11 Aa Last Finished Alemayehu Water Thesis

ASSESSMENT ON DRAINAGE SYSTEM PERFORMANCE IN THE CASE OF SELECTED ROAD ROUTE
AROUND GURD SHOLA OF YEKA SUB CITY OF ADDIS ABABA, ETHIOPIA/2021-2022
CHAPTER-ONE
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the study
The sewer system is responsible for the transportation of the wastewater from the households to
the wastewater treatment plant. It is a part of the integrated urban wastewater system, which is
also comprised of the wastewater treatment plant and the receiving waters. The concept of
integrated urban drainage and system has gained increasing importance in the last years aiming
at the optimization of the drainage system. The integrated consideration of all parts of the system
simultaneously allows better optimization possibilities.
Drainage is an integral part of different areas or environment (e.g. urban, rural, forest, and
agriculture etc.) which helps to remove unwanted water volume (Parkinson, 2003). Improper
land-use planning of cities, which increase the extent of impervious land, aggravates this
problem by increasing the runoff intensity. Storm water drainage systems, designed for
inadequate capacity, also increases the chances of urban flooding.(Kumar, 2018)
Therefore, implementing effective storm water management system is needed aiming to ensure
storm water generated from developed catchments causes minimal nuisance, danger and damage
to people, property and the environment. This requires the adoption of a multiple objective
approach, considering issues such as ecosystem health, both aquatic and terrestrial;
flooding and drainage control; public health and safety; economic considerations;
recreational opportunities; social considerations and aesthetic values (Urban drainage
manual, 2007)
Ethiopia is one of the country in which flooding is the main problem especially in urban
infrastructure development. Service life of infrastructure can be highly reduced due to improper
drainage system. It can be seen from rainy season which lasts during summer season (from July
to September) where the highways are covered by surface water. This water accelerates the
deterioration rate of the roads and results in economic loss since the infrastructures lose its life of
service and take another extra maintenance or rehabilitation costs. The flooding of the highways
ADDIS COLLEGE THESIS PAPER (BSC) COTM DEPRT Page 1

is the result of improper drainage system for the roads intends to construct and poor integration
of road and urban storm water drainage network and systems (Ewnetu, 2013).
Despite the fact that, overall development of a nation, particularly in road sector, the practice of
the construction of proper integrated drainage structures were not effective and the problem has
continued .Therefore, the problems and achievements on the design, construction, and
maintenance of surface road drainage systems need to be assessed to provide remedial measures
for the better performance of the road infrastructure. Due to insufficient urban storm water
drainage facility citizens in Addis Ababa have in problem in economic development activities
and complaining and showed getting worse and worse (Adugna, 2015).
Thus, the focus of this study has to review and asses the drainage system problem at Gurd Shola
on the routes of road in Yeka sub city of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. The study also incorporate in
assessing the existing drainage system performance , identifying the major factors contributing to
the flooding, investigating impacts of drainage system, and finally formulating strategies and
providing solutions through which the identified problems shall be addressed.
1.2 Statement of the Problem
Climate change that could be the flooding on the strait of urban and urbanization are two
phenomena that are now playing an important role and a major factor in the development of
infrastructure in urban areas. In many developing countries around the world like Ethiopia, urban
growth has taken place in such a way that resources to meet the demand for water and sanitation
suffer from excessive pressure (UNDESA, 2013). Drainage systems undergo problems or see
increased numbers of problems when a weather event changes as a consequence of changes in
the global mean temperature, resulting in urban flooding.
The effect of flooding in urban storm sewer systems could cause loss of life and considerable
damage as well as posing a threat to property and environment and public health. From practice
and Experience of drainage system performance of Addis Ababa city, Ethiopia, in Particular
summer time from June to July , most sub cities have been exposed to flooding for a number of
reasons including poor maintenance of storm sewer systems and outmoded and limited capacity
of storm systems with reference to examples of strong rain which cause blockages in pipe,
electrical issues, sever traffic congestion, and numerous operational problems.
This research tried to identify the main reason behind flooding in Gurd Shola area of Yeka Sub
city of Addis Ababa and showed the larger picture at City scale by assessing with operation &
maintenance checked to identify the main contributing factor for the flooding and drainage
system problem. Drainages systems have in problem in particularly due to flooding in urban
storm sewer systems and due to design defects for discharge capacity of pipes , manholes and
fail or break because of related infrastructure or utilities networking works in the city could
cause accidents and considerable damage as well as posing a threat to property and environment
and public health. Many inner sub cities in Addis Ababa have been exposed to flooding for a
number of reasons including poor maintenance of storm sewer systems and outmoded and
limited capacity of storm systems with reference to examples of strong rain which cause
blockages in pipe, electrical issues and numerous operational problems. Moreover, flooding and
drainage system defect also affect the asphalt pavement by eroding & creating a number of
potholes and this will result in longer period impact even after a rain. Besides, the traffic
congestion & car accidents, it hinders the movement of pedestrians as the flood flows over the
walk way. Gurd Shola is one of the sites that have flooding problem in Addis. Addis Ababa City
Road Authority (AACRA) is the responsible body for managing, repairing and maintaining the
roads in the city. The authority is investing a lot of money for maintaining pothole damages
caused by flooding and cleaning blocked drainages. The daily use of storm sewer systems
has rapidly resulted in outdated systems because of large variations in urban land use, rising
growth in population, and changing rainfall patterns. However, the problem remains the same
every year.
This research tried to identify the main reason behind drainage sewer system failure in selected
area and showed the larger picture at city by assessing the with operation & maintenance
checked to identify the main contributing factor for the drainage sewer system problem to fill
this gap of drainage system failure in Addis Ababa City in Particularly selected road route in
Yeka Sub city. Moreover, identifies the possible cause of the drainage problem of the mentioned
study area and gives engineering and scientific explanations for the cause and suggest for future
solution.

1.3. Objective of the study
1.3.1. General Objective of the study
The general objective of this study has to assess the drainage system performance on selected
routes of road in Yeka Sub city of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
1.3.2. Specific objectives of the study
The specific objectives of this study would be:
To assess Actual urban drainage system and its performance in the study area.
To identify the causes or factors for water drainage system Failure
To investigate the impacts of failure of drainage system and
To identify the possible operation and maintenance in selected area of Gurd Shola in
Yeka Sub city .
1.4. Research Question
The objective of the study has been to answer the following questions:
 What is current practice of urban drainage system performance in Gurd Shola area of
Yeka Sub city of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia?
 What are the causes or factors for Water Drainage system failure?
 What are the impacts of failure of drainage system?
 What are the possible operation and maintenance reasoning behind flooding and
Mitigation solution measure would be taken for road in the in Gurd Shola area, Yeka sub
city, Addis Ababa?
1.5. Scope of the study
The study is geographically bounded to Gurd Shola area of Yeka sub-city Addis Ababa Ethiopia.
Study area is chosen due to the fact that a lot of settlement has been there passing through the
road, sensitivity due to roads from “Lamberet to Kara. This Study area is mainly focused on
route of road mostly affected by drainage problem and chosen due to the fact that a lot of
settlement has been there passing through the road and flooding has occurred on the road due to

defect in drainage system. The study would be identified the possible cause of the sewer drainage
problem of the mentioned study area and give engineering and scientific explanations for the
cause and suggest for future solution.
1.6 Significance of the study
This Study area is mainly focused on route of road mostly affected by drainage problem passing
through the road and flooding has occurred on the road due to defect in drainage system. Also
this study would be identify the main reason behind drainage sewer system failure in selected
area and showed the larger picture at city by assessing the hydraulic properties, hydrological
characteristics of the drainage in line with operation & maintenance checked to identify the main
contributing factor for the drainage sewer system problem. Hence the study would contribute in
preventing and give care for future infrastructure (Road) that will be constructed so that it is
minimum effects on the structure and protecting the exist structure .
1.7 Limitations of the study
In doing this paper there are some limitations that may affect the output of the results. The study
Assessment of Drainage system in selected road segment at Gurd Shola of Yeka Sub city . The
limitation will be availability of documented evidences showing the real practice and some
respondents may not give true information and there are more challenging in data accessing on
internet, magazines or journal or any source of data.
1.8 Thesis outline and structure.
This thesis is structured into Five chapters,
 Chapter 1: Introduction
A general insight is given to the study as a whole. It includes a research background that explores
the significance of the subject matter of the research and explains andIt also defines the problem,
aims and objectives of the research , its scope and thesis structure are shown .
 Chapter-2: Literature review
An overview of drainage system and related

It also provides a literature review of various literatures written on the aspect of drainage and its
system that are relevant to the topic and the objective stated in this research, and also includes a
discussion of various concepts and terminologies relevant to the aim and objectives
of this research.
 Chapter 3: Research methodology
Under this section of the study:
Explains the methodology employed in conducting the research.
As a qualitative/quantitative research approach will be adopted,
It will also explain questions asked in the Questionnaire and to be answered within the
research by the respondents
It will discuss the Data collection process, sources of data, population and sample size and
sampling techniques of the study, and finally data analysis methods are discussed
 Chapter 4: Data Analysis and Discussion
It is a section of study so that information collection from the survey findings from questions
asked and results obtained and changed to qualitative or quantitative data and are Analyzed and
discussions from analysis result has discussed.
 Chapter 5: Conclusion and recommendations –
It is the last section of study in which a summary of conclusions and recommendations from the
research work undertaken.

CHAPTER-TWO
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Concept of Urban Storm Water Drainage
The practice of urban drainage system has been begun hundred years ago (Bruce, 1998). It was
motivated primarily by reasons of convenience and the reduction of flood damage potential.
Such practices which were aimed to improve the quality of urban life have resulted in other
problems, such as artificially induced flooding, increased erosion and environmental degradation
originating from the pollution of receiving waters. Hence attention has given to the
comprehensive management and sustainable of urban drainage systems .The objective of such
kind of practice of drainage system was to effectively utilize components of drainage systems for
the betterment of urban life and to protect the environment in a cost-effective manner. To
facilitate the effective management of the complex natural elements and engineering works,
mathematical modeling is often employed to better understand system behavior and performance
which in turn leads to better engineering and Management decisions. Generally, storm water
management lies near the heart of basic landscape architecture and engineering. Essentially all
site developments, of all kinds, involve impervious and compacted surfaces. The change in land
cover increases runoff over the surface, dumps flood waters in to streams, reduces ground water
recharge, diverts water from base flows, and turns oils from the streets to pollutants. That is
urban storm water drainage system has started to prevent the environment and the human health
from various flooding hazards by safely removing floods.

