Add itio n pol ym ers

€)1i9t郅· ~~~re: i~~

Fill in th e bl an ks
A·
坪： tion 23.1 Sec tion 23.2
1
A con sist s of very large mol ecu les 4. is a reac tion in whi ch
(ma cro mol ecu les) form ed bY join in g man y small tog eth er repeate dly
mo nom er mol ecules are join ed
mol ecu les tog eth er rep eate dly . hou t losing any
to form polym er mo lecules, wit
les. T he mo no me r
ato ms from th e mo n o mer mo lecu
is the pro ces s of join .mg man y small e a
2. mol ecu l es involved usually hav
mol ecu les tog eth er rep eate dly to form very large bon d .
mol ecu les.
A is a par t of the
A 5.
3
is a com pou nd who se mol ecu les ld mak e the wh ole
pol ym er mo lecu le tha t wou
·
are join ed tog eth er rep eate d!Y m pol yme riza tion . pol ym er mo lecu le if it rep eats ove
r and o ver aga in.

B. Pr ac tic e qu es tio n
Sec tion 23. 2
w:
add itio n pol yme rs are sho wn belo
6. Par ts of the stru ctu res of fou r
l+
'. (b) H Cl H Cl H Cl
(a) H H H H H H I I
I I I I
I I I I
-c -- --
I I
-- -- c- c- c - c- c- c- ---
--- -c -c -c -c -c
I I I I I I I lI
I I I H Cl H Cl H Cl
H OH H OH H OH

(d)
(c) CN CN CN

CO OH CO OH CO OH CO OH

For eac h of the abo ve pol ym ers,

,\ )
dra w its rep eat ing uni t, and
.l

,'`l. l.) wri te th e stru ctu ral form ula of its mo nom er.

C. M ult ipl e- ch oi ce qu e sti on

s
(3) H H
丶／

、 0 - C~O
C= C
Sec tion 23. 2
g com pou nds can und ergo
H/
7. Wh ich of the foll o win
、CH3
add itio n po lym eriz atio n ?
(1) H- 曼 -H T f~ 咔 A. (1) and (2) only )(
13. (I) and (3) o nly

二~:四入研严
(2) m and (3) o nly
口
C.
D. (1), (2) and (3)

137
 Fossil Fuels and Carbon Compounds

Section 23.3 10. What properties of Perspex make it suitable for

making aircraft windows?
8. Chloroethene is the monomer of polymer W. Which
of the following statements about Wis/are correct? (1} ft is highly transparent.
(2) It is not easily broken.
(1) It is an addition polymer.
(2) 171e monomer of W can be represented by (3) It is a good shock-absorbe nt.
ABCD
C 比=CCl 2. (1} and (2) only

口
(3) It is commonly used in making luggage cases. (1} and (3) only
ABCD (2) and (3) only
(1) only
(1), (2) and (3)
(2) only
(1) and (3) only
(2) and (3) only 口
9
Which of the following objects is commonly made
from polystyrene?
ABCD
Clothing
Shopping bags
Plastic optical fibres
Sample bottles 口

D. Structure d question
Section 23.3
11. Some objects previously made of other materials are now made of synthetic polymers. Complete the following table
by filling in the relevant information.

Previously used Synthetic polymer Advantage of using the synthetic

Object used polymer
material

Camera lens Glass (i) (ii)

Coverings for Rubber (iii) (iv)

electric cable
Disposable cup Waxed paper Expanded polystyrene (v)

Feeding bottles Glass HOPE (vi)

for babies
(6 niarks)

-·~"'I~ 書一

138

i
 Addition polymers

歸m

F
~ Multiple-choice questions
.csupol
ns1ernd 2
aY 両 to t he fo w.l ng pa n
4
Which of the following is the systematic name of the
monomer of this polymer?
。

