NAME :NZALA SHEE KHALFAN

COLLEGE :KITALE NATIONAL POLYTECHNIC

DEPARTMENT :MATH AND APPLIED SCIENCES

COURSE :MEDICAL ENGINEERING

LEVEL :DIPLOMA

ADM NO : 19/20791
DECLARATION

I hereby declare that apart from this reference in this report ,on industrial attachment at Moi referral
hospital- VOI are presented to Kitale National Polytechnic , Department of Math And Applied Sciences
as a partial fulfillment of the requirement for award of Diploma in Medical Engineering.

NAME.

SIGN. DATE.
DEDICATION

I dedicate this Industrial attachment training report to my parent for the support they offer and

Positive advice toward my achievement and success

ACKNOLODGEMENT

This attachment was successful due to the cooperation and support of a number of people which have
enable gaining more than what was expected from the industrial training .

I would like to extend my heartfelt to my family member especially my parents ,both financially and wise
advice.

Thanks to my fellow friends and coursemates for invaluable support.

I sincerely thank Moi Refferal hospital for the unwavering support and the chance to be part of the
family, worth mentioning the invaluable support and guidance constantly got throughout the training.

Above all I thank Almighty Allah for the Devine protection , guidance and opportunity of a memorable of
fruitful period to

TABLE OF CONTENT
1. Introduction

2. MOI REFFERAL HOSPITAL organization structure

3. Section of biomedical engineering

4. Conclusion

5. Recommendation letter
INTRODUCTION

HISTORY OF MOI REFERRAL HOSPITAL

MCRH was started in 1916 with a bed capacity of 60 to cater for the Africans healthy needs. It later
served as Distrct hospital before attaining referral status . currently the hospital serves as a level five
hospital offering both outpatient, inpatient and specialized healthcare service. It is located in voi along
hospital road near voi prison.
LOCATION
MCRH a government hospital in taita taveta county located in Voi along hospital road near Voi prison.

OVERVEIW
MOI voi hospital was formerly knowns as the moi district hospital . it has bed capacity of 112beds

It is currently a level 5 hospital :referral and teaching in the county.

ADMINISTRATION
The hospital is administered by a 10 person Board of Directors Chaired by Mark Bor a non physician
board member.The chief excercutive officer Lily Koros Tere. The principal of the college of Health
sciences of the university of Nairobi and Representative form the ministry of finance and health also
seat on the board.

MOTO
We Listern and care

VISION
To be a center of excellence in quality medical provision.
MISSION
To provide efficient, affordable, available and quality curative and rehabilitative service tartare and
accessible and accountable

STRATEGIC DESTINATION
A multi specialty center for excellence offering service that meets international certisfication standards.

STRATEGIC OBJECTIVES
 1. Optimize customer experience
2. Enhance service delivery
3. Promotes and expand services
4. Enhance risk management
5. Improve resources mobilation
6. Enhance clinical governance
7. Improve infrastructures and equipment.

CORE VALUE
1. Customer focus
2. Accountability
3. Equity and Equality
4. Professional and Integrity
5. Security and Safety
6. Teamwork and Team spirit.

SECTION OF BIOMEDICAL DEPARTMENT

RADIOLOGY
This a section of the hospital where imagery of the body tissues ,organs and structure by use of
penetration of soufixednd ,magnetism and rays .For diagnostic purposes and medication.

Equipment found in the department :

1. X-ray machine
2. Computerized Topograph Scanner
3. Ultrasound
4. Magnetism Resounance Image
5. Mamograph
6. Frouroscope
 X-RAYS MACHINE
Is a radiology equipment that uses (betta) rays to view structure of a patient. There are
two type of x-ray machine :
1. Fixed rays machine –This is an x-ray that is mounted in one point and
patient are being taken in the room for diagnostis
2. Portable X-ray machine-This is mobile x-ray machine that is movable for
patient who cannot be able to walk on their own or patient who has
critical condition .Its being used in different section of the hospital .

COMPUTERIZED TOPOGRAPHY SCANNER

Make use of computer processed combination of many X-ray
measurement taken from different angles to produces cross section areas
image of specific area scanned object allowing the user to see inside the
object without cutting

UITRASOUND

It sound waves with frequency high an that the upper audible limit to human
hearing .Ultrasound is not different from normal; sound in its physical properties , expect that
human cannot hear it .this limit varies from person to person and is approximately 20 kilohertz
in the healthy young adult . Ultrasound device operate with frequency from 20 khz upto
several gigahertz.

MRI

Is a medical imaging technique used in radiology to from picture of the anatomy and the
physiology process of the both in both health and disease .MRI scanner use strong magnetic
field and radio waave to generate image of the organ in the body.

MAMMOGRAPHY
It’s the process of using low energy x-rays (usually around 30 kvp) to examine the human
breast for diagnosis and screening. The goal of mammography is the early detection of breast
cancer typically through detection of characteristic masses or microcalcification

FLOROSCOPE

Is an imaging techniques that uses x-rays to obtain real time moving images to the interior
structure of an object .In it a primary application of medical imaging , a fluoroscope allows a
physician to see the internal structure and fuction of a patient so that the pumping action of
the herat or the motion of the swallowing.

