MATH03

Statistics and Probability

Course Outcome 1
Lesson 2: Measure of Central Tendencies

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Objectives
At the end of the discussion, students must be able to:
• Recall the concept of summation
• Evaluate summation notation
• Compute the mean, median, and mode of an ungrouped data set.

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 DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS
Measure of Central Tendency
CENTRAL
LOCATION
- a single value representative of the general level of magnitude
of the elements in a data set

- the value that best characterizes a distribution or a set of data.

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 Measure of Central Tendency
Mean Median Mode
The mean is the The median is the The mode is the
sum of the value in a series value in a series
measurements or of ranked of observations
scores divided by observations that or measurements
the number of divides the series with the greatest
measurements or into halves. frequency.
scores.
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 PAIR BOYS GIRLS
1 12 11
2 12 13
3 14 12
4 13 14
5 11 10

5
2 . ∑ 𝑦 𝑖 = 𝑦 1+ 𝑦 2 + 𝑦 3 + 𝑦 4 + 𝑦 5
𝑖 =1

¿ 11+ 13+12+14 +10

¿ 60 shs.mapua.edu.ph
 PAIR BOYS GIRLS
1 12 11
2 12 13
3 14 12
4 13 14
5 11 10

2 2 2 2 2
¿ ( 1) 2
¿(12−11) +(12−13) +(14−12) +(13−14) +(11−10)
+(− 1 ) 2 2
+(2 ) 2
+ ( − 1) +(1 ) 2

¿ 1 +1 + 4 +1 +1

¿ 8
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Student No. Age
1
2
15
16
Given the data set on the
3 16 left, solve for the ff.:
4 18
5 17
6 14
7 15

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 Student No. Age
1 15
2 16
3 16
7 4 18
∑ 𝑥 𝑖 =𝑥 1 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 4 + 𝑥 5 + 𝑥6 + 𝑥 7
5 17
𝑖 =1

6 14
¿ 15+ 16+16 +18+17 +14 +15 7 15
¿ 111

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 Student No. Age
1 15
2 16
3 16
4 18
5 17
2. 6 14
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 7 15
¿ 15 + 16 +16 +18 +17 +14 +15
¿ 225 +256+ 256+324 +289 +196+ 225
¿ 1771
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 Measures of Central Tendency of
UNGROUPED DATA
Ungrouped or Raw Data are those data which are not
yet organized or arranged into frequency distribution.

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Measure of Central Statistic Parameter
Tendency

Mean

Median mdn Mdn

Mode mo Mo

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 Arithmetic Mean
The arithmetic mean or arithmetic average is defined
as the sum of the values of variables divided by the
number of observations.

The symbol for the sample mean is and for

population mean is Greek letter

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POPULATION MEAN SAMPLE MEAN

Population Mean Sample Mean

ith observed value. ith observed value.
N = total number of observations n = total number of observations
∑ = summation notation ∑ = summation notation

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Example:
The monthly salary of six faculties in the Senior High
School Department at University of Mindanao are:
₱17200, ₱17500, ₱18400, ₱17800, ₱18100 and ₱19000.
Find the average monthly salary.
Given: 𝒏=𝟔
Solution: 𝒙=
∑ 𝒙
𝒏
17200+17500+ 18400+17800+ 18100+19000
¿
6
¿ 𝟏𝟖 , 𝟎𝟎𝟎
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Example:

LeBron James’ scores in his first ten games last

season are 22, 22, 18, 29, 26, 26, 22, 26, 27, and 28.
What is his points per game for his first 10 games?

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Given: 𝒏=𝟏𝟎

Solution: 𝒙=
∑ 𝒙
𝒏
22+22+18 +29+26 +26 +22+26 +27+ 28
¿
10
246
¿
10
¿ 𝟐𝟒 . 𝟔
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 When some items appear several
times, the sample mean is
computed by the formula:
FORMULA

where is the product of each item and its frequency and

is the number of items.
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Example:
The monthly salaries of 12 faculty members in the Senior
High School Department at University of Mindanao are:
₱17200, ₱17200, ₱17200, ₱17500, ₱17500, ₱17800,
₱18100, ₱18100, ₱18400, ₱18400 ₱19000 and ₱26800

Given: 𝒏=𝟏𝟐
Solution: 𝒙=
∑ 𝒇𝒙
𝒏
17200 ( 3 ) +17500 ( 2 )+ 17800+18100 ( 2 ) +18400 ( 2 )+ 19000+26800
¿
12
¿ 𝟏𝟖 , 𝟔𝟎𝟎
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Example:

The weekly sales of a Burger Stand for the past 15 weeks

are: ₱15600, ₱15600, ₱15600, ₱18590, ₱18590, ₱ 21400,
₱21400, ₱21400, ₱21400, ₱19300, ₱22100, ₱17480,
₱17480, ₱17480, and ₱21000. Find the average weekly
sales.

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Given: 𝒏=𝟏𝟓
Solution: 𝒙=
∑ 𝒇𝒙
𝒏
15600 ( 3 ) +1 8590 ( 2 ) + 21400( 4)+19300 +22100+1 7480( 3)+21000
¿
15
¿ 𝟏𝟖𝟗𝟔𝟏 .𝟑𝟑

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 Weighted Mean
- an average where each value has a specific weight
or frequency assigned to it.
FORMULA

Where is a data value and is the weight assigned to that

data value. The sum is taken over all data values.
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Example:

If 9000 Algebra books were sold at ₱215 each, 1200

Trigonometry books at ₱220 each, 5000 Business
Mathematics books at ₱340 each and 4500 Statistics
books at ₱270, find the mean sales of four books.

