Surveying Lab 2.0

Elementary Surveying
Engr. Jomar Llanto

ELEMENTARY SURVEYING
SURVEYING FIELD NOTES
constitutes the only reliable and permanent record of
actual work done in the field
no matter how carefully the field measurements are
made, the survey as a whole may be useless if some
of the measurements are not recorded
before survey is made, the necessary data to be
collected should be considered carefully
official record of the survey and must be complete,
legible, concise and comprehensive, and logically
arranged
FIELD NOTEBOOK
should be of good quality rag paper with stiff board
or leather cover made to withstand hard usage and
of pocket size
TYPES OF NOTES
sketches
a good sketch will help to convey a correct impression
rarely made to exact scale but in most cases made
approximately to scale
drawn freehand and of liberal size
special symbols may be adapted
tabulations
a series of numerical values observed in the field
tabular forms prevents mistakes, allows easy checking,
saves time, make calculations legible to others
TYPES OF NOTES
explanatory notes
provide written description of what has been done in the
field
employed to make clear what the numerical data and
sketches fail to do
computations
calculations of one kind or another, made algebraically by
the use of simple arithmetical steps and trigonometric
functions
electronic hand-held and desk calculators are to be used
INFORMATION FOUND IN FIELD NOTEBOOKS
Title of the field of work or name of the project
the official name of the project should always be
identified; the location of the survey and preferably its
nature or purpose should also be stated
Time of day and date
these are necessary to document and furnish a time table,
as well as to correlate different surveys
precision, problems encountered and other factors
affecting the survey may be referenced from.
Weather conditions
temperature, wind velocity, typhoons, storms and other
weather conditions such as fog, sunshine and rain have a
deciding effect upon accuracy
an instrument man making precise observations is unlikely
to perform the best possible work during extremes in
temperature conditions
Names of group members and their designations
the chief of the party, instrument man, tape man, and
other members of the survey party must be identified
necessary for documentation and future reference
List of equipment
all survey equipment used must be listed including its brand
and serial number
the type of instrument used and its adjustment have a
definite effect on the accuracy of a survey
aids in isolating errors in some cases
If the listed information are known, mistakes committed in the