FAUITS

1. Power faulire

Power fluctuation in the department which lead to some error in the different machine
because the backup system was not giving the correct amount of power that Is required by
the machine.

2.Overheat of the room

The room overheat due to inadequate checkup and service of the air condition machine and
lower the room temperature favourable for the machine and lower the room temperature
favourable for the machine,medical personsal and patient.

Technical error

Most equipment were displaying technical error that leads to formation of margins in the
image and even most image were not clear and leads to wrong interpretation of image by
the doctor.
OPARETING THEATRE
This is a section of the hospital that is attached for surgical operation and procedures.

Equipment found in the section :

Anaesthesia machine
Electrosurgical diathermy
Opareting table
Theatre opareting lights

ANAESTHESIA MACHINE
 Is a machine that is design to provide accurate and continous supply of medical gases i.e
oxygen ,nitrous oxide mixed with accurate concentration of anaesthetic vapour i.e
isoflorane and deliver this to the patient at a safe pressure and flow

Faults
Technical error that was majorly caused by loose connection of cables in the machine.

Ideal volume not being displayed by the machine . Its was caused by the failed flow
sensor ,calibrate check the leak test and calibration procces of the machine after
replacement

ELECTROSURGICAL DIATHERMY
It’s a medical and surgical techniques involving the production of heat in a part of the
body by hogh frequency electric current to stimulate ,the circulation ,relieve
pain ,destroy unhealthy tissue or causebleeding vessels to clot .

FAULT

The issue was solved by tightening the loose cable and replacement of cables that are
worn out to Power supply that was caused by loose connection of electric cables that
supply power from the main source to the machine.
avoid electrocution to the personel and patient.

Machine doesnot achive monopolar cutting .It was caused with an open circuit on the
patient plate .The issue was set by replacing the patient plate .
 MEDICAL GASES UNIT
This asection of the hospital that has been scheduled to supply medical gases such
as ;oxygen ,nitrous oxide ,medical air ,carbon dioxide and vacuum to different section of
the hospital.

Section of medical gases unit

Oxygen generating plant

Nitrous oxide plant

Liquid oxygen storage tank

Storage unit

OXYGEN GENERATING PLANT

 It is an industrial system designed to generate oxygen gas .the typically uses air as a
feedback and separate it from the other component of air using pressure swing absorption
and membrane separation technique.

COMPONENT FOUND IN OXYGEN GENERATING PLANT.

Compressor : It absorb air from the atmosphere and compress to the air treatment chamber.

Air treatment chamber : Absorb air from the compressor is being treatwd by removing same
component like dust that are found in the atmosphere.

Compressor : Atmospheric air is compreesed at a low pressure of 5.1 psi by a trouble free
rotary compressor.

Air precooling : It’s the second stage of the process uses a low pressure refrigerant for
precooling the processed air to the temperature around 12degc before its enter the purifier.

Purification :Air enters a purifier consisting of a twins moleculer sieves working alternativbely .
The molecules sieve eradicles the carbon (iv) oxide and moisture from the process air before its
enter the separation unit.

Separation unit :Air free from moisture and carbon (iv)oxide enter into low plates fins
types ,heat exchanger where air is cooled below sub zero temperature by air expansion
process due to the execlent thermal efficiency it can achieve a temoerature different delta asa
low as 2degc the warm end exchanger.

Storage for the gases : The final product is in form of compressed oxygen gas at a high pressure
oxygen cyclinder at 150 bars as required or for pipeline supply or captive consumption.

FAULT

Power failure
High current which is a common fault in the power and is due to and is due to instability of
electric current from the main electric supply.

Pump failure
Brush defect due to longer operation
Gear erasion due to longer operation period.

Pressure fault
Leakage of air in the value and tubing
Its can be also caused when the pump have not been calibrated proper or it has not
undergone the calibration session.
Overheat of the oxygen plant
The plant shut down due to high temperature that is caused by clogged filter.

NITRUOS OXIDE PLANT

Thisis a special unit of the medical gases unit has cyclinder of compressed nitrous oxide
connected to supply nitrous oxide to the operating theatre and other section of the
hospital that require the gas

This is the section of the medical gases unit that is essential for storage of crogenic
substance LIQUID OXYGEN STORAGE UNIT
at its lower temperature of -186 .

System found in liquid oxygen storage unit

Vacuum tank :Used to store liquid oxygen at its low temperature at a low pressure.
Primary vapourizer:Used to turn the state to liquid oxygen to gaseous state at first
states
Secondary state:Used to turn the gases from the primary vapourizer before supply to
the hospital.

NITROUS OXIDE
This a section a special unit of the medical gases unit ,that has cyclinder of compressed
nitrous oxide connect to supply nitrous oxide gas to opareting theatre and other section
that require the gas.