Figure 1: Runoff & pollution Management (Source: Ethiopian Works and

Urban Development Manual, 2010)
2.2 Urban Storm Water Drainage System and Management
When rainfalls on to undeveloped land, most of the water will soak into the topsoil and slowly
percolate through the soil to the nearest watercourses or groundwater. A small proportion of the
rainfall usually 15 to 20 % becomes direct surface runoff that usually drains into watercourses
slowly because the ground surface is rough. So for removing water quickly from soil surface
adequate drainage system is required. A drainage system can be either natural or artificial. Many
areas have some natural drainage which means the excess water flow to the lakes and rivers.
Natural drainage, however, is often inadequate and artificial drainage (surface & subsurface) is
required for safely removal of water from road pavements and its surroundings. (12)
Urban storm water management simply stated as everything done within a catchment to remedy
existing storm water problems and to prevent the occurrence of new problems. This involves the
development and implementation of a combination of structural and non-structural reconcile
(12). The conveyance and storage function of storm water systems, with space and related needs
of expanding urban populations. It also involves the development and implementation of a range
of measures or best management practices to improve the quality of urban storm water runoff
prior to the discharge into receiving waters. SUDS are currently the recommended techniques
towards solving three major problems in Malaysia which are flash flood, water scarcity and

water pollution. Previously, most of the storm water runoff especially in urban areas is catered
by conventional drainage systems that carry runoff to the downstream by rapid disposal concept.
In order to manage these three major problems, SUDS (Sustainable Urban Drainage System)
provide long term solutions to urban drainage management. According to CIRIA (2000), the
strategy for sustainable urban drainage systems (SUDS) in regards to storm water is divided into
three stages to discharge storm water into ground water body as :
Sources Control: discharging of storm water to the surface where rainfall lands,
Site Control: discharging of storm water on the surface water run-off from large areas,
such as part of housing estate, major roads, or business parks. The run-off from large
urban areas can be channeled to a site control measure using swales (shallow drainage
channels), and
Regional Control: discharging of storm water with the gathered run-off from a large area
at regional level.
Figure 2: Sustainable Urban Drainage System Management Train (after CIRIA,

2000)
In the above figure 2, the storm water management system starts with prevention or good
housekeeping measures at the household level and progress through local sources control to
larger downstream site and regional control. The concept promotes the division of the area to be
drain into sub catchment with different drainage characteristics and land use each with own
drainage strategy to suite prevailing condition, land use type and hydrogeology type of the site.
(12)

2.3 Importance of Storm Water Drainage System
Urban drainage infrastructure is designed to remove the rainfall which accumulates on relatively
impermeable surfaces in towns and cities. In doing so, they further increase the speed of runoff
and reduce the natural attenuation (=infiltration capacity) of the land surface.(13)
2.4. Impact of Urbanization on Rainfall- Runoff Processes
Urbanization is an important index to reflect the development level of a country, but it is

enhances the interaction between human society and the environment. The unbalance of the
water conservancy facilities transformation and the rapid urban development resulted in
considerable urban water problems. Urbanization increases the risk of flooding due to increased
peak discharge and volume, and decreased time to peak that restricted the development of cities.
In highly urbanized areas, over half of rainfall becomes surface runoff, and deep infiltration is
only a small fraction of natural situation (Brun S.E and L.E, 2011). However, some researchers
did not found significant changes in runoff coefficients in an urbanized catchment. Rainfall-
runoff process is known to be related to complex factors in urban, such as land use/cover, river
network morphology, construction of drainage system and water transfer. The complexity of
underlying surface, the uncertainty of anthropogenic disturbance, and lack of high quality
datasets for calibration and validation may limit research for the rainfall-runoff processes in an
urban catchment (Guan Mingfu et al., 2015).
2.5 Causes of Storm Water Drainage System Failures
The main causes of water drainage system failure are the inadequacy of drainage structures
during the rainy season to pass the flood, poor quality construction, inappropriate site selection
and improper alignment of some drainage structures with respect to the road alignment. These
shortcomings cause damage to superstructures of drainage structures and stream crosscurrents
Improper skew i.e. improper alignment of drainage structures with respect to the natural channel
and the roadway can greatly aggravate the magnitude of scour. Another one was Uncollected
solid waste often finds its way into surface drains and sewers; these drains, blocked with rubbish,
then have less capacity than clean ones, and are more likely to flood during large storms (2).

The storm water can be caused by natural as well as anthropogenic activities. The factors that
cause flooding are mainly meteorological, Hydrogel and human factors and are shown in table
below.
Table 1: Table showing causes of storm water and factors that affect water drainage system
Metrological Factors Hydrological Factors Human Factors

Rainfall Soil moisture level Land use change
Cyclonic storms Ground water level before Occupational of flood or
Temperature storm runoff plain obstructing flows
Snow fall / Snow melt Natural surface inflation Inefficiency or non-
Presence of impervious maintenance of roads
surface Climate change affects
Channel cross sectional slope magnitude and frequency of
and roughness coefficient precipitations and floods
Presence or Absence of cover Lack of flood or runoff control
back flow, channel network Multiple authorities poor
High tide impeding drainage. coordination
Poor operation and
management of drainage
system
Poor society participation in
protecting the drainage system
from damage
2.6. Impacts of Storm Water Drainage System Failures
Rainfall runoff in an urban environment effectively takes place instantly for areas served by
traditional drainage systems and nearly all the rain that falls on impermeable surfaces runs off.
The rate of runoff and the volume of runoff are both important components in analyzing the
performance of a drainage network. For storms above a certain magnitude the performance of the
network downstream may be exceeded. Rainfall-related flooding of the drainage network, simply
defined, is the concentration of storm water to a point from which it cannot escape quickly

enough to avoid ponding or passing on as overland flow. In addition to the hydraulic behavior of
traditional drainage systems, their water quality management characteristics are poor and this
problem is now recognized as a major issue in terms of polluting receiving waters.
The impact of rainfall in an urban environment was seen as : Foul Sewers – Inflow Foul sewers,
designed to be completely dedicated to wastewater, usually have a small proportion of
impermeable surface (incorrectly) connected to them. If this is more than a small percentage of
the total area, then the network becomes rapidly over loaded by even relatively small events,
causing backing up and flooding either directly into houses or externally. Basements that are
connected to the foul system are particularly susceptible to this form of flooding, and the social
impact can be very high. Flows passing to treatment works that are diluted by rainfall, result in
reduced treatment efficiency at the works as well as discharging excess flows into storm tanks
and, if these fill and spill, untreated effluent passes into the receiving waters. Occasionally flood
relief is provided to these sewers, due to the degree of impermeable area connected to them, by
providing CSOs. The impact on the environment of spills to the river is significant and CSOs on
separate foul systems should only be provided as an emergency measure. Moreover, increased
flow rates and changes in stream bed morphology threaten the ecosystem of the receiving waters;
this effect in storm water runoff itself could pollute. It has also noted that the large percentage of
impervious surfaces in urban landscape contributes to another form of pollution. More
challenges could be occurred on Performance of operation and maintenance of drainage system
if not properly managed as uncollected solid waste often finds its way into surface drains and
sewers; these drains, blocked with rubbish, then have less capacity than clean ones, and are more
likely to flood during large storms. Road infrastructure without appropriate drainage system
become deteriorated by runoff and storm water. (2)
2.7. Causes and Consequences of Flooding
According to (Mulugeta, 2016) and (Sinafikish, 2013), floods are caused by many factors such as
heavy rainfall, highly accelerated snowmelt, severe winds over water, unusual high tide,
tsunamis, or failure of dams, levees, retention ponds, or other structures that retained the water.
In other way, flooding can be exacerbated by increased amounts of impervious surface or hard
ground cover that not allow the water to pass thorough as well as by other natural hazards such
as wildfires, which reduce the supply or the amount of vegetation cover that can absorb rainfall.
(Mulugeta, 2016) indicated that floods can occur due to meteorological, partly meteorological or
other causes, which can exacerbate the occurrence of flooding. Meteorological causes include
snowmelt, rain, and combination of rain and ice melt. Coastal storm surges and estuarine
interactions between stream flow and tidal conditions entail the partly meteorological causes.
The remaining causes of floods can be attributed to other natural hazards such as earthquakes,
landslides, Tsunamis and hurricanes or human-caused (technological) hazards such as dam
breaks, fail levees, dykes, weirs and terraces. The cause of flooding can be described according
to the water source, geography of receiving area, cause and the speed of onset. Water source-
related floods can originate from the ocean (coastal floods), rivers (fluvial floods), from
underground (groundwater floods) and from rain (pluvial floods). These major flood types will
each be described in terms of its geography, cause, and onset speed.
Climate change and increasing need for dwellings and industrial properties have a tendency to
increase the risk of flooding, and many development activities which are situated in flood plains
can increase the risk and impacts of flooding(Elliott and Leggett, 2002). It is generally accepted
that many land use change practices or changes in land use patterns such as expansion of
settlements including road construction, deforestation, and different practices in arable and
grassland management have a great contribution to increase the frequency and severity of
flooding. Land use and land cover changes have different effects on the local hydrological cycle
depending on the nature of the land use cover that existed and that one which results after the
changes(A.Wahren et al., 2009). According to (Sinafikish, 2013), land use is being dynamically
shaped under the influence and interaction of two broad sets of forces human needs and
environmental features and processes. Land use occurs as a result of natural process such as
climatic variation, volcanic eruptions, change in river channels or the sea levels, etc. However,
most of the land cover changes of the present and the recent past are due to human actions
or intervention to using of the land for production or settlement. This is because of the different
socioeconomic drivers including demographic, social, economic, technological, market, political
and institutional factors and their processes. There are two major aspects that connect land use
and flooding. The first one is the location or existence of values and key components of the
economy on flood plains provides economic benefits and at the same time creates risks for the
society in terms of flood loss potential. Secondly, the development of land through different

construction activities has consequences on the flow of water on the one hand, either by
accelerating runoff through reducing the infiltration capacity of soils or obstructing the natural
drainage system as well as sediment and pollutants on the other hand. In general, human
alterations of the catchment area can significantly contribute to changes to all those processes
that are the hydrological processes through large scale land use changes and land use practices In
addition to this, with increasing human alteration and development of the catchment area, the
runoff generation process is changed, especially through decreasing the infiltration capacity of
the soil and the change of soil cover. This has led to a great concern over human beings which
play a great role in increasing flood hazards through the alterations of the catchments(WMO,
2009). Likewise, (Tan, 2011), cited in (Sinafikish, 2013), clearly stated about the relationship
between land use change and flooding: ‘Catchment land use/land cover changes influence the
condition for transformation of precipitation into runoff by expanding impervious surfaces which
lead to decrease infiltration rate and consequently increase the amount and rate of runoff’.
The other important factor that causes flooding is the absence of land use policy. (WMO, 2007),
cited in (Sinafikish, 2013), stated that, land use policies and regulations play an important role in
catchment management and in reducing the risk due to flooding. But, due to the absence of such
policy, there may be human intervention in the catchment that affects the hydrological process
including illegal settlement and other restricted activities. Flooding has serious implications on
the infrastructure, people and economy. That is, the adverse effects of floods often involve far
reaching socio-economic and environmental consequences including loss of life and property;
mass migration of people and animals; environmental degradation; and shortages of food,
energy, water and other basic needs.
According to (Lucena. Vanessa et al., 2006), cited in (Sinafikish, 2013), flooding has both direct
and indirect consequences. The direct impacts of flooding concerns when damages caused by the
physical contact of floodwaters or when peoples or objects directly affected by the floodwater. In
addition to this, as (Zein, 2010), stated that, the direct losses of flooding include fatalities,
injuries homelessness, collapse of buildings and infrastructures, sedimentation, pollution and so
on. While, indirect losses include diseases, psychological impact, short and long-term economic
loss and so on. As shown in Figure 2.1, human casualties, economic loses; infrastructural
damage and adverse environmental impacts are worth mentioning in this regard.

2.8 Theoretical Framework of the Study
Introducing the complexity of decision making in urban storm water management when arguing
for the need of climate change adaptation strategies, much emphasis is placed on terms like
uncertainty, variability, vulnerability, resilience and adaptive capacity. In the last decade climate
change adaptation strategies and assessments have changed approach to considering also non-
physical issues related with the urban context and, as such, they have become very socio cultural
oriented (Füssel and Klein, 2006) and specifically, several studies have correlated the need for
climate change adaptation to the need for sustainable development (Cohen et al., 1998;
Srivastava, 2006), as an attempt to connect a range of environmental issues with social and
economic issues with the idea that “addressing environmental problems can bring economic as
well as social and environmental benefits” (Bulkeley, 2001). However, additional studies
(Hopwood et al., 2005) have clarified how development to be sustainable needs to aim at
increasing human well-being and equity rather than societal wealth. Observations on storm water
management practice have demonstrated that a complexity to implement concepts like
sustainable development and climate change adaptation into practice is related to the lack of
skills and tools of decision makers to address such challenges (Fratini et al., subm.).
Conventionally, storm water management has focused on maintaining and optimizing technical
performances. Usually, water engineers use models to simulate the behavior of the urban water
system traditionally placed below ground. With the increased uncertainties related to future
scenarios, water engineers have become aware that such models need to consider the interaction
of the water system with other parts of the urban area. Extra space and attention needs to be
given to water above ground in order to enhance the resilience of the urban area (Geldof
&Kluck, 2008; Ashley et al., 2007; Tait et al., 2008). Urban planners, architects, natural
scientists, citizens and politicians need to be involved to integrate water within the urban space
and to implement structures and infrastructures sensitive to the existing water balance (Wong &
Brown, 2009). However, different actors interpret and negotiate the urban space differently
depending on their daily practices, their profession and their culture. These differences
influences decision making. Complexity increases and because decision makers for urban water
management are not prepared to address such a complexity, solutions aiming at increasing urban
resilience are often not implemented or fail (Fratini et al, subm.).