field and which are not discovered until the field work is
completed could be determined.
FIELD SURVEY PARTY
chief of party
responsible for the overall direction, supervision, and
operational control of the survey party
also responsible for the logistical and technical
requirements and problems
consults and confers with superiors regarding the project
responsible for submitting survey reports and records and
ensures the completeness, accuracy and adherence to
prescribed technical standards and specifications
FIELD SURVEY PARTY
Assistant chief of party
assist the chief of party in the accomplishment of the task
takes over the duties of the chief of party during the
absence of the chief
conducts ground reconnaissance of the proposed project
site to gather data prior to start of a survey
responsible for the employment of surveying equipment,
instruments and accessories
prepared field and office reports and survey plans for
submission
FIELD SURVEY PARTY
Instrumentman
to set up, level and operate surveying instruments such as
transit, level, theodolite, sextant, plane table and alidade
sees to it that the instruments are in good working
condition and in proper adjustment
assist technician in the operation of electronic surveying
equipment
works in coordination and exercises supervision over
personnel doing manual task
FIELD SURVEY PARTY
Technician
responsible for the use and operation of all electronic
instruments required in the field work
sees to it that these equipment are functioning properly
and regularly calibrated and are in adjustment
responsible for the establishment of a 2-way
communication link between survey party
FIELD SURVEY PARTY
Computer
performs all computations of a survey data
utilizes electronic calculators, pocket or microcomputers
assists in the operation of computerized surveying systems
or equipment
Recorder
keeps a record of all the sketches, drawings,
measurements and observations taken or needed for work
keeps a table of schedules of all phases of work and the
employment of the members of the survey party
FIELD SURVEY PARTY
Head tapeman
responsible for the accuracy and speed of all linear
measurements with tape
determines and directs marking of stations, clearing out of
obstructions along the line of sight
inspects and compares tapes for standard length prior to
use for eliminating and reducing of possible errors
Rear tapeman
assists the head tapeman
FIELD SURVEY PARTY
Flagman
hold the flagpole or range pole at selected points as
directed by the Instrumentman
Rodman
holds the stadia or leveling rod when sights are to be taken
Pacer
checks all linear measurements made by the tapeman
assists tapeman in reducing mistakes
FIELD SURVEY PARTY
axeman/lineman
clears the line of sight of any obstructions
responsible for the safety and security of the members
aidman
renders first aid treatment
utilitymen
renders other forms of assistance
designated as driver or for setting up the camp site
INSTRUMENTS
steel tape
graduated in feet
or meters together
with decimal parts
of these units
lengths vary 50 to
300 ft and from 15
to 100 m
INSTRUMENTS
taping accessories
range poles
- sometimes called flags or
lining rods
- used as guides or markers
when sighting points and
for lining up tapemen in
order to keep them going
along the correct direction
- usually painted with
alternate bands of red
and white
INSTRUMENTS
chaining pins
- sometimes referred to as
taping arrows
- used for marking the ends
of tapes or intermediate
points
tape thermometer
- attached to tape to
determine the
temperature during actual
taping
INSTRUMENTS
spring scale
- tension handle
- used at the end of the tape
for reading the pull applied
to the tape
tape clamping handle
- apply tension by strong grip
on any part of the tape
- protects the tapeman from
sharp edges
INSTRUMENTS
plumb bob
- used in taping to project a
point on the tape down to
the ground
tape leather thongs
- for a better hold on the tape
wooden hub/peg
- used to establish points on
the ground
INSTRUMENTS
compass
an instrument used for
navigation and orientation
that shows direction
relative to the geographic
cardinal directions: north,
south, west and east
INSTRUMENTS
Brunton pocket compass
consists of magnetized
steel needle mounted on
a pivot at the center of a
graduated circle
the needle points toward
magnetic north
INSTRUMENTS
combines the main features of
a sighting compass, a prismatic
compass, a hand level, and a
clinometer
INSTRUMENTS
INSTRUMENTS
Dumpy Level
the most widely used
direct leveling
instrument
consists of a telescope
which fixes the direction
of the line of sight and
can be rotated through
360 degrees in the
horizontal
INSTRUMENTS
Wye Level
the telescope tube is
supported by 2 Y-
shaped uprights fixed
to a horizontal bar
simpler to adjust than a
dumpy level since its
telescope can easily
be lifted from the wyes
INSTRUMENTS
Automatic Level
self-leveling features are
incorporated
a three-screw leveling
head approximately
centers a bull’s-eye
bubble and the line of
sight is automatically
leveled
INSTRUMENTS
Leveling Rods
used in conjunction
with an instrument
such as a transit or
level to determine
distance or differences
in elevation
self-reading or target
rods
INSTRUMENTS
Leveling Rods
Philadelphia rods
most commonly
used type
combination of
self-reading and
target rod
has sliding
sections so that it
can be extended
INSTRUMENTS
Engineer’s Transit
a telescope and two large
protractors
one mounted on vertical,
the other on horizontal plane
3 main parts
upper plate
lower plate
leveling head
INSTRUMENTS
Engineer’s Transit
universal instrument
horizontal and vertical angles
approximate distances
differences in elevation and
direction by built-in compass
also used for establishing and
extending straight lines
give readings to the nearest
minute of arc and readings to
30, 20, 15 or 10 seconds
INSTRUMENTS
Theodolite
precision surveying
instrument for measuring
angles
2 general classes
repeating theodolites
- precise transits which can
read to 10 seconds or less
direction theodolites
- no lower motion; direction
rather than angles
INSTRUMENTS
Plane Table
composed of a drawing
board mounted on a tripod
set up at a waist level to
allow the surveyor to bend
over
primarily used in field
compilation of maps
points on the ground can be
plotted immediately in the
their correct positions
INSTRUMENTS
Alidade
combination of straight
edge and a sighting
device
consists of a telescope
(similar to a transit)
supported by a pedestal
can be used to determine
horizontal, vertical and
inclined distances by
stadia method
INSTRUMENTS
Subtense Bar
used for determining
distances indirectly
leveled by means of bull’s
eye level and leveling screw
fixed targets near the end of
the bar are exactly 2 meters
apart
accuracy of 1/1000 to 1/5000
can be attained by taking
several readings at both ends
INSTRUMENTS
Sextant
hand-held angle measuring
instrument
functions by the principle that a
light striking a plane mirror
causes the angle of incidence
and reflection to be equal
well suited for hydrographic
work and has the added
advantage of measuring angles
in any plane
INSTRUMENTS
Planimeter
used to determine any
shape of figure bounded
by straight or curved lines
mechanically integrates
area and records the
answer on a drum and disk
most useful for
determining irregular
areas, areas of road cross-
section
INSTRUMENTS
Geodetic Total Station
consists of electronic
distance measuring
instrument an electronic
digital theodolite and a
microcomputer
has the capability to
simultaneously measure
distance, as well as
direction and transmit
results to a microcomputer
INSTRUMENTS
Geodetic Total Station
can be operated to send
out high-frequency
microwave or a beam of
light from one end of a
line toward the far end
extremely versatile and
useful for almost all types
of survey
very expensive
INSTRUMENTS
Reflectors and Targets
a device used in an
EDM (electronic
distance measurement)
instrument when a
continuous beam of
light needs to be
transmitted during the
measurement of
distances

Surveying Lab 2.0

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Surveying Lab 2.0

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Elementary Surveying

Engr. Jomar Llanto

If the listed information are known, mistakes committed in the

You might also like