LESSON 12

TOPIC

TECHNIQUES OF INTEGRATION
2. Integration by trigonometric substitution
TECHNIQUES OF INTEGRATION

1. Integration by parts

2. Integration by trigonometric substitution

3. Integration by miscellaneous substitution

4. Integration by partial fraction

 OBJECTIVES
To evaluate integrals using trigonometric
substitution
Integration by Trigonometric Substitution:

If the integrand contains integral powers of x and an

2 2
expression of the form a  u
2 2
, a  u , and
2 2 where a > 0, it is often possible to perform
u a
the integration by using a trigonometric substitution
which results to an integral involving trigonometric
functions.

There are three cases considered depending on the

radical contained in the integrand.

Each form shall be discussed separately.

Case 1:

Integrand containing radical of the form a 2  u 2

where a > 0.

a
u


a 2  u2
Introduce a new variable 
, such that:

u 2
a u 2
sin   cos  
a a
u  a sin  2 2
a  u  a cos 
du  a cos d
EXAMPLE: Evaluate the given integral.
dx
1.
x 2
9  4x 2

3
4 x dx
2.
0
16  x 2
Case 2:

Integrand containing radical of the form a 2  u 2

where a > 0.

2 2
a u
u

a
 u
Let tan   2 2
a a u
sec  
a
u  a tan 
2 2
2 a  u  a sec 
du  a sec d
EXAMPLE
dx dy
1. 2.
 4  3x 
2 3/ 2
y 25  4 y 2
Case 3:

Integrand containing radical of the form u 2  a 2

where a > 0.

u
2 2
u a


a
Introduce a new variable 
, such that:

u
Let sec   u2  a 2
a tan  
a
u  a sec 
u 2  a 2  a tan 
du  a sec  tan d
Classwork:

1.
 ln x  dx
3
2.
x
e dx
x  ln x   4
2
e 2x
 8e  7
x
 3/ 2
HOMEWORK 2-3:
Evaluate the following integral.
dx dw
1. 4.
x 2
4  8x 2
 25  w 
2 2

16  9 x 2
2. dx dx
2x 5.
 6x  x 
2 3/ 2

dx
3.
 5  4x 2 3/ 2