2.9 Practice of Ethiopia Urban Drainage System
Ethiopian cities and towns at large, are troubled with storm water leading into floods especially
during the rainy season due to inadequate installation of drainage infrastructure, poor
maintenance of existing drains and the problem is more critical in cities of highland regions like
Addis Ababa of Ethiopia (12) . One of the most difficult issues a community can face is the
question of street flooding in Urban and its causes in most emerging Cities of Ethiopia. The road
and drainage infrastructure distribution is not satisfactory for some citizens due to its unfair
expansion and distribution activities of the infrastructure (12)
Urban drainage systems have existed as a vital city infrastructure to collect and convey storm
water and wastewater away from urban areas. With urbanization, impermeability increases
because of the increase in impervious surfaces. This in turn changes the drainage pattern,
increases overland flow resulting in flooding and related environmental problems. The impact of
this is severe on spatial structures like road. This is because, flooding and its related
environmental problems like sheet and gulley erosion, surface inundation tends to affect road
services and its life span.
Given the significance not only in socioeconomic development, but also a path way for the
location of other infrastructure, issues that affect its performance and longevity are critical areas
of research [1].
The pattern of urbanization and modernization in Ethiopia has meant increase densification along
with urban infrastructure development. This has led to deforestation, use of corrugated roofs and
paved surfaces. The combined effect of this results in higher rain drop intensity and consequently
accelerated and concentrated runoff [1]. In Ethiopian context, where watersheds of many urban
centers receive significant amount of annual rainfall and where rainfall intensity is generally
high, control of runoff at source, flood protection, and safe disposal of excess water/runoff
through proper drainage facilities becomes essential. In built up areas networks of roads are
constructed to support human and vehicular traffic. In complement drainage facilities are
provided to ensure timely disposal of sewage and surface water runoff generated from expansive
impermeable surfaces. The conveyance of such a drain is facilitated if the ground surface or its
invert has sufficient slope (Owuama C. O., Uja E., and Kingsley C. O. 2014) (13).

Addis Ababa capital City of Ethiopia has a lot of problems regarding drainage infrastructure
including inadequacy and poor quality drainage infrastructure. Some towns/cities of Ethiopia
their location are at or near the foot of Mountain with absence of proper drainage line along
roads in the town, seasonal floods and other environmental problems are most frequently
occurring especially on downstream parts of the city. This has resulted in negative impacts on the
performance of urban system and sustainable urban drainage system provision and management.
Urban drainage systems are designed to remove the rain fall which accumulates on relatively
and reduce the natural attention of the land surface. The runoff from an urban area may have a
significant effect on the hydro-graph of a natural water course which is receiving the runoff,
since the later may not have responded to the rainfall.
Generally, increased flow rates and changes in stream bed morphology threaten the ecosystem of
the receiving waters; this effect is amplified if the storm water runoff is itself polluted. It is also
noted that the large percentage of impervious surfaces in urban landscape contributes to another
form of pollution. Performance of operation and maintenance of drainage system after
construction has more challenges as comparing to design and construction of urban drainage
systems which is relatively straightforward to urban authorities who are often ineffective in
dealing with the level of the problem [5]. Uncollected solid waste often finds its way into surface
drains and sewers; these drains, blocked with rubbish, then have less capacity than clean ones,
and are more likely to flood during large storms. According to Ethiopian Ministry of Urban
Development, Construction and Housing Strategy [6] after a road drainage study has been
conducted along with road design, the quality of the road drainage that is built will determine the
service-life of the infrastructure. Most of construction, operation and maintenance of drainage
systems task have been carried out by many Micro and Small Enterprises (MSE). As they have
shortage in Finance and Material shortage their work had defect in quality ,Cities authorities
tried to improve their capacity through Trainings and technical supports to provide to these
enterprises so as to enable them to conduct the construction of these road drainage system and
flood elimination systems with good quality. This would improve the quality of the constructions
and it will also gradually lengthen their service life. (2)

Road infrastructure without appropriate drainage system become deteriorated by runoff and
storm water. The majority of drainage systems of the town are open channels. Concerning
drainage infrastructure provision the main problems associated are like poor coordination and
integration among stakeholders and low community participation. Operation and maintenance
of urban drainage infrastructure is a very challenging issue in the study area. Challenges that are
encountered by community during the operation of drainage system were dumping solid waste,
discharging of liquid waste and not cleaning the drainage system.
The existing drainage system has extensive defects and requires immediate rehabilitation or
reconstruction, and also maintaining major drainage works. Because, the construction of
drainages were not undertaken by skilled personnel but by not dedicates contractors and micro
and small scale enterprises. Therefore, there is inadequate and low coverage of drainage system
coupled with poor physical condition and ineffectiveness of drainage system development in the
town. Lack of skilled man power, poor integration of stakeholders, low level community
participation, constraints of budget and absence of drainage network plan in the town were the
main problems encountered in the provision of drainage in this study. Operation and
maintenance works of drainage infrastructure is challenged by illegal dumping of solid waste,
discharging of liquid waste in to drainage which leads health and environmental problems. (2)
A good and efficient storm water management is badly required at the moment all over the globe
especially in developing countries like Ethiopia. The idea of efficient storm water management is
based on the requirement to protect the health of the public, welfare and safety of the public,
conservation of water, need to strive for suitable environment, etc. Currently, urbanization has
negative impact on urban drainages system in unplanned cities and towns in Ethiopia. The
densely populated town and cities are facing water logging and flooding during heavy rainfall.
(12) These are common issues mostly in the developing nations (Anisha. N.F and Hossain. S.,
2014).The waste water generated from the domestic as well as institutional bodies is merging
with storm water into the existing water channel. Lack of planned for separate waste water
management such as grey water, storm water, sewerage has to encourage at urban local bodies.
(12)
As study showed on the performance on the drainage water system and flooding in the town and
urban drainage system, one of the most difficult issues a towns or cities community can face is
the street flooding and its causes. In Ethiopia, the current capacity of road and drainage
infrastructure expansion in the cities and towns are not satisfactory for some citizens for its
unfair expansion and distribution activities of the infrastructure as major causes.
2.10. Existing Storm Water Drainage Condition of Addis Ababa
As Urbanization and Modernization is basically attached with Construction and building of

Infrastructure and it is one element of urbanization, the pattern of urbanization and
modernization in Ethiopia has increase along with urban infrastructure development. Because of
topography the higher rain drops intensity and consequently accelerated and concentrated runoff.
The practice of Drainage system and management in Addis Ababa showed that inadequate
integration between road and urban storm water drainage infrastructure provision and poor
management, significant proportion of the study area is exposed to flooding hazards/risks. This
has resulted in negative impacts on urban storm water drainage provision and management. From
the experience and observed for the system of drainage system in Addis Ababa city, Ethiopia the
major causes of flooding in Addis Ababa city was the blockage of urban storm water drainage
lines along with inadequate and poor integration between road and urban storm water drainage
infrastructures. (Adugna, 2011).
2.11. Managing urban flood
The ultimate aim of integrated urban flood risk management is to minimize human loss and
economic damages, while making use of the natural resources for the benefit and wellbeing of
the people. However, it is realized that absolute flood security is in most cases utopian. Flood
risks cannot be entirely avoided, thus they have to be managed. Consequently, flood
management does not strive to eliminate flood risks but to mitigate them. This may be achieved
either by reducing flood risks to an acceptable level or by retaining, sharing or transferring flood
risks through respective measures. These measures should form part of an integrated risk
management process. The basic steps of an integrated management process are:
Risk assessment
Planning and implementation of measures

Evaluation and risk reassessment (WMO/GWP Associated Program on Flood Management,

March 2008)
2.12 Water Drainage System Risk Mitigation Strategies
Integrating the master plan for Belize City downtown with Flood Risk Mitigation:
A flood compatible strategic master-plan of Belize City downtown there are a number of
potential challenges to the master plan for Belize City that arise from possible flood risk control
and mitigation measures. It is essential that the risk of flooding is recognized as a key constraint
and the drivers of the risk as potential opportunities from the outset. For the master plan to
respond to these challenges we propose a sequential, multidisciplinary and integrated approach
that starts with:
An assessment of the risk (assessment) that a. prioritizes spatial planning (multiple land use
planning (see key input 5)) to avoid placing new development in risk areas or at least substitute
vulnerable uses wherever possible.
Considers strategies to minimize the probability and severity of a flood (control), followed by A
review of strategies to minimize the potential consequences of a flood on occupants and
properties (mitigation).
Finally proposals are re-assessed (re-assessment) to check their impact upon future occupants‟
safety, neighboring areas, wildlife and ecology. The design process is iterative, with the potential
and type of flooding understood first, proposals then developed, their impact assessed and if
necessary alterations and revisions considered. Due to time and resource limitations (the
assessment of risk and hydraulic modeling of flood events in many circumstances requires the
input of specialist consultants (and a multi-disciplinary approach) using sophisticated software.
The design of flood defenses, barriers and underground drainage systems requires civil and
structural engineering expertise) . We will just simple illustrate some of its main components for
civil and structural for flood design to protect or prevent flooding , but this will require a
separated effort by identifying as Human factor ,meteorological factor , hydrological factor ,and
flooding effects based on these factors.

Conceptual Framework
Figure 3: Conceptual framework for urban storm-water drainage network

failure (from Tadele Fulle , 2017),
2.13. Operation and Maintenance (O&M)

In the past, operation and maintenance (O & M) of urban drainage systems has often been
inadequate. The temptation has been to assume that if there were no immediate problems, there
was no need to spend money. Yet, drainage systems corrode, erode, clog, collapse and ultimately
deteriorate to the point of failure and beyond. Maintenance is needed to maintain the operational
function of the system and to extend its working life. Emphasis has now changed from
considering sewer networks as liabilities to recognizing them as valuable assets, with O & M
needed to maintain a properly performing system. The major O & M functions are:
 Location and inspection

 cleaning and blockage clearance
 chemical dosing
 Fabric rehabilitation – repair, renovation or replacement (Butler and Davies, 2004).
2.14. Summary
Urban drainage infrastructure is designed to remove the rainfall which accumulates on relatively
and reduce the natural attenuation (=infiltration capacity) of the land surface. Essentially all site
developments, of all kinds, involve impervious and compacted surfaces. The change in land
cover increases runoff over the surface, dumps flood waters in to streams, reduces ground water
recharge, diverts water from base flows, and turns oils from the streets to pollutants. That is
urban storm water drainage system has started to prevent the environment and the human health
from various flooding hazards by safely removing floods. Urban drainage infrastructure is
designed to remove the rainfall which accumulates on relatively impermeable surfaces in towns
and cities. In doing so, they further increase the speed of runoff and reduce the natural
attenuation (infiltration capacity) of the land surface. The storm water can be caused by natural
as well as anthropogenic activities. The factors that cause flooding are mainly meteorological,
hydrological and human factors. The impact of rainfall in an urban environment is summarized
below. Foul Sewers – Inflow Foul sewers, designed to be completely dedicated to wastewater,
usually have a small proportion of impermeable surface (incorrectly) connected to them. If this is
more than a small percentage of the total area, then network become rapidly overloaded by even
relatively small events that causing backing up and flooding either directly into houses or
externally. Urban storm water management when arguing for the need of climate change
adaptation strategies, much emphasis is placed on terms like uncertainty, variability,