LIQUID OXYGEN STORAGE UNIT

This is the section of the medical gases unit that is essential for the storage of
cryogenic substance at its lowest temperature.
System found in the section:
Vacuum tank: Used to store liquid oxygen at its lowest temperature and pressure.
Vapourizers: Used to change the state of oxygen from liquid to gases so that is can be
delivered to patient in different part of the hospital

STORAGE UNIT
This is the section that has been allocated to keep cyclinder that are empty and
separately from those that contain medical gases .
The different type of gases are being distinguish by different colour codes:
Nitrous oxide –blue body with a green neck
Oxygen gas-black body with a white neck
Carbon iv oxide-green body

CRITICAL CARE UNIT

This a section of the hospital that is scheduled to facilitate patient who are in critical
condition
Equipment found in the section :
Defirbration/Heartstart
Patient ventilator

DEFIRBRATION
Is the definitive method for termination of the variety of potential fatal arrhythmias.the
defirbrator provides this therapy through the application of a brief biphasic pulse of
electricity to the cardiac muscle.
This electrical energy is transferred through attached internal paddles applied directly
to the patient heart or through attached paddle or disposable multifunction defib
electrode pads applied to the patient bare chest.
PATIENT VENTILATOR
Its an equipment that is used to assist patient with breathing difficulties .
Ventilator pneumatics are located in the rear of the breathing system .A precious flow
valve control the amount of flow provided to the patient while a second smaller flow
valve is used to control the exhalation valve sealing pressure. Breaths are provided to
the patient by sealing the exhalation valve and providing flow to the breathing to the
breathing circuit during exhalation , the sealing pressure on the exhalation valve is
released and flow exhaust from the brething circuits. Electronic control is achieved by
maintaining a small amount of sealing pressure on the exhalation valve .
The volume measurement comes to flow sensor in the flow sensor modules to the
tubes from each sensor connect to transducer measures the pressure change across
each sensor which change with the flow . A breathing circuit safety reduce valve are
used to limit the airway pressure ,based on the pressure limit setting.

RENAL UNIT
It’s a unit of the hospital facilitated by modern dialysis machine that are used tpo help
patient with kidney difficulties to undergoes the blood purification process.
Equipment found in the unit:
Dialysis machine
Water plant system

DIALYSIS MACHINE
It’s a machine used in dialysis that filters a patient blood to remove excess water and
waste product when kidney are damaged dyfunctional or missing kidney .The dialysis
machine itself can be tubing that carries the removed blood from the dialyser a bumdles
of hollow firbes that carries the removed blood from a semipermiable membrane for
filtering out the impurities .In the dialyser ,blood is diffuse with a seline solution called
dialysate ,the dialysate is inturn diffused with blood when filtration process is complete
the cleansed blood is returned to the patient , most patient who undergoes dialysis
because of kidney failure or impermanent use a dialysis machine at the renal unit.
WATER PLANT
It’s a modern water plant that is equipped in the unit to produce clean and treated
water that is being used in the proccess of dialysis.
Component found on the plant:
Sand filter –There are sand particles that are used to remove segment in water.
Carbon filters- Used to remove chlorine , chloromines and lower molecular weight
organic through the process of adsorption .Adsoption is the process by which a
vapour dissolve material or very small particles adheres tol the surface of solid.
Softeners-with the use of ion exchange ,the softeners removes calcium magnesium ion
and other heavy metals from the incoming water supply. The positive charges ions are
replaced by sodium ions. The main function of water softeners in the dialysis water
purification system is to protect and extend the life of reverse osmosis membrane.

FAULT

Conductivity problem :
Machine pump multifunction which is due to long period of operation i.e the
preparation of dialysis solution takes about two hours per patient
Bad solution that can be caused by impoper acid concentration
Temperature and conductivity transducer suffer from fault that occurs when the
temperature and conductivity are noy calibrated

Pressure fault:
Leakage –which lead to overheat of the machine and caused the error to appear on the
machine
Pump -when the pressure is not calibrated pressure fault occurs.
Filter and Valve-sometimes the filters are stucked by wastes and valve failure can be due
to high electric current

Pump fault
Brush defect due to longer operation period
Gear erosion this can happen because of longer brush operation
Overheat which can lead to tubes detaching and leakage into the pump
Belt defect in blood pump caused by long operation period or calibration procedure are
not made

Software defect due to :

Mobile phone electromagnetic waves
The installed software is not much with the machine

Transducer and Sensor problems

Hardness due to improper filtration of dialysis machine
Calibration when the transducer is not calibrated or the calibration is not proper the
fault occur
Longer woeker time if the machine is not working for too long period sensor fault can
occur.

Power fault
High current which is common fault in power and it is due to instability of electric
current from the main supply
High pressure ;when the temperature of the room is 29 degree celcius
Fluid split on the machine which could make a short circuit .

WARDS AND CLINIC

It is the professional within the health care section on the care of individual ,
families ,and communities so they may attain ,maintain or recover optimal and quality
of life.

Equipment found in the department :

Dental chair
Patient monitor
Blood pressure machine
Suction pump machine
Ripple mattress
Infant incubators
Resasitaire
Weighing scale

CONCLUSION

The major aim of taking learner to industrial attachment is to equip them with the
ability and knowledge in their field of study and also allow them to learn and pass their
national examination