

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 𝒙 𝒙 − 𝒙ഥ 𝒙 − 𝒙ഥ 𝟐
720 -2.18 4.7524
738 15.82 250.2724
Square the 750 27.82 773.9524
𝐱 − 𝒙ഥ, then 720 -2.18 4.7524
732 9.82 96.4324
get the 690 -32.18 1035.5524
sum. 696 -26.18 685.3924
684 -38.18 1457.7124
762 39.82 1585.6324
762 39.82 1585.6324
690 -32.18 1035.5524
σ 𝒙 = 𝟕𝟗𝟒𝟒 σ 𝒙 − 𝒙ഥ = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐 σ 𝒙 − 𝒙ഥ 𝟐 = 𝟖𝟓𝟏𝟓. 𝟔𝟑𝟔𝟒

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 Substitute the values in the formula
2
σ
s2 = 𝑥 − 𝑥ҧ σ 𝑥 −ҧ
𝑥2
𝑛−1 s= 𝑛−1
𝟖𝟓𝟏𝟓. 𝟔𝟑𝟔𝟒 s = 851.56
𝑠2 = 11 − 1
s = 𝟖𝟓𝟏𝟓. 𝟔𝟑𝟔𝟒 11 − 1
s𝟐 = 𝟖𝟓𝟏. 𝟓𝟔 s = 𝟐𝟗. 𝟏𝟖

Hence , the variance is 851.56 and the standard deviation is 29.18

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End of Presentation