vulnerability, resilience and adaptive capacity. The Rational Method became the standard and
was in use about 100 years ago in New York State and continues in use to this day although
more so in developing regions.
Early storm water or catchment runoff estimation throughout the world was based on designer’s
experience and judgment. Current practice is that the watershed that is to be drained by a
proposed storm sewer system will be generally divided into one or more sub-catchments or sub
watersheds that are of reasonable size and are approximately homogeneous in nature. Finally
proposals are re-assessed (re-assessment) to check their impact upon future occupants‟ safety,
Neighboring areas, wildlife and ecology. The design process is iterative, with the potential and
type of flooding understood first, proposals then developed, their impact assessed and if
necessary alterations and revisions considered.
At a general level, there are two kinds of storm water which is of concern in storm water
management:
Rainwater during and after periods of rainfall which is not absorbed into the soils and flows
across the land. In a situation of unimpeded flow, this water finds a natural route across the land
and into streams, rivers, lakes or the coast. The level of absorption is affected by the type of soil,
the frequency of rainfall and the height of the water table; Flood water from stream and river
corridors that overtops river or stream banks and spreads out into surrounding areas. These
natural stream and river flood ways are often areas where people have settled and have
subsequently sought to confine the natural flow to avoid impacts on life and property. Sometimes
there are flat swampy areas with wetlands and lagoons that sit behind the main coastal dunes. In
these areas, streams often merge and flow into each other, creating a series of wetlands. It can
take very little water entering this area to have the streams ‘flood’ or merge, In some situations,
storm water may be trapped in low lying areas and sit as pending for a period of time, depending
on how high the water table is, how saturated the soils are and how quickly they can absorb the
excess water. The level of absorption is also affected by the amount of hard, impermeable
surface in an area. In an urban area, the area of hard surfaces from roads, driveways and roofs of
buildings will be large and will have a major impact on the nature and extent of storm water run-
off.
In general the drainage system has extensive defects and requires immediate rehabilitation or
reconstruction, and also maintaining major drainage works. Because, experience showed the
construction of drainages were not undertaken by skilled personnel but by not dedicates
contractors and micro and small scale enterprises. Therefore, there is inadequate and low
coverage of drainage system coupled with poor physical condition and ineffectiveness of
drainage system development in the town. Lack of skilled man power, poor integration of
stakeholders, low level community participation, constraints of budget and absence of drainage
network plan in the town were the main problems encountered in the provision of drainage
Operation and maintenance works of drainage infrastructure is challenged by illegal dumping of
solid waste, discharging of liquid waste in to drainage which leads health and environmental
problems. (2)
CHAPTER-THREE

3. METHODOLOGY
3.1. Study Area Description
Addis Ababa lies 9°1′48″N latitude and 38°44′24″E longitude. The city is located at the heart of
the country, at an altitude ranging from 2,100 meters at Akaki in the south to 3,000 meters at
Entoto Hill in the North. Gurd Shola located in Yeka sub city which is one of the ten sub-cities
of Addis Ababa. Specific study area was bounded from Lambert Menharia upper right, Elfora to
the upper and lower left and Gurd Shola Ethio-telecom on lower right.
3.2 Population and Sampling of study
3.2.1 Target population
Population of interest is homogeneous and population studies are more representative because
everyone has an equal chance to be included in the final sample that is drawn. The target
population for this study will be the professionals from AACRA and Residents near study area.
A total of 84 from residents and Engineer from AACRA are selected for study to collect
information on the study by response on their perception for the questionnaire .
3.2.2 Sampling and Sampling Technique
3.2.2.1 Sample size
The sample size determination has based on Solvin‟s formula with confidence level 95% and
confidence interval (error margin) 5%. The derivations below show that Slovin‟s formula was
applicable only when estimating a population proportion using a confidence coefficient of 95%
(Tejada & Punzalan, (2012)
Thus, n = N/(1+N (e)2 ) ……………………………….equation 3.1
N= there are 84 target populations are selected from Residents and AACRA Engineers
Where, n = is the sample size
N = is the population size
e = error tolerance (0.05)

84
n= =70 is study sample size .
(1+84∗0 . 052 )
3.2.2.2 Sampling Techniques
According to Singh and Masuku (2014) Stratified random sampling is useful method for data
collection if the population is heterogeneous. In this method, the entire heterogeneous population
is divided in to a number of homogeneous groups, usually known as Strata, each of these groups
is homogeneous within itself, and then units are sampled at random from each of these stratums.
The sample size in each stratum varies according to the relative importance of the stratum in the
population.
3.3. Data type and Collection
On this section the steps taken to construct this research discussed and the existing drainage
systems assessed are discussed.
Primary data
Key information of the study would collect from Questionnaire conducted and that was
distributed to professionals with officials of selected government offices like AACRA and
Residents of the study area.. In addition to Questionnaire with the design office, local residence
and site observation were also made to see the major cause for the drainage problems like clogs,
if there is regular operation and maintenance done and photographs were taken and presented.
The questionnaire would prepared on the objective of the study, it include practice of Drainage
system, causes for Drainage system failure, Impacts of failure drainage system and operation and
maintenance of drainage channels or structures.
Secondary data
The secondary data was collected and organized by referring different literature reviews,
published academic journals, reports, conference proceedings and text books on related to the
objective of the study.

3.3.1. Site Survey
Observation is a means of data collections method in which the researchers visit or participate
in location or group of people to better understand people, environment or other phenomena
within the space. On this study informal observation and questionnaire have been conducted,
when conducting observations, the learning curves are habits, patterns, behaviors, reactions, and
general information about people in a particular environment to better understand what they do
and, why they do it (Though; observations alone often won’t tell us the “why”). Site visits will
be conducted to get the first hand information of the area. Key Informant interview or
questionnaire and site assessment were done with different stakeholders and people living near
the study area. https://search.asf.alaska.edu/
3.4.2. Procedure to estimate the impact of Operation and Maintenance of Drainage system
Understanding maintenance and operational performances determines flooding impact.

Maintenance programs for watercourse channels and culverts cleaning would be assessed when
these operations were performed in respect to the flooding event using personal observation.
Engineers from AACRA and local residents were participated on the study on responding the
question in the questionnaire. The basic questions asked for questionnaire are shown on the
Appendix of questionnaire part of this study.
3.5. Data Analysis
Collected data from Questionnaires will be take data from almost any type of file and use them
to generate tabulated reports, charts and plots of distributions and trends, descriptive statistics,
and complex statistical analyses and M.S and RII ranking for comparison for Drainage system:
practice of Drainage system, causes for Drainage system failure, Impacts of failure drainage
system and operation and maintenance of drainage channels or structures. Frequency distribution
was used to describe the profile of the sample. After the data’s are organized into a frequency
distribution, it’s presented in graphical form. The purpose of graphs in statistics is to convey the
data to the viewers in pictorial form. It is easier for most people to comprehend the meaning of
data presented graphically than data presented numerically in tables or frequency distributions.

Relative Importance Index (RII):-Kometa et al. used the Relative Importance Index method to
determine the relative importance of the various causes and effects of delays Analysis of data
consists of calculating the Relative Importance Index (RII) and Ranking of factors based on the
Relative Importance Index (RII) using Excel computer software and the following formula has
been used.
1n 1+2 n 2+3 n3+ 4 n 4+5 n 5

RII = …………………………………………Equation 3.2
A∗N
Where;
RII = Relative Importance Index (0 ≤ RII ≤ 1), n 1, n2, n3, n4 and n5 = Number of respondents
answer each factor
1, 2, 3, 4, 5 = weight given for each factor (ranging from 1 to 5), A = highest weight (i.e. 5),
N = total number of respondents.
1 n 1+2 n2+3 n 3+ 4 n 4 +5 n 5
Mean Square M . S= …………………………Equation 3.3
N

CHAPTER FOUR
4. DATA ANALYSIS RESULT AND DISCUSSION
4.1. Study Respondent Information
A total of 70 Respondents have participated in this study of which 60 were residents and 10 were
engineers working in the bureau of Addis Ababa City Road Authority (AACRA). 55 % of
respondent’s educational level of the residents and professions were degree, 25 % are of
Diploma, 5% were of Masters and the rest were of certificate holders. All engineers from
AACRA had a work experience of more than 10 years. And most of the residents for respondents
of questionnaire were living in the study area more than 10 years
4.2 Analysis Result and Discussion
4.2.1 Actual Practice of Drainage system in Gurd shola Road Segment in Yeka sub city
4.2.1.1 Assessing Flooding Condition at the Study Area
Among the residents 87% (52/60) of them replied that flooding is a major problem Yeka Sub-
city, which is in line with the responses given by Engineers or professionals (100% or 10/10) and
the results from the focus group discussions. Regarding the extent of flooding problem in the
sub-city, 84% (46/55) of the residents responded that it is a serious problem in the sub-city.
Currently, street flooding and its related effects are common in YEKA Sub city. Most of the
drains are unfit for proper functioning. Maintenance activity is done randomly without planning.
There are also areas without drainage and access road infrastructures that make life difficult
during the rainy season for people living in those areas.

Figure 4.1 : Pictures showing flooding in some Gurd shola areas of Yeka Sub
city during the rainy seasons of August 2021, Addis Ababa (Own Camer August
2021)
4.2.1.2 Status of water drainage network system
The engineering staff of AACRA who were asked regarding their satisfaction level of current
status of water drainage network system in the study area indicated that 60% (6/10) of them are
unsatisfied. Fifty percent (5/10) of the staffs also mentioned that the materials used for building
pipes and channels are not accurately reflected on the site services plan. The existing condition
and coverage of road infrastructure was surveyed in Selected road segments around Shola of
Yeka sub-city to assess their performance.
Generally, of the roads sampled in Yeka sub city almost 50.65%of the roads are deteriorated,
degraded and/or eroded due to the absence of adequate urban storm water drainage infrastructure
that discharges the flood generated safely into the final receiving systems. Pictures of notable
examples for these problems were taken and shown in figure 4.2 below:
Figure 4.2 : Pictures showing open drainages in some areas of sampled on

Road of Yeka sub-city, Addis Ababa,

As it has also been shown in figure 4.2 above, most of the rectangular and trapezoidal drains are
open and are not environment friendly, which may encourage residents to connect their sewerage
systems and dump solid wastes into the drainage systems resulting in unpleasant smells which
are also unaesthetic to the environment. As it was drawn from respondents from field survey,
particularly open drainage lines are the major causes of respiratory diseases like Asthma,
common cold, upper respiratory tract infections and others.
4.2.1.3. Practice of flood risk management and prevention of drainage system
On the other hand, with the activities related to integration among various stakeholders
(Environmental protection office, volunteers, individuals, community, Idirs, etc…) to prevent
risks arising from flooding in flood risk areas almost all (ten out of ten) AACRA engineering
staffs replied that there was no such experience in the institution. However, in relation to
coordinating activities to mitigate further problems once risks have happened in the sub-city due
to flooding, 70 % (7/10) and 30% (3/10) of the staffs respectively replied that it is the
responsibility of Addis Ababa City Administration and AACRA. On top of this, 70% (7/10) of
the engineers replied that their organization does not have a formal risk management system.
4.2.1.4. Urban drainage System Coverage and economical section of Drainage channels
The cross section of drainage channel of the study selected area is shown Table 4.1 below
Table 4.1 Discharge drain or channel cross section
Discharge drain or channel cross In % Rank

section
Rectangular 33.3 2nd choosen
Circle 27 3rd chosen
Trapezium 39.7 1st choosen
At the study area, As per the field investigation, the existing drainage system in this city is
classified into three types by shape; (i) Rectangular, (ii) Trapezoidal, and (iii) Circular drains.
The rectangular drains cover 4.2km (33.3%), the trapezoidal drain cover 5km (39.7%) and the

circular drains cover 3.4 km (27%). From the above data, its reveal that high percent of drainage
is covered by Trapezoidal (39.7%), followed by rectangular (33.3%) and Circular (27%) drains.
4.2.1.5. Status of Existing Drainage System of the selected route of Road in Yeka sub city
The existing conditions of drainage system at the study area were investigated in detail, and
photos are taken to show the existing conditions of each and every drain. Questionnaires were
distributed at the household level are also performed to know the perception of the people of the
Area. The study has designed to find out the existing condition of drains by using the
photographic technique and household questioner to ensure performance level such as excellent,
very good, good, average, and poor conditions
Table 4.2: Respondents response on the status of drainage
excellent Very good Good poor Total

No 0 7 25 38 70
The existing condition of % 0 10 35.7 54.3 100
drainage system
Total 0 10 35.7 54.3 100

Source: Own Data Analysis, 2022
Based on field survey data and referring table 4.2 above, 38(54.3%) of the respondents claimed
that the existing condition of the drainage system is poor and unable to perform their intended
purpose, and25 (35.7%) of them said that the drainage infrastructures of the City are at a good
condition, whereas 7(10%) of respondents were responded that the drainage system is at very
good condition. In general, the existing drains in the city are not well planned and the people
living in the area suffering by different problems like bad smell, breeding of vectors, transmitting
of water born disease, and so on.
4.2.1.6. Operation and maintenance of urban drainage infrastructure (Road) is a very

challenging
The following table 4.6 shows the actual practice of Operation and maintenance of urban
drainage infrastructure (Road) .

