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Surigao Education Center

Km.2, 8400 Surigao City, Philippines

College of Maritime Education

Portfolio in

MTPC 217

Terrestrial and Coastal Navigation 2

Submitted by: Submitted to:

Cuadra, Orllie Rhemond F. OIC-NW Nelio Ajoc

Student Instructor
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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Topic 1: Different Nautical Charts ……………………………………………..Page 6

Topic 1 Summary of the topic

Topic 1 Research/Report

Topic 2: Nautical Charts ………………………………………………………….Page 7

Topic 2 Summary of the topic

Topic 2 Research/Report

Topic 3: Updating and Correcting Nautical Charts …………………….....Page 8

Notices to Mariner WGS 1984 Datum

Topic 3 Summary of the topic

Topic 3 Research/Report

Topic 4: Effective Use of Nautical Chart ……………………………………..Page 9

Topic 4 Summary of the topic

Topic 4 Research/Report

Topic 5: Nautical Publications …………………………………………………Page 9

Topic 5 Summary of the topic

Topic 5 Research/Report

Topic 6: Factors in Planning a Passage ……………………………………Page 10

Topic 6 Summary of the topic

Topic 6 Research/Report
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Topic 7: Compass ……………………………………………………………....Page 11

Topic 7 Summary of the topic

Topic 7 Research/Report

Topic 9: Compass Error by Transit Bearing ……………………………...Page 11

Topic 9 Summary of the topic

Topic 9 Research/Report

Topic 11: Earth Coordinate System ………………………………………..Page 12

-Great Circle

-Small Circle

-Meridian

-Prime meridian

-Equator

-Latitude

-Longitude

-Parallel of Latitude

Topic 11 Summary of the topic

Topic 11 Research/Report

Topic 12: Earth Coordinate System …………………………………………..Page 12

-Difference of Latitude

-Difference of longitude

Topic 12 Summary of the topic

Topic 12 Research/Report
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Topic 13: The Great Circle Sailing …………………………………………Page 13

Topic 13 Summary of the topic

Topic 13 Research/Report

Topic 14: Sailings ………………………………………………………………Page 13

Topic 14 Summary of the topic

Topic 14 Research/Report

Topic 15: Type of Sailing ………………………………………………….…Page 14

-Parallel Sailing

-Plane Sailing

Topic 15 Summary of the topic

Topic 15 Research/Report

Topic 16: Traverse Table …………………………………………………….Page 14

Topic 16 Summary of the topic

Topic 16 Research/Report

Topic 19: Sailings Middle Latitude Sailing………………………………Page 15

Topic 19 Summary of the topic

Topic 19 Research/Report

Topic 21: Mercator Sailing …………………………………………………Page 15

Topic 21 Summary of the topic

Topic 21 Research/Report

Topic 25: Position Lines ……………………………………………………Page 16

Topic 25 Summary of the topic

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Topic 25 Research/Report

Topic 26: Dead Reckoning …………………………………………………….…Page 16

Topic 26 Summary of the topic

Topic 26 Research/Report

Topic 27: Legal matters of Logbook Publication……………………………Page 17

Topic 27 Summary of the topic

Topic 27 Research/Report

Topic 28: Official Logbook and Written Record……………………………Page 17

Topic 28 Summary of the topic

Topic 28 Research/Report

Topic 29: Dos and DONTs of logbook entries ………………………..……Page 18

Topic 29 Summary of the topic

Topic 28 Research/Report
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TOPIC 1: DIFFERENT NAUTICAL CHARTS

This topic talks about the different nautical charts which is the most important

tools for us navigators. These charts or maps shows the configuration of the shoreline

and seafloor. It provides water depths, locations of dangers to navigation, locations and

characteristics of aids to navigation, anchorages, and other features. The nautical chart is

essential for safe navigation. Nautical charting may take the form of charts printed on

paper or computerized electronic navigational charts. Recent technologies have made

available paper charts which are printed "on demand" with cartographic data that has

been downloaded to the commercial printing company as recently as the night before

printing. With each daily download, critical data such as Local Notices to Mariners are

added to the on-demand chart files so that these charts are up to date at the time of

printing.