。
lI

ym ABCD
Ethenol

'•
Ethen-2-ol
画吡 CH3 嗚 CH3 嗚
I I I I I I
Ethanediol
口
•••一 c-c-c-c-c-c---· Ethane-1,2-diol
I I I I I I
Br H Br H Br H Section 23.3
尸 〕翫

s. Which of the following pairs o f substances can be

Which of the following is the monomer of Y?
\\ distinguished by using acidified KMn04(aq)?
B

Ri
pent-1-ene and pent-2-ene

「^
(1)

'
(2) cyclohexane and cyclohexene
(3) polyethene and poly(chJoroethene)
r

ABCD
(1) only
D. (2) only
C.
(1) and (3) only
/Br
口
口
(2) and (3) only
I (HKDSE 2015 Paper 1A 019)

Which of the following is the systematic name of the

monomer of Y?
,A. 3-bromobut-2-ene
Z..bromobut-2-ene
t-bromo-1-methylpropene
,. 1-bromo-1-methylprop-1-ene
口
• Questions 3 and 4 refer to the following part
of an addition polymer.

I
H OHH OHH OH
I I I I I I
...-c-c-c-c-c-c-···
I I I I I I
H H H H H H
. the monomer of this
Which of the following 15

polysncr?
B OHOH
^. ?H I I

' H-C-H
tt-c-c-H
I I
A H
HICIO
HlClH
H

C. H OH D.
I I l-
C=C
I I
H
口
OH H

139
 · F car
u eIs an
osSil F0 d b 0n
h cI d
mp u
s c

。
。
t n u
r

st r U ct ur e d q U e St .'o ns
se B

ct.I n 23m
.2
护"

Po y er x has ef o l wI. ng Stru

ct
。
-

/C2比 C2Hs C2Hs

(a) Draw the repeat ing unit of X. (1 mark)
(b) Write the structu ral formul a of the monom er of X. (1 mark)
(c) Name the type of polym erizati on involved in the format ion of
X. (1 mark)
(d) X has an average relativ e molecu lar mass of 1 433 600.
(i) Why is X not having a definit e relative molec ular mass?
(ii) Calcul ate the average numbe r of repeating units in polym er
chains of X.
(2 marks)
(Relative atomic masses : H = 1.0, C = 12.0)
, 7. Takeaway sandw iches are often packed in polypr opene contai ners.
Polypr opene is
produc ed from alkene Y.
(a) Write the conde nsed structu ral formu la of Y.
(1 mark)
(b) Sugge st TWO proper ties of polypr opene that makes it suitabl
e for such use.
(2 marks)
(c) Outlin e how polypr opene is produc ed from Y. Your answe r should
cover:
• the role of Y
• the type of the polym erizati on involved
• wheth er or not atoms from Y are lost during the format ion of polypr 0 Takeaway sandwiches
opene
(3 marks)
Sectio n 23.3
8. Consid er the physic al proper ties of three synthe tic polym ers P, Q
and R tabula ted below:

Synth函c Maxim um
Trans paren cy Flexib ility Relati ve
polym er streng th tempe rature Flamm ability
for use/° C
-,
P Excellent Stiff Mediu m I
90 Flamm abk
Q Mediu m Flexible Low 70 Flamm able
lI

R Low Low High 1350 Does not burn

-- -

(a) Which polyme r lS most suitabl

e for makin g food wrap? Explain your answe r.
(1 111謎）
(b) State and explain which polym er can be used in makin g (i) the
casing of electri c sockets and (ii) canwrn kn、
(~ 111.1rks)