As seen shown in table 4.6 below is the analysis result the actual practice of Operation and
maintenance of urban drainage infrastructure (Road) is a very challenging
Table 4.3 Practice of Operation and maintenance of urban drainage infrastructure (Road)
SCALE
Item 1=highly
disagree ,2=disagree Total M.S RII
3=neutral,4= Agree ,5=
highly agree
5 4 3 2 1
Operation and maintenance of urban 20 25 15 8 2 70 3.76 0.75
drainage infrastructure (Road) is a very
challenging
In % 28.6 35. 21.4 11.4 2.9 100
7
4.2.1.7 Actual practices of Drainage system on planning drainage channels Implementation

in drainage channels monitoring and maintenance of drainage channels
The drainage system on planning, implementation, monitoring and maintenance of drainage

channels actual practice of the selected road section at Gurd Shola of Yeka Sub city as shown
table 4.4
Table 4.4 Actual Practice of drainage system on
The Actual Practice of drainage system on M.S Rank
Planning drainage channels 3.56 1st

Implementation drainage channels 3.48 2nd
monitoring drainage channels 3.44 4th
maintenance of drainage channels 3.46 3rd

The analysis result shown in table 4.4 indicates that the road in planning drainage channels M.S
Value = 3.56 it is above 3.5 which implies that the road at selected section has satisfactory
practice in planning drainage channel. In other case the road has less practice in implementation,
monitoring and maintenance in which their M.S value are less than 3.5
4.2.1.8 Community on awareness to drainage system and environmental management
Community awareness is one of the best proactive measures for the sustainable drainage
management. Unfortunately, from the desk study it was studied about 40% (20 out of 50 people)
of the residents thought that damping wastes in to the water drainage system is the right thing so
as to keep their homes clean and they don’t even know what is wrong with the idea of dumping
waste outside their home as long as their residence is clean and they didn’t know dumped waste
affect her/himself in pollution the environment and block the drainage system. The rest 60% of
the residents knew that damping liquid wastes in to existing drainage system and water ways is
wrong however, they have been enforced to damp the wastes in to the water ways
irrespective of the effects that could cause to their environment. They have implied that there is
no proper sewage system to collect wastes extracted from each household timely or regularly
without polluting the environment. From the observation it was realized that even though
few people have the awareness, the authority and responsible bodies should create
awareness among the communities and also should provide proper waste management technique

Figure 4.3 Community awareness on effect of drainage problem

4.2.1.9 Road Surface Damage
Different types of damages to the roads in the pavement road alignment segment sections were
observed during the study. These are potholes, washing and deformations of the road pavements.
Side slope of the road were cut down to the drainage and close the drainage ditches special high
cut area. Deformation was observed on the segment of Gurd shola of road sections. This was
caused due to Water flooding or runoff on the wearing surface of road .water would damage the
upper surface of asphalt road
There is no regular maintenance of road and drainage structures as it was investigated during the
study. Most of the side drain ditch is full of garbage and sediment at many places which obstruct
the normal flow of water in the channel. Some drain ditches are also covered totally with grasses
and shrubs and thus not giving the desired function for which it was constructed.
4.2.1.10 Road and Drainage Network Integration
As it was observed during the field investigation of the study, proper connections were
made along the newly constructed asphalt road in which the curbstone properly constructed
and inlet spacing was provided every 2m to 3m interval. In addition drainage manholes were

constructed at required locations along this road. However on the some rest of the roads
sections proper connections were not provided. At some station non-uniform curbstone was
provided with no inlet or opening to dispose water from road to the side ditch. In the
junction of pipe was provided and this create an obstruction to convey the water along the ditch
and thus over flooding of water occurs at road crossing junction after every rainfall event.
Flooding could be occur on the road due to improper connections of drainage system or Road
integrations .According to field observation made, some of the side drain ditches were
constructed for nothing as there is no inlet or opening to collect storm water from the
adjacent surrounding area or road. In some cases, the inverted levels of the ditches are above
the elevation of the adjacent surrounding area and thus water cannot enter to the ditch.
Rather, runoff water accumulated on the road damaging the pavement.
In the study area as response of respondents to the questionnaire, due to inadequate integration of
road and urban storm water drains the following major problems have been observed: road base
and road surface degradation, widening of river banks, erosion on road bases and road surfaces,
degradation of Urban utilities, blockage of urban drainage lines, inundation of rain water on
vacant surfaces.
4.2.1.11 Types of materials of drainage channels in the City
Material quality is one of factor for the performance of drainage system. Drainage channels
would be constructed from Masonry, concrete or pipe’. Table 4.5 shown below analysis of types
of construction materials of drainage channels to determine what the practice of the selected road
is it looks like.
Table 4.5 Types of construction materials of drainage channels
Types of drainage in the City

RII M.S Rank
Masonry drainage covers 0.120 0.60 3rd
concrete drain 0.840 4.2 1st
masonry drainage covers 0.340 1.7 5th
concrete drain in cover 0.808 4.04 2nd

pipe drain 0.328 1.64 6th
From The analysis result of table 4.5 above the selected road was constructed from masonry,
concrete and pipe at connection of home drain to main road channels. But as shown in the table
4.5 above most of the selected road section was constructed from concrete as shown its M.S=4.2
which is above 3.5 and 1st in rank
4.2.1.12. Challenges that Encountered during the operation of drainage system
Challenge that is encountered during the operation of drainage system was dumping solid waste,
Discharging of liquid waste into channels and not cleaning the drainage system Opening closed
pipe as analysis shown in table 4.6 below.
Table 4.6 Challenge that is encountered during the operation of drainage system
Challenge that is encountered during the

operation of drainage system RII Rank
Dumping solid waste 0.876 1st
Discharging of liquid waste and 0.762 3rd
Not cleaning the drainage system 0.812 2nd
Opening closed pipe 0.728 4th
As the analysis result of the challenging factors that made drainage system failure were Dumping
solid waste which was 1st most significant factor (RII=0.876), Not cleaning the drainage system
the 2nd significant factors (RII=812) ,Discharging of liquid waste into channels was the 3rd
(RII=0.762) and final Opening closed Pipe was the last most significant factor that were
challenges in performing the drainage system effectively.
4.2.2. Causes for Water Driange System Failure
4.2.2.1 Causes of urban storm-water drainage network system failures

Solid wastes of different types are dumped into water drains that blocked water drainage network
system and car wash site that discharges its spent into a pipe that totally affects the area.
Similarly, based on the opinions of the residents and engineering staffs ere asked and 40% of the
residents and 50% of the staffs agreed that the majority of the drainage systems are blocked by
solid wastes as indicated in Table 4.7 below.
Table 4.7 : Major Causes of blockage of drainage systems in Yeka Sub-city, Addis Ababa, March 2022
No Major causes Responses by

Residents AACRA engineers
No % No %
1 Blockage of drainage of 18 30 4 40
drain by solid waste
2 Sewer connection to drains 10 17 2 20
3 Inadequate drain 12 20 2 20
4 Absence of drain 20 33 2 20
Total 60 100 10 100
4.2.2.2 Causes of flooding on the Road
As it has been indicated in the next table 4.8 below, the general problems for the flood on the
road during particularly Rainy season as indicated by 50. % (30/60) of the residents is that it is
due to blockage by solid wastes, 23% (13/60) of them agreed it is because if encroached by
residents and 14.5% (9/60) replied it is due to connection of sewerages to the drainage systems.
Table 4.8: Causes Flooding on the Road in Yeka Sub-city, Addis Ababa,
Major Causes
TOTAL
Num %
Encroached by 13 23
residents
Blocked by solid 30 50
wastes

Connection of 9 14.5
sewerages problem
Design problems 8 10.9
Total 60 100
4.2.2.3 Major causes of flood problems that results in drainage network failures
With regards to the major causes of flooding problems that results in drainage network failures
in Yeka sub-city, upon interview of the residents in the area, 43.3% (26/60), 31.6% (19/60) and
13.3% (8/60) of them respectively replied that blockage of urban storm water drainage
structures, inadequate urban storm water drainage infrastructure and absence of urban storm
water drainage infrastructure are the major problems.
Table 4.9: Major causes of flood problems that results in drainage network failures in Yeka Sub-
city, Addis Ababa, March 2022
Major Causes
TOTAL
Num %
Absence of Urban 8 13,3
water drainage
infrastructure
Inadequate urban 19 31.6
water drainage
infrastructure
Blockage of urban 26 43.3
drainage structures
Rugged topography 2 3.6
Afforestation 6 9.1
Total 60 100

In our study, residents were also interviewed regarding the major challenges for the provision of
integrated road and urban water drainage infrastructure in the sub-city. Consequently, 43.3%
(26/60), 31.6 % (19/60) and 13.3% (8/60) of them respectively responded that lack of awareness,
design problems and problems with professional ethics are the major challenges for the provision
of integrated road and urban storm water drainage infrastructure in Yeka sub-city.
4.2.2.4 The major causes of flood problem in Yeka sub-city as AACRA Engineers
Table 4.10 Major causes of flood problem
The major causes of flood problem in Yeka sub-city

RII M.S Rank
Absence of urban storm water drainage infrastructure 0.864 4.32 2ND
Inadequate urban storm water drainage infrastructure 0.876 4.38 1ST
Blockage of urban storm water drainage structures 0.820 4.10 3RD
Deforestation of mountain 0.760 3.80 5TH
Rugged topography 0.788 3.94 4TH
4.2.2.5 Factors that affect the performance of drainage system on route of Main Road
around Gurd shola Areas
Study investigate from the response of respondents on the questionnaire the most selected factors
that affect the performance of drainage system are topography, Drainage design ,lack strong
integration among stakeholders in the provision of drainage infrastructure ,poor maintenance
practice of drainage system because of the blockage of drainage system by the solid waste,
Materials of construction of Drainage channels or structures , Drainage capacity and Area of
Discharge
Table 4.11 Factors that affect the performance of drainage system
The performance of drainage system are affected by