This topic will taught us how to interpret the different information found in the

charts such as: Chart Projections, Reliance on a Chart, Chart Scales, and Chart Reading -

Common Parts of the Nautical Charts. We also define and discuss the difference between

a chart and a map. Wherein a chart can be a map, but a map cannot be a chart.
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TOPIC 2: NAUTICAL CHARTS

The nautical chart is one of your most important tools. A chart is a graphical

representation of part of the earth's surface. Unlike a map, a chart emphasizes areas of

water and features that allow mariners to determine position, avoid hazards and find a

safe route to a destination. Charts cover the open sea, coastlines, navigable inland waters

and canal systems. They can cover a large area; for example, the shipping lanes of the

North Atlantic; or provide a detailed representation of a smaller area, such as a harbour

or anchorage. The nautical chart is essential for safe navigation. Mariners use charts to

plan voyages and navigate ships safely and economically. Federal regulations require

most commercial vessels to carry electronic or paper nautical charts while they transit

U.S. waters.
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TOPIC 3: UPDATING AND CORRECTING NAUTICAL

Updating and correcting nautical maps can done on a weekly basis following

instructions provided in weekly notices to mariners and the correction numbers to be

entered in the same index mentioned above against chart numbers respectively, so that

it can be used as a quick reference to check status of corrections for any chart. There

should be a designated chart supplier or service provided on a timely basis without delays

to supply new charts and new editions applicable to the folios on board. Other than that

weekly Notice to mariners, Annual summary of Notices to Mariners, their supplements

should be provided. There should be equipment on board and services to receive

Navigational warnings, and Navtex warning. Whenever a new chart or new edition is

published, Weekly Notices to Mariner carry a notification of the same. On receiving a new

edition or a new chart the chart correction log is to be updated with the relevant folio

number against the chart number in the index and ‘NC’ or ‘NE’ to be inserted adjacent to

the chart number in the correction index. The chart to be verified for any pending

temporary and preliminary corrections and navigational warnings. On receiving a chart or

a notification through weekly notices to mariners which replaces a previous chart , insert

in the chart correction log ‘replaced by’ or ‘cancelled by’ against the mentioned chart. The

folio number to be inserted on the replacement chart received.

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TOPIC 4: EFFECTIVE USE OF NAUTICAL CHART

Nautical charts are very useful since it measures the direction of a travel. It align

the plotter with the first leg of your course and press one side down firmly. Move the

other side of the plotter until its outside edge meets the small cross in the center of the

compass rose. Nautical charts can be effectively used by following the important steps in

using it. The first step is to gather your tools. The nautical chart is essential for safe

navigation. Mariners use charts to plan voyages and navigate ships safely and

economically. Federal regulations require most commercial vessels to carry electronic or

paper nautical charts while they transit U.S. waters.

TOPIC 5: NAUTICAL PUBLICATIONS

Nautical publications is a technical term used in maritime circles describing a set of

publications, either published by national governments or by commercial and professional

organisations, for use in safe navigation of ships, boats, and similar vessels. Other

publications might cover topics such as seamanship and cargo operations. In the UK,

the United Kingdom Hydrographic Office, the Witherby Publishing Group and the Nautical

Institute provide numerous navigational publications, including charts, publications on

how to navigate and passage planning publications. In the US, publications are issued by

the US government and US Coast Guard.

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Nautical publications are important since its purpose is to

supplement nautical charts of US waters. Information comes from field inspections,

survey vessels, and various harbour authorities. Maritime officials and pilotage

associations provide additional information.

TOPIC 6: FACTORS IN PLANNING A PASSAGE

A voyage plan (or passage plan) is a comprehensive, berth to berth guide,

developed and used by a vessel's bridge team to determine the most favorable route, to

identify potential problems or hazards along the route, and to adopt bridge management

practices to ensure the vessel's safe passage. Passage planning includes a complete

description of the ship’s passage which is prepared by an experienced deck officer of the

ship. This is done to ensure that the ship sticks to the required routes for reaching the

port of destination. Passage planning consists of four stages: appraisal, planning,

execution, and monitoring. Each stage in the passage planning has its own importance

and it is extremely important to carry out each one of them with utmost care and up-to-

date seamanship to ensure a safe sail.

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TOPIC 7: COMPASS

A compass is a device that shows the cardinal directions used for navigation and

geographic orientation. It commonly consists of a magnetized needle or other element,

such as a compass card or compass rose, which can pivot to align itself with magnetic

north. The compass greatly improved the safety and efficiency of travel, especially ocean

travel. People use it to find their way, whether it is on a hiking trail or on a trip to a new

location. A compass helps you to: Know which direction you are travelling in – this is

called your heading. Align or orientate your map with your surroundings – setting

the map. Work out which direction an object or destination is from you – its bearing.

TOPIC 9: COMPASS ERROR BY TRANSIT BEARING

One of the fastest ways of determining the compass error is by taking a transit

bearing when passing a set of lights. The lights should be appropriate for this purpose

and must be charted too. This method gives compass error and also a terrestrial position

line for plotting. The opposite bearings taken on same heading will also give compass

error and a position line.