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 𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔h𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒=
∑ 𝑥𝑤
Solution:
∑𝑤
215(9000)+220(1200)+ 340 ( 500 0 ) + 270( 4500)
¿
9000+ 1200+5000+ 4500

5 114 000
¿
19 700
¿ 𝟐𝟓𝟗 . 𝟓𝟗
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Example:
A university student recently got her report card and
she got 90 in Calculus II, 97 in College Geometry, 92 in
Math Investigation, 88 in Research I, 93 in Educational
Technology, and 87 in Personality Education. If Math
subjects weigh 5 units and other subjects weigh 2 units,
what is her GWA?

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 𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔h𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒=
∑ 𝑥𝑤
Solution:
∑𝑤
90 ( 5 ) + 97 ( 5 ) + 92 ( 5 ) +88 ( 2 ) + 93 ( 2 ) +87 (2)
¿
5+ 5+5+ 2+2+2

1931
¿
21
¿ 𝟗𝟏 . 𝟗𝟓
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 The Median
The median of ungrouped data arranged in an array.
(increasing or decreasing order of magnitude)
 If you have an even number of items , the
median is the arithmetic average of two middle
values.
 If you have an odd number of items , the
median is the middle observation.
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 𝒎 𝒅𝒏=
𝒏+𝟏
𝟐
𝒕𝒉( )
Item is in an array. We denote this with the
symbol mdn.

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Example:

The weekly wages in pesos of a production worker

in a manufacturing company are: ₱720, ₱738,
₱750, ₱720, ₱732, ₱690, ₱696, ₱684, ₱762, ₱762,
and ₱690. Find the median.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
₱684 ₱690 ₱690 ₱696 ₱720 ₱720 ₱732 ₱738 ₱750 ₱762 ₱762

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 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
₱684 ₱690 ₱690 ₱696 ₱720 ₱720 ₱732 ₱738 ₱750 ₱762 ₱762

𝑚 𝑑𝑛= ( 12
) 𝑡h
( )
11+1 2
𝑚 𝑑𝑛= 𝑡h
2 𝒎 𝒅𝒏 =𝟔 𝒕𝒉
𝒎 𝒅𝒏 =₱ 720
The median is ₱720, which is the middle item when
the items are arranged in increasing order.
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Example:

Worker participation in management is a new concept that

involves employees in corporate decision making, The following
data are the percentages of employees involved in worker
participation programs in a sample of 12 firms.
32, 33, 35, 42, 43, 42, 45, 46, 44, 47, 48, 48. Find the median.

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 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
32 33 35 42 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 48

𝑚 𝑑𝑛= (
2 )
1 2 +1
𝒎 𝒅𝒏
𝑡h =𝟔 .𝟓 𝒕𝒉
𝒎 𝒅𝒏 =43.5
𝑚 𝑑𝑛= ( 𝒎)𝒅𝒏
𝑡h =( )
13 𝟒𝟑+ 𝟒𝟒
2 𝟐

The median is 43.5

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 The Mode
The mode for ungrouped data is defined as the value
that appears with the highest frequency.
 Same Frequency- mode does not exist.
Unimodal- one mode
Bimodal- two modes
Multimodal- three or more modes

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Example:
The weekly wages in pesos of a production worker in a
manufacturing company are: ₱720, ₱738, ₱750, ₱720, ₱732,
₱690, ₱696, ₱684, ₱762, ₱762, and ₱690. Find the mode.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
₱684 ₱690 ₱690 ₱696 ₱720 ₱720 ₱732 ₱738 ₱750 ₱762 ₱762

The values ₱690, ₱720 and ₱762 appeared twice. Therefore,

the modes are ₱690, ₱720 and ₱762, which is multimodal.
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Example:

Worker participation in management is a new concept that involves

employees in corporate decision making, The following data are the
percentages of employees involved in worker participation programs in a
sample of 12 firms.
32, 33, 35, 42, 43, 42, 45, 46, 44, 47, 48, 48. Find the mode

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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
32 33 35 42 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 48

The values 42 and 48 appeared twice. Therefore, the modes

are 42 and 48, which is bimodal.

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Determine the three measures of central
tendencies on the following set of data.

The data show the weight of 20 students in

kilograms:
50, 48, 60, 55, 57, 57, 46, 63, 70, 58, 51, 52, 55,
54, 59, 49, 55, 50, 52, 68
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Mean
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
46 48 49 50 50 51 52 52 54 55 55 55 57 57 58 59 60 63 68 70

𝑥=
∑ 𝑓𝑥
Solution: 𝑛
46 + 48+ 49+50 ( 2 ) +51+52 ( 2 ) +54 +55 ( 3 ) +57 ( 2 ) +58+ 59+60+ 63+68 +70
¿
20

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Median
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
46 48 49 50 50 51 52 52 54 55 55 55 57 57 58 59 60 63 68 70

( )
𝒕𝒉
𝒏+ 𝟏
Solution: 𝒎𝒅𝒏=
𝟐
( )
𝒕𝒉
𝟐𝟎+𝟏
𝒎𝒅𝒏=
𝟐
𝒕𝒉
𝒎𝒅𝒏=𝟏𝟎 .𝟓
𝟓𝟓+ 𝟓𝟓
𝒎𝒅𝒏= =𝟓𝟓
𝟐
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