RII MS Rank
Topography 0.856 4.28 2ND

Drainage design 0.828 4.14 3RD

lack strong integration among stakeholders in the provision of 0.804 4.02 6TH
drainage infrastructure
poor maintenance practice of drainage system 0.836 4.18 4TH
because of the blockage of drainage system by the solid waste, 0.860 4.30 1ST
Materials of construction of Drainage channels or structures 0.720 3.60 7TH
Drainage capacity 0.810 4.05 5TH
Area of Discharge 0.704 3.52 8TH
Analysis result shown in table 4.11 above shows their rank in level of significance or importance
of factors that affect the performance of drainage system. Hence as shown in table 4.11 as
response of respondents of questionnaire Because of the blockage of drainage system by the
solid waste is the most significant factors , topography is the 2 nd rank significant factor and
Drainage design is the 3rd factors and Materials of construction of Drainage channels or
structures is the 7th rank which is the last most significant factor that affect the performance of
drainage system
4.2.2.6 Major problems drainage infrastructure and sustainability in the study area
As response of respondents this research identified Poor quality of drainage

system ,inadequate coverage of Cross section of discharge , low level of community
participation , weak integration of stakeholders, Poor maintenance of drainage channels and
Drainage design defect are major problems drainage infrastructure and sustainability
Table 4.12 Major problems drainage infrastructure and sustainability
Problems
RII M.S Rank
Poor quality of drainage system 0.744 3.72 5th
inadequate coverage of Cross section of discharge 0.760 3.80 2nd
low level of community participation 0.748 3.74 4th
weak integration of stakeholders 0.756 3.78 3rd

Poor maintenance of drainage channels 0.742 3.71 6th

Drainage design defect 0.780 3.90 1st
As shown in table 4.12 above the analysis result shows Drainage design defect inadequate is the
most significant which was 1st rank , the 2nd significant major problem for drainage
infrastructure and sustainable was coverage of Cross section of discharge , weak integration of
stakeholders the 3rd significant problem and the 6th rank significant for major problems drainage
infrastructure and sustainability.
4.2.3 EFFECT OF FAILED DRAINAGE SYSTEM ON ROAD
4.2.3.1 Challenge of drainage Failures on the asphalt pavement, response from the
Engineers
The improper and no well-maintained of the drainage system are causes the failure of
road pavement and it reduce their life span. This bad condition of the side drain and its structures
remains the same throughout the rain season causing the runoff water to flow on the surface of
the road and unable to run off through the path far from the failed drain. The resultant effect of
this critical situation causes serious distresses and damages on pavement. The road edges
suffered from detachment of asphalt layer due to continuous contact of water leading to stripping
of asphalt from aggregates resulting in severe pavement distresses of cracking, potholes
and failure of edges of the road.
The impact of poor drainage condition on road pavement is very adverse. It causes pavement
distresses and deterioration which affect the safety and riding quality on the pavement. The study
investigated cases of pavement failures and damages due to poor drainage experienced during
the rainy season.
4.2.3.2 The impacts of drainage underperformance Poor road pavement can result in costly
repairs or pavement replacement long before the road pavements reach their expected
design life.

Additionally, excessive water/moisture content in the pavement base, subbase and subgrade can
cause early distresses, i.e., rutting, fatigue cracking, raveling alligator cracking, potholes, base
failures, settlement, swelling…etc. That can lead to structural and functional failures.
The following are some water-related effects: Reduce base, subbase, and subgrade strength;
Differential swelling in expansive cohesive clay soils; Stripping of binder/bitumen from
aggregate; Movement of “fines” into base or subbase course material causing reduction of
hydraulic conductivity; Reduce pavement load bearing capacity; Washout of road segments or
structures; and Reduced engineering properties of soils, i.e. cohesiveness, friction……etc.
Consequently, water combined with traffic loading can have a negative effect on both material
properties and the overall performance of the road system, i.e., premature road failure. Water
entering the road pavement can accelerate pavement deterioration that results in 1) increase
operation and maintenance cost; 2) shorten road lifecycle, 3) poor ride quality, 4) increase
accidents, 5) increase road users’ delay, 6) accelerated pavement replacement and increased cost
and increased vehicle users operating cost ( Prithvi S, 2002).
design of the road: Drainage design is most appropriately included in alignment and
gradient planning (Larson, et al., 1949).
The roadway shall not obstruct the general flow of surface water or stream water in any
unreasonable manner to cause an unnecessary accumulation either of water flooding or
water saturated uplands, or an unreasonable accumulation and discharge of surface water
flooding or water saturated lowlands. The failure of road occurred on Gurd Shola road
segment due to inadequate capacity of the drainage. If the failure is sudden and
catastrophic, it can result in injury or loss of life and property (O'Flaherty, C.A., 2002).
4.2.3.3 Environment impact due to poor drainage system
As study investigation from the response of respondents, due to poor maintenance, inadequate
drainage infrastructure, and absence of drainage facility in the city, different types of
environmental related impacts were caused, such as water born disease, breeding site for vectors
like water pollutions. The household sampled population reinforces this idea as indicated in table
4.13 below.

Table 4.13 : Respondents Responses about Environmental Problems due to drainage
Environment Impact RII Rank

Water born disease 0.752 1ST
Water pollution 0.744 2ND
Environment pollution 0.736 3RD
Air pollution 0.712 4TH
(bad odor and inconvenience for living in)
Source: Own Data Analysis, March 2022
According to the data of table 4.13 , Most of the respondents claimed that due to stagnant water
(created by blocked drains) there is a water borne diseases as it becomes polluted in different
ways, but RII=0.744 indicates that most of the respondents Agree that it is significant so that
there is water pollution in their surroundings due to poor drainage system . The Analysis result
the study observed that in poorly drained areas, urban runoff mixes with sewage from
overflowing latrines causing pollution and a wide range of problems associated with water borne
diseases.
During the field observation time, solid waste blocks the existing drainage system and creates
flooding in the street resulting in bad odor and inconvenience for living in. Finally, Of analysis
result with RII value of the respondents responded that the storm water of the town becomes
polluted (Water pollution RII=0.744 , Environment pollution RII=0.736 , Air pollution
RII=0.712) that are bad odor and inconvenience for living in as it mixes with solid wastes, silt
contaminants, domestic waste water and other materials.
4.2.3.4 Effects of Poor Drainage system on Roads
An appropriate understanding of the dynamics of water flow in roads is important for

many reasons. It is well known that the rate of road deterioration increases if the water content
of the granular material increases. Presents no less than six adverse effects related to
excess water: reduction of shear strength of unbound materials, differential swelling on
expansive sub grade soils, movement of unbound fines in flexible pavement base and sub
base layers, pumping of fines and durability cracking in rigid pavements, frost-heave and thaw

weakening, and stripping of asphalt in flexible pavements. In a recently performed

accelerated load test, used a Heavy Vehicle Simulator (HVS) to show that the rate of
rutting increased in all layers of a flexible construction when the ground water table was
raised. On the positive side, ensuring proper (optimal) water content greatly improves
packing of the road during construction, and may also increase its resilience when trafficked,
even though this effect is often neglected. In conclusion, initially maintaining adequate water
contents in asphalt road materials is beneficial but if the water content increases with
time, negative effects will most likely emerge. It is generally desired to keep the road as
close to or less than optimum water content as possible over time (Diriba, 2016).
However, to realize road benefits, roads must be properly designed, constructed, operated and
maintained. A key factor in effective road performance is proper drainage (Edgar Leonard ,
2004).
Prithvi Singh Kandhal, associate director of the National Center for Asphalt Technology at
Auburn University and internationally-recognized for work in asphalt road construction
technology, noted, “It is a fundamental tenet of practicing pavement engineering that three things
are vital for pavement performance: Drainage, Drainage, and Drainage.”
4.2.3.5 Effects of drainage underperformance on asphalt road, response from road users
A significant proportion of the respondents either use the road every day. The data collected
shows that 80% of the respondents use the road often. This was important to this study as it
showed that the respondents could be relied on to give authentic information to achieve
the studies objectives.
The state of the drainage system compromised their safety as they travelled. Only 20% think
the drainage system provided in selected road in Gurd shola Segement of Yeka sub city is
good, whereas, there was none of the respondents who thought the drainage system was very
poor that causes the damage of the road eroded, cracking, wash away by over flooding of the
water and deposited waste materials on the road.

Figure 4.5 Effects of poor drainage system on the asphalt pavement road .
Road users were in consensus when it came to the effects of the poor drainage system on the
road. Majority reported that the causes and effects of poor drainage on the road are water leaves
debris on the road surface during the rains there by hindering free movements of vehicles on the
road. It also washed away the asphalts during the rainy season, therefore totally making
it impossible the passage of the road. A significant proportion reported that runoffs on the
road block and cracking the through the road and leave debris on the road after the rains; this
debris would then hinder movement along the road and therefore inconvenience travelers. The
travelers would then become late in their businesses or other engagements.
According to the questionnaire answers, clogging of drainage pipes, culverts and ditches by
debris flow and fine-grade soil is one of the most important maintenance issues in current
drainage systems. Some of the respondents stated that cleaning of drainage pipes, culverts
and ditches is not specified at a certain time and is therefore only done when needed. This
suggests that it is important to perform operations such as maintenance and cleaning regularly to
prevent over flooding of the water on the road
4.2.3.6 The effects of drainage Failures system on the road.

From the observation and questionnaire analysis of respondents indicated effects of drainage
Failures system on the road are:
Reducing the load carrying ability of the subgrade, sub base, asphalts and shoulder of the
road.
Eroding the road side surface by washing away the top surface of the road.
Runoff the road and block a road by deposited waste material on the road and
water
Figure 4.6 Considerations when coming up with a road design.

According to get the information from the engineers and from of ERA when design and
construction of the road drainage structure it must be consider more on the topography of around
the study area based on the location of settlements of road that useful for road user and residents
in the way which to control the causes and effects of poor drainage on the road. And
also consider the cost of construction and state of the road. It was important to know the
critical factors considered when designing a road drainage system. This is because they
helped to understand the reasons behind the design of every road.
Table 4.14 Causes, Effect and mitigation measure of poor drainage on the road as reported in
questionnaire responses

It was important to know the critical factors considered when designing a road drainage system.
This is because they helped to understand the reasons behind the design of every road and in this
case, for road Segments of selected On Gurd shola areas of Yeka Sub city , Addis Ababa City.
4.2.3.7 Flooding Problems
The result of the study shows that though the drainage problem is common in the area,
the hazard of the flooding problem is dominant for about 30 % of the area and this
flooded prone area is located at both upstream and downstream reach of the Yeka Sub city
Pavement roads sub-catchment along the road. The channels are over flooded with runoff water
Mainly during Summer time (June, July , August to Mid -September ) due to blockage by

debris and the flooding extended to the surrounding residential buildings causing damages
or loss to their property. Rainy season, over flooding of runoff water also occurred to the
channels or Ditches in a rain season. Generally, linear type of storm water drainage U-ditch
constructed in the study area of Yeka sub city Asphalt Road section. But it was observed that
liquid wastes released to the water drainage ditch and Drainage channels from some residential
buildings which affected the proper functioning of the drainage structures.
Figure 4.7 Rain season defects of drainage structures Road Segment main
section of road of Yeka Sub city of Addis Ababa (source field survey).
4.2.3.8 Risks emerging from failure of road drainage network systems
Sources of flooding risks in urban storm-water drainage system and flooding risk management
were analyzed by interviewing the AACRA staffs (Table 4.15 ).The corresponding mean scores
of the responses were arranged in the form of risk matrix; i.e., low impact - low probability of
occurrence ,high impact - low probability of occurrence, high impact - high probability of
occurrence, and low impact - high probability of occurrence.
Table 4.15 : Ranking risk sources on urban storm water drainage system and road flooding risk
Management as per the respondents
s. Identified risks Number of respondents Number of

num perceive Level to respondents perceive
flooding Risk to level of
Contribute to Cost,