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TOPIC 11: EARTH COORDINATE SYSTEM

The rotation of the Earth on its axis presents us with an obvious means of defining

a coordinate system for the surface of the Earth. The two points where the rotation axis

meets the surface of the Earth are known as the North Pole and the South Pole and the

great circle perpendicular to the rotation axis and lying half-way between the poles is

known as the equator. Great circles which pass through the two poles are known as

meridians and small circles which lie parallel to the equator are known as parallels or

latitude lines.

TOPIC 12: EARTH COORDINATE SYSTEM

(DIFFERENCE BETWEEN LONGITUDE AND LATITUDE)

The locations on the Earth’s surface are determined by two reference lines known

as latitude and longitude. In the table below, we have given the various difference

between latitude and longitude. Latitude implies the geographic coordinates that

determine the distance of a point, north-south of the equator. It is known as parallels,

the length of the lines are different, it classifies heat zones, and there are 180 latitude

lines. While the Longitude alludes to the geographic coordinate, which identifies the

distance of a point, east-west of the Prime Meridian. It is known as meridians, the length

of the lines are the same, it classifies time zones, and there are 360 longitude lines.
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TOPIC 13: THE GREAT CIRCLE SAILING

Great-circle navigation or orthodromic navigation (related to orthodromic course;

from the Greek ορθóς, right angle, and δρóμος, path) is the practice of navigating a vessel

(a ship or aircraft) along a great circle. Such routes yield the shortest distance between

two points on the globe. Great Circle Sailing is used for long ocean passages. For

this purpose, the earth is considered a perfect spherical shape; therefore, the shortest

distance between two points on its surface is the arc of the great circle containing two

points. A great circle is the shortest path between two points along the surface of a

sphere. The precise definition of a great circle is the intersection of the surface with a

plane passing through the center of the planet. Thus, great circles always bisect the

sphere. The equator and all meridians are great circles.

TOPIC 14: SAILINGS

Sailing is the activity or sport of sailing boats. There was swimming

and sailing down on the lake. 2. Countable noun [usually plural] Sailings are trips made

by a ship carrying passengers. The various mast-based classification includes – sloop,

fractional-rig sloop, cutter, ketch, schooner and catboat. The sloop is the most common

mast type, where a single mast supports two sails called the headsail (or foresail) and

the mainsail. Sailing employs the wind—acting on sails, wingsails or kites—to propel a

craft on the surface of the water (sailing ship, sailboat, windsurfer, or kitesurfer),

on ice (iceboat) or on land (land yacht) over a chosen course, which is often part of a

larger plan of navigation.

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TOPIC 15: TYPE OF SAILING

The term “sailings” refers to the mathematical solution of problems involving the

finding of courses and distances from one known point to another. For short distances,

these problems are easily solved directly on charts, but for long distances, a purely

mathematical solution is often a better method. There are two types of sailing namely

the parallel and plane sailing. Plane Sailing solves problem involving a single course and

distance, difference of latitude, and departure, in which the earth is regarded as a plane

surface. Do not use this for the distances of more than a few hundred miles. While the

Parallel Sailing is the inter-conversion of departure and difference of longitude when a

vessel is proceeding due east or due west.

TOPIC 16: TRAVERSE TABLE

Traverse table, included in all standard books of navigational tables, which gives

the measurement of the two sides of any right-angled triangle subtended by the

hypotenuse. In navigational terms, it provides the navigator with the difference of latitude

and departure (from which he could find the change in his longitude) for any distance

along a rhumb line course, the course and distance forming the hypotenuse. In

conventional dead reckoning navigation this is the information the navigator needs to

calculate his position. Conversely, the navigator can find from the traverse table the

distance and the rhumb line course to steer between two points of known latitude and

longitude. The table gives difference of latitude and departure for each degree between

0° and 90°, and for a hypotenuse length from 0 usually to 600.

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TOPIC 19: SAILINGS MIDDLE LATITUDE SAILING

Middle Latitude Sailing is a method of converting departure into difference

of longitude, or vice versa, when the true course is not 090° or 270° by assuming that

such a course is steered at the middle latitude. It uses the mean latitude for converting

departure to difference of longitude when the course is not due east or due west.

TOPIC 21: MERCATOR SAILING

A Mercator sailing is a method of solving the various problems involving course,

distance, difference of latitude, difference of longitude, and departure by considering

them in the relation in which they are plotted on a Mercator chart. The advantages of

Mercator sailing is that it preserves angles and therefore also shapes of small objects. It

close to the equator, the distortion of lengths and areas is insignificant. It has a straight

line on the map corresponds with a constant compass direction, it is possible to sail and

fly using a constant azimuth. It is a simple navigation - meridians and parallels make a

rectangular grid on the map. Aside from nautical and aerial use, Mercator’s projection is

practical for visual mapping of the Earth’s globe (without polar areas).
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TOPIC 25: POSITION LINES

A position line or Line of Position – LOP is a line that is plotted on the chart on

which the boat position lies. It might also be a circle so it could then be called a position

circle. It is used to confirm your position on the chart. You need two or three lines

intersecting to get a confirmed fix. The position line is a line on the surface on the earth

which you can use to determine the location of a vessel. On a position line the ranges,

bearings and distance can be found. Range is when two landmarks form a line, for

example when a lighthouse is aligned with a mountaintop or a hill. Two ranges give a

fairly reliable position fix and should be used whenever there is a change.