40

" 一 -, -,. ,
 9,
Both polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and Teflon
making shower curtains. are halogen
Addition polymers
嘔
-containing synthetic polymers. Polyvinyl chloride is used in
(a) Draw the electron diagram for a
monomer
molecule of PVC
, showing electrons in the outermost shells only.
(b) Draw the repeating unit of PVC.
(1 mark)
(c) Write an equation for the f
ormation of PVC (1 mark)
(d) Suggest TWO properties of PVC from its monomer.
which make it (1 mark)
(e) Teflon is common!Yused as a suitable for makin
coating for f g shower curtains. (2 marks)
rying pans. A part of th
F F F F e structure of Teflon.ts shown below.
I I I F F F F
I I II I
．．．一 c-c-c 一
I I I
c-c-c-
1 C- C----
I I I I
F F F F F
F F F
Draw the structure of th
e monomer of
Teflon and write·
1'10. Tetrafluoroethene undergoes its systematic name.
polymer·噝tion to f (2 marks)
type of polymerization. orm a pol
ymer called'Teflon'. Using th·
is example, describe this
(5 marks)
(HKDSE 2018 p aper1B Q9)

-F
|
＇
l
`I
1.
1
」

,I'.
141
b
 Fossil Fuels a nd Carbon Compounds

" .
9~rr{1@}(_gf@S~,

A. Multiple-choice questions
1. Which of the follo、wing statements concerning ) 4. Consider the following two compounds:
fractional distillation of petroleum is/are correct? H_Cq\4vC'1
HlCClH
(1) A single compound of hydrocarbon can be
HH HH

、,
z
丶

,、
obtained. CHC c_c
(2) It involves physical changes.
(3) It involves breaking of carbon-carbon bonds.

、
A. (1) only

口
B. (2) only
C. (1) and (3) only
D. (2) and (3) only
W届ch of the following statements is/are correct?

2. What is the mass of oxygen required for complete (1) They are both soluble in water.
combustion of 8.0 g of methane? (2) They have the same empirical formula.
(Relative atomic masses: H = 1.0, C = 12.0, 0 =16.0) (3) They are in the same homologous series.

A. 8.0 g A. (1) only

口
16.0 g B. (2) only
口

B.
C. 32.0 g C. (1) and (3) only
D. 64.0g D. (2) and (3) only
(HKDSE 2019 Paper1A 018)
)) 3. The structure of a hydrocarbon is shown below.
What is the molecular formula of this 5. Butane reacts with chlorine in the presence of
hydrocarbon? ultraviolet radiation to form a mixture of organic
products. Which equation shows a propagation step
in the mechanism for this reaction?
A. Cl2 一 Cl•+ Cl•

口
B. Cl•+ C沮sCl• 一-c凸Ch
C. C沮9Cl + Cl• - . CJ!aCl2 + H•
A. Cn H 2s D. Cl•+ C沮9Cl 一 C出aCl• +HCI
B. C13H珌 (OCR A Level Chemistry A 2019 Jun H43缸)202)
C. C1sH21
D. C1sH2a 口 ） 6. Which of the following steps are 证otvca in the
monosubstitution reaction between P"屯ne and
chlorine?
(1) C3Ha + Cl• 一 C3H1Cl+H•
(2) C3比• +Cl:i-C3H1Cl+Cl•
(3)~H1•+Cl• 一+-C:,比Cl
A. (1) and (2) only
B. (1) and (3) only
C.
D.
(2) and (3) only
(1), (2) and (3)
.cJ

142
 ....,._-,
Fossil Fuel s and Carb on Com poun ds
~

se the
Refer 10 the following process: 10. Cons ider the following state ment s and choo
1, heat best answer:
Cu 即一 C:;H12+ Y
1st state men t 2nd state men t
帥ich of the following comb inati ons abou
t this
Perspex can be used as a Persp ex is hard and
process is corre
ct. , subs titute for glass. trans pare nt.
Process Y
Cracking Alkane A. Both state ment s are true and the 2nd state men t
^ Cracking Alkene is a corre ct explanation of the l st state men t.
B.
fractional distillation Alka ne B. Both state ment s are true but the 2nd state men t
C.
D. Fractional distillation Alkene 口 is NOT a corre ct expl anati on of the 1st
state ment.
C. The 1st state ment is false but the 2nd state
men t
Which of the following com poun ds reacts with
bromine to form 1,2-d ibrom o-3-c hloro buta ne? is true.
仁］
D. Both statements are false .
A. CH 3-C H-C H= C~
占
B. CH3 -CH = CH - CH2 Cl
C. CH 3-C =CH -CH 3
占
D. CH2 = CH - CH2 - CH2 Cl 口
Consider the following com poun d:
OH