Time and Quality

High Medi Low high Medi Low
um um
1 Incomplete definition of the scope of 5 3 2 4 3 3
2 Unpredicted technical problems in 5 3 2 4 3 3
construction
3 Poor organizational structure 6 2 2 4 3 3
4 Poor planning and Management 6 2 2 4 3 3
5 Shortage of cash flow 3 5 2 5 3 2
6 Flood , drainage water management 6 2 2 5 2 3
problems
7 Environmental pollution and Damage 6 2 2 5 3 2
8 Unexpected Sub surface conditions 4 3 3 5 3 2
9 Negligence for the downstream due 3 5 2 4 3 3
absence of water containment/water
runoff
The corresponding impact on time, cost, and quality as shown in table 9 is that urban storm water
drainage network system and road flooding risk management financial related risks and
incomplete definition of scope of work study, unpredicted technical problems in construction and
poor organizational structure, poor planning and management related risks are found to be in the
category of high impact-high probability of occurrence. Flood, drainage and storm water
management problems, environmental pollution and damage, unexpected sub-surface
conditions , negligence for the downstream Settlements due to absence of storm-water
containment/ storm-water runoff control and related risks are found to be the most significant
sources which have an impact on time and cost of projects.
Financial related risks are the other significant sources of risk with high impact on cost. From the
matrix as shown in table, quality of roads is a problem in urban storm water drainage network
and road flooding risk management. Informants are mentioned that financial related risks and
incomplete definition of scope of work study, unpredicted technical problems in construction,

poor organizational structure, and poor planning and management risks are found to be in the
category to high probability of occurrence, but low impact on quality of the roads. It is to be
noted that although the risks are dependent on one another, among the various causes of risks,
urban storm water drainage network system and road flooding risk management related risk is
emerged as the major one.
4.2.4 Water Drainage system failure Mitigation Measures and strategies
4.2.4.1 Urban flood risk mitigation measures and strategies
In relation to the weight of responsibility of the staffs working at AACRA for managing risk
related issues on urban storm-water drainage network system and road flooding risk
management, of the 10 staffs, five of them cited program managers are the most responsible,
three of them informed executive directors are the responsible bodies, however two of them
mentioned it is the responsibility of designers or consultants to take the mentioned
responsibilities.
Regarding awareness creation activities at the community level by Addis Ababa City Road
Authority (AACRA) in the last periods, 80% (8/10) of the staffs give response interviewed
informed us that no campaigns were undertaken to aware the residents to keep drainages clean
and not to use them as a refuse dump sites. Sixty seven percent (7/10) of them also responded
that their institution does not have a detailed plan for the next few years to renew or repair major
assets like bridges, pits, roads, etc… in Yeka Sub city area.
Table 4.16 : Residents’ responses showing if any temporary solutions have been undertaken to
flood problems in Yeka Sub-city, Addis Ababa, April 2017
Suggested Temporary % analysis result

solution In % Rank
Cleaning drainage channels 73 1st
Sand bags 6 4th
Constructing new drainage 4 5th
facilities

Earth embankment 7 3rd

Afforestation 10 2nd
As shown in the table 4.16 above, 73% (43/60), 10% (6/60) and 7% (42/60) have respectively
replied that cleaning drainage channels, afforestation and earth embankments have been
undertaken as temporary solutions to flood problems in the sub-city. Similarly, to tackle flood
problems in the sub-city, 79% (47/60), 8% (5/60) and 3.6% (2/60) respectively have responded
that cleaning drainage channels, afforestation, and earth embankments and constructing new
storm-water drainage facilities were undertaken as permanent solutions.
Table 4.17 : Residents’ responses showing if any permanent solutions have been undertaken to
flood problems in Yeka , Addis Ababa, 2022
Suggested permanent solution

In % Rank
Cleaning drainage channels 79 1st
Sand bags 0 5th
Constructing new drainage 3 4th
facilities
Earth embankment 8 3rd
Afforestation 10 2nd

CHAPTER- FIVE
5. FINDING S, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1. Summary of the major finding
The findings of this study indicated that the major causes of flooding were found to be
Deforestation of surrounding mountain, and Inadequate integration between road and

urban storm water drainage lines. Solid and liquid waste damping was also the biggest
challenges on the general urban drainage system.
Furthermore, this study identified for the practice of drainage system are :
Blockage of drainage of drain by solid waste

Sewer connection to drains
Inadequate drains
Absence of drains
Identified Risks
Economic loss
Environmental degradation
Incomplete definition of scope of work
Unpredicted technical problems in construction
Poor organizational structure
Poor planning and management
Shortage of Cash flow
5.2 Conclusion
The capacity and adequacy of drainage system were investigated through site observation and
questionnaires analysis. Under the questionnaires analysis was used to investigate by preparing
the questionnaires for engineers, road users and residents based on the design capacity of the
road, causes and effects of existing poor drainage system of the road.

The results from this study were undertaken using both quantitative and qualitative research
approaches through Questionnaire , focus group discussions and field surveys, though the study
has a limitation of scope that it only represents the areas studied due to small sample size of the
Sub city of Yeka and from all in Addis Ababa . However, the findings provide up-to-date
information on the current status of urban water drainage network systems, major causes of their
failures, the types of risks emerging from their failures and mitigation measures and strategies
existing to address the failures. It might help managers, policy and decision makers, the
community, concerned government offices and other concerned bodies working in the area of
urban water drainage systems to use it as an input for proper quality project designs,
implementation, management and maintenances of roads and drainage network systems in a
sustainable manner.
We conclude that the storm water drainage network system is one of the most key aspects to be
well-thought-out in the road design, construction and maintenance works. In Addis Ababa, the
storm water drainage network system are not sound, the road flooding risk management is weak,
and it is usual to observe flooding of drainage system after every rainfall. Therefore, the purpose
of this study was to assess the status of road drainage network system and risk mitigation
Measures and strategies existing in selected road segments of Yeka Sub city of Addis Ababa.
The findings of our study show that flooding and drainage fault are a serious problem on the
main road that distress the Asphalt wearing surface in Yeka Sub-city of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia..
The conditions of the roads and drainage systems were unsatisfactory and some of them were not
up to standard. Different types of damages of the roads were observed such as depressions,
potholes, cracking, over flooding, pavement erosions, silt & sediment accumulations, washing
and deformations of the pavements. Of the total roads sampled, more than half of them were
deteriorated, degraded and/or eroded.
the hazard of the flooding problem is dominant for about 30 % of the area and this flooded prone
area is located at downstream reach along the road. 12 % of pipe or pipe culverts over flooded
with runoff water in Summer time (June, July, August , to Mid of September) due to blockage
by debris and the flooding extended to the surrounding residential buildings causing damages or
loss to their property.

Generally it can be concluded that road surface drainage of the Selected segment on Gurd shola
found to be inadequate due to insufficient drainage structures to drain or discharge effectively, It
has low drainage system, Community of the residents thought that damping wastes in to the
system and water drainage system and lack of proper interconnection between the road and
drainage infrastructures thereby resulting damages to road surfacing material and flooding
problems in the area.
Inadequate integration between road and urban storm water drainage lines followed by
blockage of drains by solid wastes and silt accumulation are the major causes of flooding in
the study area.
It was observed that liquid wastes released to the storm water drainage ditch and streams from
some residential buildings which affected the proper functioning of the drainage structures and
creating environmental pollution.
The sides of the embankment also eroded at different section along the road by the high driving
force of the surface runoff water contributed from the surrounding upstream reach of steeply are.
Blockages, inadequacies and absence of urban storm water drainage infrastructures are the major
problems for flooding. Lack of awareness, design problems and problems with professional
ethics were the major challenges for the provision of integrated road and urban storm water
drainage infrastructure in the sub-city. In places where the drains are open and rivers are without
buffer zones, solid wastes of different types were dumped into storm-water drains that blocked
storm-water drainage network system and the residents have also connected toilets and liquid
wastes to the rivers. These have resulted in producing unpleasant smells and leading the areas to
harbor disease causing pathogens. However, no campaigns were undertaken to aware the
community to keep the drainages clean and not to use them for dumping refuses. Unpredicted
technical problems in construction and poor planning and management are found to have high
impact for the occurrence of flooding and financial related risks. Cleaning drainage channels,
afforestation, earth embankments and constructing new storm-water drainage facilities have been
used as temporary solutions and to tackle future flooding problems in the sub-city. There are also
no integrations among various stakeholders (AACRA, environmental protection office,

volunteers, individuals, community, idirs, etc…) to prevent risks arising from flooding in flood
risk areas
5.3 Recommendation
Road drainage structures analysis under performance have had serious negative impact on road,
dwellers along the road and road user. In order to minimize these negative impacts, the following
appropriate mitigation measures are recommended. Proper road geometry need to be maintained
to provide required crown and proper side drain drainage structures need to be provided for roads
without drainage structures.
 Developing the skill of hydraulic and hydrologic analysis software for planning, analysis
and design of water runoff and drainage system in road and monitoring the
infrastructures.
 The drainage analysis has determined that increases in runoff from the Project will be
mitigated by the cleaning drainage line and pipe.
 Proactive measures should be taken to reduce and manage flooding hazards (like
clearing of drains before rain season begins).
 Retaining wall is needed at different station of the road to minimize side erosion of soil
and to protect accumulation of silt in drainage line.
 Teaching the community to aware released liquid wastes to the storm water drainage
ditch and streams from residential buildings is cause for flooding and pollution of the
environmental and air and also
 A paradigm shift to some urban communities is important to reduce the problem of drain
blockage at the study area
 At the time of maintenance the drainage infrastructures, the City Administration in
particularly AACRA and AASWA in coordination and should plan the right time so as
to facilitate adequate drainage system.
 A close coordination among stakeholders and collaboration between private sectors
involved in particularly on construction industry and related investment are needed for
effective management and suitable operation and maintenance of urban drainage systems.
 The City Administration should encourage carrying out the feasibility study in order to
identified projects to improve drainage system as soon as possible.
 Improvement of drainage facilities through maintenance

 Public awareness campaign. This should be carried out so that people can be aware of the
impacts of the rains.
 Carry out frequent inspections to check faults that may occur
 Constructing soil and water conservation structures including water pans
 Continuous monitoring of rainfall in the area through establishment of rainfall
observation stations
 Improve the drainage systems along the highways
 Increase tree cover or plantation around at discharging areas in area especially the
neighboring hills, with appropriate tree species including planting of agro-forestry tree
species to avoid erosion
 Re-seeding of denuded land with grass cover to minimize the flooding discharge capacity
 Create possible alternative routes for use in the case the Highway is threatened
 Redesign the drainage system
 Complete overhaul and reconstruction of the whole system
 Proper and frequent maintenance of the drainage facilities in the study area road.
REFERENCES:
1) Dagnachew Adugna (2011) Road and urban storm water drainage network integration in
Addis Ababa: Addis Ketema Sub-city. IJERT 3: 217-225.

