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The human oocyte, after its escape from the follicle, retains a covering
Menghasilkan hormon sex perempuan: estrogen, progesteron, of granulosa cells known as the corona radiata derived from the
Gametogenesis; The process involved in the maturation of the two
inhibin cumulus oophorus.
highly specialized cells, spermatozoon in male and ovum in female
before they unite to form zygote Saat intragestasi, oogenia (germ cells) (46XX) bermitosis
1. SPERMATOGENESIS menghasilkan banyak sekali dan berhenti diusia gestasi 20 minggu
Testis punya 2 fungsi utama: jumlah hingga 7 million.
Saat masih dalam fetal development, oogonia →→meiosis1 tapi
Membuat sperma
BELUM selesai, hence [meiotic arrest]→→ menjadi primary oocyte
Membuat hormon testosteron
46XX, also known as premordial follicles and present at the cortex
Didalam testis ada sel sertoli yang membentuk seminifeous tubules →
of ovaries.
sperma dibentuk diatara sel sertoli → lalu sperma ke epididymis untuk
At birth, no more meiotic division and all oogonia is replaced by
maturation and stored a while → akan ejakulasi dengan bantuan
primary oocyte (masih resting diantara profase dan metafase). Primary
smooth muscle-like layer dari lumen tubules
oocyte berkisar 400,000, sisanya atresia. Dari 400,000 itu sekitar 400
Dan sel leydig (diluar tubulus) → tempat membuat testosteron
ovulasi.
Germ cells differentiate →→mitosis→→ (jadi 2 sel) [satu
spermatogonia] dan [satu primary spermatocyte (46,XY)].
{skenario pertama} Puberty → terjadi pematangan folikel de graaf
Satu Primary spermatocyte melewati tight junction (memisahkan basal
[complete meiosis 1] just before the ovulation occurs → menghasilkan
compartment dan luminal compartment, dimana beda chemical
satu secondary oocyte (23X) dan satu polar body #1 (23X) →
environment nya) →→meiosis1→→ menghasilkan dua secondary
ovulasi → terfertilisasi oleh sperma →→meiosis2→→ menghasilkan
spermatocyte (@ 23X/Y) →→meiosis2→→ empat spermatids (@
satu ovum (23X) dan satu polar body (23X) #2
23X/Y) *polar body #1 juga undergo meiosis2, namun karna tidak dibuahi jadi mati
Another function of the tight junctions is to protect the haploid cells
{skenario kedua} Puberty → terjadi pematangan folikel de graaf
from our own immune system because they only have half the
[complete meiosis 1] just before the ovulation occurs → menghasilkan
chromosomes so the body thinks it’s foreign.
satu secondary oocyte (23X) dan satu polar body #1 (23X) →
Spermatids dapat nutrisi dari sel sertoli → undergo spemiogenesis →
ovulasi → tidak difertilisasi → tidak lanjut meiosis, dengenerate in 24
menghasilkan spermatozoa → nanti ke epididymis acquired more
hours
michtocondria and longer flagella
1 primary spermatocyte = 4 spermatozoa
3. zona basal /thin basal layer – basal portion of the gland, opposed to
uterine muscle. Regenerasi dari lapisan endometrium dari lapisan ini
3. FERTILIZATION; almost always take place in ampullary part Hatching allows the blastocysts produce cytokines and hormones to Sel2 trophoblast yang menempel ke dinding endometrium beberapa
of tuba directly influence the endometrial receptivity (IL-1α and IL-1β, hCG). akan menyatu (fuse) – hence the name syncytiotrophoblast. Scty nanti
Setelah ovulasi → ovum is picked up by tubal fimbriae, facilitated by Endometrium juga merespon dengan memproduksi leukemia akan saling menyatu membentuk lakuna yang besar.
might be muscular/ by suction/ by positive chemotaxis exerted by tubal inhibitory factor (LIF) and colony stimulating factor-1 (CSF-1) {D8 Sel2 trophoblast lain yang mempertahankan uniselularitasnya disebut
secretion, later transported to ampullary part prostagladin, COX-2, progesteron} dimana meningkatkan produksi cytotrophoblast/ Langhans’ layer
Life span of fertilizable oocyte: 12-24hrs, sperm 48-72 hrs protease trophoblast. Hal ini membantu mendegradasi Scty penetrasi lebih dalam ke stroma, dan ke endothelium kapiler
Sperma (akrosom) menembus corona radiata ovum → menembus zona endometrium dan membantu invasi trophoblast. maternal. Nah dinding kapiler maternal akan erosi, digantikan oleh
pelusida → menuju oocyte cytoplasm → fusion of two nuclei (ovum Outer cells of the morula (polar) → trophectoderm → differentiates lakuna.
and sperm) → zygote to chorion (plasenta) Proses ini selesai di hari ke 10 atau 11 setelah fertilisasi.