TOPIC 26: DEAD RECKONING

In navigation, dead reckoning is the process of calculating current position of some

moving object by using a previously determined position, or fix, and then incorporating

estimations of speed, heading direction, and course over elapsed time. The corresponding

term in biology, used to describe the processes by which animals update their estimates

of position or heading, is path integration.

Dead reckoning is subject to cumulative errors. Advances in navigational aids that

give accurate information on position, in particular satellite navigation using the Global

Positioning System, have made simple dead reckoning by humans obsolete for most

purposes. However, inertial navigation systems, which provide very accurate directional

information, use dead reckoning and are very widely applied.

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TOPIC 27: LEGAL MATTERS OF LOGBOOK PUBLICATION

The deck log book of a ship is an important document that is used to record various

data, scenario and situations (including emergency situation and action which is later

used for reference, case study and for insurance purpose in case of damage to the ship or

loss of ship's property. Deck Log Books are documents of primary importance, forming

as they do a record of the progress of a voyage, the details of loading and discharging

cargo, and the narrative of all events affecting the management and running of the

vessel.

TOPIC 28: OFFICIAL LOGBOOK AND WRITTEN RECORDS

The OLB is an important legal document required by Merchant Shipping Laws and

is a record of activities carried out on board ship as required by CISR. ... The master of

a ship may be required to produce the OLB to an Officer of CISR or a customs officer on

demand. Having a Logbook on ship and industries ensure safe operation with proper

preventive maintenance. Furthermore it acts as a legal document for the certain steps

and procedures; to be followed before reaching a particular sea water or to follow local

rules. Basically it is a proof of what you actually did against what you said you do. iIt

helps monitor the mileage and performance of the vehicle; similarly on ship it monitor

performance of equipment to predict the need for next preventive maintenance and

spares to be ordered in advance. Furthermore this can also be beneficial to detect flaw
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and improve efficiency of the plat or ship. This legal document with actions events written

against the significant time; helps keep records of fleet or business in a central database.

This helps improve efficiency saving unnecessary cost. Furthermore it helps being on the

safe side of the local and international laws; with a easy time working with insurance and

tax return if any.

TOPIC 29: DOS AND DONTS OF LOGBOOK ENTRIES

The heads of their respective departments are fully and the only ones authorized

to maintain this statutory log book and the Master has the overall responsibility to oversee

its authenticity and appropriateness. The log book is considered to be a running log of all

official events such as Arrival / Departure of the vessel to / from port, Draughts,

Freeboards, Onboard Emergency Drills, Crew onboard, Fuel/Fresh Water ROB, Master’s

Handing Over/Taking Over, etc. Although some flag states do provide a short guide for

keeping the official log book and while some don’t, it is imperative that all entries must

be made in a professional and legible manner. A few pointers while making such entries;

All entries should be made as soon as practicable after an event occurs, since all the logs

are running records of the vessel it makes record keeping vulnerable if delayed in entirety.

Only authorised personnel should make such entries. Master may designate personnel to

do so.nEntries to be signed where required by the person making such entry and by the

person witnessing the event. All entries must have a date and time recorded. It will be

the Master’s responsibility to ensure the Official log book is accurately filled and signed.

Entries made in the log must not be amended or deleted under any circumstances unless
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the Master authorizes the cancellation. If it is to be done, it is a good practice to make

sure the entry is stroked out with a single line and an initial put against the omitted entry.

If the entries cannot be contained within the log books’ pages due to their length, they

must be entered separately in a separate document, endorsed and attached to the log

book. A reference number may be given for easy record tracking.

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QUIZ # 1

QUIZ # 2
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QUIZ # 3

QUIZ # 4
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QUIZ # 5

PRELIM EXAM
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QUIZ # 7

adsada

QUIZ # 8
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QUIZ # 9

QUIZ # 10
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QUIZ # 11

QUIZ # 12 QUIZ # 13
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ASSESSMENT CHAPTER 2
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EXERCISE AND ASSESSMENT CHAPTER 3

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MIDTERM EXAMINATION
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ASSESSMENT PRE-FINAL
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SEMI FINAL EXAMINATION

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FINAL EXAMINATION
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SUMMATIVE EXAMINATION