2) An Approach to Drainage System Sustainability in Wolaita Soddo Town: A Case Study

from Southern Ethiopia Mitiku Adisu* and Mekdes Hailemikael The Ethiopian Civil
Service University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
3) Grimm A (2007) The extent to which sustainable urban drainage systems (SUDS) are
considered in environmental impact assessment (EIA). University of East Anglia,
Norwich.
4) Mansell M (2003) Rural and urban hydrology. Thomas Telford Publishing, London.
5) Parkinson J (2002) Urban drainage in developing challenges and opportunities. GHK
International, London.
6) MUDCH (2014) Integrated urban infrastructure strategy of Ethiopia. Ministry of Urban
Development Construction and Housing, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
7) Soddo Town Municipality (2015) Annual performance report of the year.
8) Theo V (2002) Local democracy and decentralization in Ethiopia. Addis Ababa
University, Addis Ababa.
9) Armitage N (2012) The challenges of sustainable urban drainage in developing countries.
Urban Water Management Group, Capte Town, South Africa.
10) . Olukanni D, Rachael A, Imokhai T (2014) Assessment of urban drainage and sanitation
challenges in Nigeria. IJETAE, Ogun State, Nigeria.
11) Asmamaw (2021) , Impact of Flood in Urban Drainage System and Identifying Cause
of Storm Water Flooding: - The Case of Gurd Shola Area,Addis Ababa,Addis Ababa
university, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
12) Central Statistical Agency (CSA) (2007) The Ethiopia. Census preliminary.
13) Kokeb Zena Besha (2016) Challenges of Urban Drainage System in the Emerging Towns
of Ethiopia: The Case Study of Assosa Town Lecturer, Department of Civil Engineering,
College of Engineering, Assosa University, Ethiopia, East Africa
14) GUAN MIGFU, SILLANPA, .N. & KOIVUSALO,AN, Modeling And Assessment Of
Hydrology Changes In A Developing Urban Catchment Volume 29
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study at Gingo Guduru Kebele town, International Journal of Science , Technology and
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16) SINAFIKISH,G.2013. Causes and consequences of Flooding in Dire Dawa City, Eastern
Ethiopia
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Road Flooding Risk Management In Addis Ababa, Nefas Silk Lafto Sub-City, St. Mary's
University College,Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
APPENDIX

ADDIS COLLEGE
CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT
QUESTIONNAIRE
FOR THE RESARCH TITLE:
ASSESSMENT ON SEWER SYSTEM PERFORMANCE IN THE CASE OF SELECTED

ROAD ROUTE AROUND GURD SHOLA OF YEKA SUB CITY OF ADDIS ABABA,
ETHIOPIA
Dear Sir/Madam,
The purpose of this survey is to obtain data for the specified research being conducted as a
partial fulfillment of B.Sc. Degree in Construction Technology and Management at Addis
College.
The aim of this questionnaire is to obtain professional opinion on issues of the sewer system
performance of selected Road Route Around Gurd shola of Yeka Sub city of Addis Ababa,
Ethiopia. The study is presumed to identify the actual performance of Drainage/ sewer system ,
possible root causes of drainage system defect, maintenance and operation conditions in the
city Road infrastructure so that an awareness will be created amongst stakeholders (AACRA ,
AAWSA ) and society near the route of the system in order to give timely profound
professional measures and mitigate problems .
The information supplied in this completed questionnaire will be used solely for broad research
purposes (for academic purpose). All specific company information will be kept confidential at
all times. Only generalized analysis of the information contained within this completed
questionnaire will be utilized in the research process.
Your response, in this regard therefore is highly valuable and contributory to the outcome of the
research. Thank you for your invaluable time and cooperation in advance.
Regards,
Under Graduate Students, Construction Technology and Management Addis College

____________ Tel: 09___________ E-mail:-_______________Addis Ababa
_____________Tel: 09________________E-mail:-___________________ Addis Ababa
____________
Tel: 09________________ E-mail:-___________________ Addis Ababa
Instruction for completing the questionnaire
Please put “X” mark on the space (blank space) provided to indicate your response where
applicable.
In case where responses other than marks are required, please write your response in the space
provided.
You may mark more than one as the case may be or use additional paper where the space
provided is not enough.
SECTION - 1
GENERAL INFORMATION ABOUT RESPONDENTS
Organization /Company Name (optional): …………………………………………….
On what discipline is your company engaged for in the construction sector?
Contractor __ Consultant____ Employer ____ Professional institutions____
Other, specify_____________
Type or origin of your organization
Project Owner/Client_____ Domestic Contractor ____ Domestic Consultant____ Foreign

Contractor ______ Foreign Consultant _____ Financer ____________

Others (please specify) _____________________
How long has your organization been involved in road construction sector (Year of
establishment): < 5 years _______5-10 years ___10-15 years___ >15years ______
If your company is foreign Consultant or Contractor, how long has your organization been
involved in Ethiopian Public building Construction Sector? < 5 years _______5-10 years ___10-
15 years___ >15years ______
Your position in the organization/ title___________________
Educational status? Diploma __________B.Sc.________ M.Sc. _____

PhD _________Others; please specify_____________
SECTION-2
DRAINAGE/ SEWER SYSTEM PERFORMANCE AND RELATED QUESTIONS
Flooding a major problem in study area.
1=highly disagree__,2=disagree___,3=neutral____,4= Agree_____ ,5= highly agree____
Any storm water has been monitoring been undertaken on site in your area.
1=highly disagree__,2=disagree___,3=neutral____,4= Agree_____ ,5= highly agree____
Community participation in one way or another for drainage infrastructure provision
1=highly disagree__,2=disagree__ , 3=neutral___,4= Agree__ ,5= highly agree____
The existing condition of drainage system of Yeka Sub city
5= excellent____ 4= very good____ 3=good ____ 2=poor___ 1=zero______
Types of drainage in the City
Masonry drainage covers_____ , concrete drain ____ , masonry drainage covers and concrete
drain in cover_______ , pipe drain ________

What are Challenges that are encountered during the Maintenance of drainage system ?
____________________________________________________________________
There are regular maintenance of drainage system in Addis Ababa City of Yeka Sub city
1=highly disagree__,2=disagree__ , 3=neutral___,4= Agree__ ,5= highly agree____
Community participation and coordination of private investors in the provision of drainage

infrastructure and protecting the drainage system performance and in sustaining its service
1=Insignificant____, 2=poor_____ , 3=satisfactory____ , 4=significant ______ , 5=highly

significant _________
The significance in practice of Management of Drainage system in
(Scale key 1=Insignificant, 2= poor , 3=satisfactory , 4=significant ,5= highly significant)
The Actual Practice of drainage system on Scale

5 4 3 2 1
Planning drainage channels
Implementation drainage channels
monitoring drainage channels
maintenance of drainage channels
What is / are environment impact due to poor drainage system?
________________________
____________________________
_____________________________
____________________________
What is /are impacts due to poor drainage system on the pavement?
________________________

____________________________
_____________________________
____________________________
What are the factors that affect the performance of drainage system on route of Main Road
Around Gurd shola Areas ?
________________________
____________________________
_____________________________
____________________________
other (if any)_______________
Questions related to major causes of road drainage network failures
Operation and maintenance of urban drainage infrastructure (Road) is a very challenging issue
1=highly disagree__,2=disagree__ 3=neutral___,4= Agree__ ,5= highly agree____
Challenge that is encountered during the operation of drainage system is
Dumping solid waste________,
discharging of liquid waste and not cleaning the drainage system
Opening closed pipe____________ ii. other__________________________
There are blockages or breaks of drainage systems in your area.
1=highly disagree__,2=disagree__ 3=neutral___,4= Agree__ ,5= highly agree____
The major causes of flood problem in Yeka sub-city
SCALE KEY

1=Insignificant ,2= sometimes significant 3= significant 4= highly significant ,5= very highly
significant
The major causes of flood problem in Yeka sub-city SCALE

5 4 3 2 1
Absence of urban storm water drainage infrastructure
Inadequate urban storm water drainage infrastructure
Blockage of urban storm water drainage structures
Deforestation of mountain
Rugged topography
Others
The performance of drainage system are affected by
SCALE KEY
1=Insignificant ,2= sometimes significant 3= significant 4= highly significant ,5= very highly
significant
The performance of drainage system are affected by SCALE

5 4 3 2 1
Topography
Drainage design
lack strong integration among stakeholders in the provision of drainage
infrastructure
poor maintenance practice of drainage system
because of the blockage of drainage system by the solid waste,
Materials of construction of Drainage channels or structures
Drainage capacity
Area of Discharge
Others

Some of the major problems drainage infrastructure and sustainability in the study area are Poor
quality , drainage inadequate coverage, low level community participation, weak integration of
stakeholders and Drainage design defect
From your experience and your perception what is the actual practice of drainage system of the
study area of the items mentioned in the table. Mark your perception under scale as
corresponding to Items.
(Scale key 1=Insignificant, 2= poor , 3=satisfactory , 4=significant ,5= highly significant)
The Actual Practice of drainage system on Scale

5 4 3 2 1
Poor quality drainage
inadequate coverage,
low level community participation
weak integration of stakeholders
maintenance of drainage channels
Drainage design defect
Questions related to types of risks emerging from failure of road drainage network system
What are the major risks arising from failure of storm-water drainage network systems in your
residential area?_____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
What mitigation you recommend for preventing and controlling poor drainage system and
sustain the performance of drainage system in service for its design periods in the city?
________________________
____________________________
Give additional points on the study Drainage System
____________________________________

___________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
Thank you for your cooperation March 2022

11 Aa Last Finished Alemayehu Water Thesis

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11 Aa Last Finished Alemayehu Water Thesis

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ASSESSMENT ON DRAINAGE SYSTEM PERFORMANCE IN THE CASE OF SELECTED ROAD ROUTE

AROUND GURD SHOLA OF YEKA SUB CITY OF ADDIS ABABA, ETHIOPIA/2021-2022

1.1 Background of the study

ADDIS COLLEGE THESIS PAPER (BSC) COTM DEPRT Page 1

1.2 Statement of the Problem

ADDIS COLLEGE THESIS PAPER (BSC) COTM DEPRT Page 3

1.3. Objective of the study

1.3.1. General Objective of the study

1.3.2. Specific objectives of the study

The specific objectives of this study would be:

1.4. Research Question

1.5. Scope of the study

ADDIS COLLEGE THESIS PAPER (BSC) COTM DEPRT Page 4

1.6 Significance of the study

1.7 Limitations of the study

1.8 Thesis outline and structure.

This thesis is structured into Five chapters,

 Chapter-2: Literature review

An overview of drainage system and related

ADDIS COLLEGE THESIS PAPER (BSC) COTM DEPRT Page 5

 Chapter 3: Research methodology

Under this section of the study:

Explains the methodology employed in conducting the research.

As a qualitative/quantitative research approach will be adopted,

 Chapter 4: Data Analysis and Discussion

 Chapter 5: Conclusion and recommendations –

ADDIS COLLEGE THESIS PAPER (BSC) COTM DEPRT Page 6

2.1 Concept of Urban Storm Water Drainage

ADDIS COLLEGE THESIS PAPER (BSC) COTM DEPRT Page 7

Figure 1: Runoff & pollution Management (Source: Ethiopian Works and

ADDIS COLLEGE THESIS PAPER (BSC) COTM DEPRT Page 8

Figure 2: Sustainable Urban Drainage System Management Train (after CIRIA,

ADDIS COLLEGE THESIS PAPER (BSC) COTM DEPRT Page 9

2.3 Importance of Storm Water Drainage System

2.4. Impact of Urbanization on Rainfall- Runoff Processes

Urbanization is an important index to reflect the development level of a country, but it is

2.5 Causes of Storm Water Drainage System Failures

ADDIS COLLEGE THESIS PAPER (BSC) COTM DEPRT Page 10

Metrological Factors Hydrological Factors Human Factors

ADDIS COLLEGE THESIS PAPER (BSC) COTM DEPRT Page 11

2.7. Causes and Consequences of Flooding

ADDIS COLLEGE THESIS PAPER (BSC) COTM DEPRT Page 13

ADDIS COLLEGE THESIS PAPER (BSC) COTM DEPRT Page 14

2.8 Theoretical Framework of the Study

ADDIS COLLEGE THESIS PAPER (BSC) COTM DEPRT Page 15

2.9 Practice of Ethiopia Urban Drainage System

ADDIS COLLEGE THESIS PAPER (BSC) COTM DEPRT Page 16

ADDIS COLLEGE THESIS PAPER (BSC) COTM DEPRT Page 17

2.10. Existing Storm Water Drainage Condition of Addis Ababa

As Urbanization and Modernization is basically attached with Construction and building of

2.11. Managing urban flood

Planning and implementation of measures

ADDIS COLLEGE THESIS PAPER (BSC) COTM DEPRT Page 19

Evaluation and risk reassessment (WMO/GWP Associated Program on Flood Management,

2.12 Water Drainage System Risk Mitigation Strategies

ADDIS COLLEGE THESIS PAPER (BSC) COTM DEPRT Page 20

Figure 3: Conceptual framework for urban storm-water drainage network

2.13. Operation and Maintenance (O&M)

ADDIS COLLEGE THESIS PAPER (BSC) COTM DEPRT Page 21

 Location and inspection

adaptation strategies, much emphasis is placed on terms like uncertainty, variability,

ADDIS COLLEGE THESIS PAPER (BSC) COTM DEPRT Page 24

3.1. Study Area Description