Inner cell of the morula (apolar) → inner cell mass /mediated by Interstitial implantation: blastosit sudah ditutupi disegala sisi oleh
epithelial cadherin (E-cadherin) → differentiate to embryo endometrium (desidua). Akan terjadi peningkatan aluran darah ke
Other undifferentiated cells → embryonic stem cells (ES cells) / ruang2 lakuna. Hal ini akan merusak lakuna dan terjadi ekstravasai
produce somatic cells of any germ layer, ecto/meso/endoderm. darah ke kavum uterus. Hal ini terjadi di hari ke 13 setelah fertilisasi
Trophoblast
4. IMPLANTATION/ Nydation → dikontrol oleh sitokin (IL-3, 4, 5, Outer cells of the morula (polar) → trophectoderm → differentiates
6, 10, 13), epidermal growth factor (EGF), insulin like growth factor to chorion (plasenta)
(IGF), dan prostaglandins, dihasilkan oleh embrio dan desidua. Inner cell of the morula (apolar) → inner cell mass /mediated by
Hari 6-7 post fertilisasi, embryo menempel di dinding rahim, bisa di epithelial cadherin (E-cadherin) → differentiate to embryo
dinding anterior atau posterior dekat fundus. (W24 3 tahap: apposition, Explanation
adhesion, invasion/ D8 4 tahap: apposition, adhesion, penetration, Hari 8 post fertilisasi; Trophectoderm berdiferensiasi menjadi
invasion) syncytiotrophoblast dan cytotrophoblast
In order for an implantation to be successful, it has to occur within
days 20 to 24 of the cycle. This time period provides a receptive
endometrium that has been appropriately primed with estrogen and
progesterone by corpus luteum. Has it done later than 24th day, the
potential for adhesion is diminished because the presence of
antiadhesives glycoprotein synthesis that prevents receptor
interaction.
Apposition; initial contact of the blastocyst to the uterine wall
The blastocyst loosely adheres to endometrial epithelium usually
in the upper posterior uterine wall.
Microvili (mengelilingi si trophoectoderm) berinteraksi dengan
sel desidua (pinopods) membentuk junctional complexes.
Pinopods (finger like projections from endometrial cell surface)
absorbs the endometrial fluids yang dikeluarkan dari endometrial
glands. Fluids ini harus diabsorbsi supaya bisa terjadi adhesi.
Fluid ini berisi glikogen, mucin, isinya nutrisi untuk si blastosit. Syncytiotrophoblast; lapisan terluar dari trofoblas, sel-selnya tidak
memiliki batas interselular karena membrannya telah hilang
Adhesion; increased physical contact between the blastocyst and
(syncytium) /sudah fuse antar selnya, karna banyak sudah saling fused,
Zygote → [(30 hours, mitosis) 2 cells → 4 cells → 8 cells → 16 cells/ uterine epithelium
dia multinucleated. Dibuat oleh cytotrophoblast
morula] berlangsung selama 3 hari di tuba fallopian → Hari 3-4 Keberhasilan adhesi melibatkan adanya cellular adhesion
Cytotrophoblast /Langhans’ layer; mononuclear cell layer, bisa
MORULA (16 cells) → morula remains free in the uterine cavity → molecules (CAMs), salah satunya integrins yang diregulasi secara
mitosis, merupakan germinal cell untuk syncytiotrophoblast.
early blastocyst. hormonal, secara spesifik αVβ3 and α4β1 adalah marker
After implantation is complete, trophoblast further differentiate along
Blastosit: >= 32 sel. blastula 58 sel “terpisah” menjadi → 5cells: inner receptivity untuk penempelan blastosit.
two main pathways, giving rise to villous and extravillous trophoblast.
cell mass & 53 cells: trophoblast Invasion; trophoectoderm nanti differensiasi menjadi
Villous cytotrophoblast → menjadi chorionic villi (fungsi: transport
syncytiotrophoblast dan cytotrophoblast → penetration and
oksigen, nutrient, dll antara fetus dan ibu)
invasion of syncytiotrophoblast and cytotrophoblasts into the
Extravillous trophoblast ada 2;
endometrium, and uterine vasculature.
Interstitial trophoblast → masuk ke desidua, membentuk
Penetration;
placental bed giant cells, mengelilingi spiral arteries
invasi terjadi melalui karena adanya aktifitas blastosit
melakukan histolytic action sel stroma diantara glands. Dengan Intravascular trophoblast → penetrasi ke lumen arteri spiral
meningkatnya lisis di sel stroma, blastosit lama2 semakin
tertanam didalam stratum compactum dari desidua.
Blastocyst membesar → zona pellusida merenggang, menipis, lalu
menghilang, embryo escape /also called zona hatching.
Early Trophoblast Invasion
Hari ke 10 post fertilisasi, trophoblast sudah sepenuhnya ‘tertanam’
dalam endometrium.