。、
Which of the following state ment s abou t the
compound are corre ct?
(1) It is an unsa turat ed hydr ocar bon.
C2) Its molecular form ula is C扎CIO.
(3) It can unde rgo addi tion polymerization.
A. (1) and (2) only
B. (1) and (3) only
C.
D.
(2) and (3) only
{1), (2) and (3)
口

1|
1
i
.,
I
Fossil Fuels and Carbon Compounds

B. Structure d questions
11. Both petrol and diesel oil are used as fuels for motor vehicles. They are produced in oil refineries.
(a} State the process used to separate petrol and diesel oil from petroleum. (1 tnark)
(b} Petrol contains hydrocarbon molecules with 5-10 carbon atoms. The following table shows the boiling points
of five straight-chain alkanes found in petrol.

Alkane CsH12 C6H1• C,H16 CaH111 c,H:,o

Boiling point I•c 36.1 68.7 98.4 125.7 150.1

{Q Carbon compounds are often classified into different homologous series. Alkanes is one of 加
homologous series.
(1) What is the meaning of the term'homolog ous series'?
(2) State the general formula of alkanes.
{ii) Explain why the boiling points of these alkanes increase with the number of carbon 血曰這 in the
molecules.
(3marb)
{c) State one advantage of using petrol over diesel oil as fuels for motor vehicles. (1 mart)
{d) Petrol and diesel are in great demand. Suggest an industrial process that can produce extra'~ l,and diesel
oil. · -· · (t m霉k)
{e) For environmental reasons, some countries use ultra low sulphur diesel oil to power vehicles,_S11:鷓屯
(2JD霉ks)

尸 The structure of a compound is shown below:

c~
I r:.1:1111
比c-c-c~

氠
Reacting with a reagent under certain conditions, it can give two compounds with the 羣晶 矚
CsH 10Cb but different structures.
(a) Suggest what the reagent is.
(b) State the condition needed for the reaction to occur at room temperature.
(c) Name the type of the reaction involved.
' -
•
(d) (i) Draw the structure of one of these two compounds and give its systematic 11111
(ii) Draw the structure of the other compound.
(iii) These two compounds are isomers. State the type of isomerism exhibited by由

(Note: you may approach question 12(d)(iii) after studying Chapter 43.)

144
~_/
 ,;e,- !

-
IJ
Fossil Fuels and Carbon Compounds
1I
|
Citric aci·d and hmonene are two carbon compounds found in lemon. _
13,
I The structure of citric acid is shown below.
(a)

HO OH
OH

(i) Write the molecular formula of citric acid.

(ii) State ALL the functional groups of citric acid.
(iii) What would be observed when a few d rops of lemon juice are added to sodium carbonate solution?
Explain your answer.
(5 marks)
(b) Limonene is a colourless to pale yellow liquid at room temperature and pressure. The structure of limonene is
shown below.

《三
A few drops of bromine (dissolved in C比CC'3) is added to some colourless limonene and a reaction occurs.
(i) State what would be observed.
(ii) Draw the structure for the product formed in this reaction.
(2 marks)

'JOU miss any of the questions, review the section(s) again.

1a I 1a
II
22.1 I 22.3

'

1·-

'
l

145
 Fossil Fuels and Carbon Compounds

~*~~~!_QP.l 區~i Q) Time: 40 minutes llJ'Total: 32 ma心

, la
Instructions
1. Section A contains multiple-choice questions and Section B contain• ttruc缸｀
2. Answer ALL questions. You may write the answers on single llned paper.

Section A (11 marks)

1. Which of the following measures can help improve 4. What is the systematic name of 加硨吋
the air quality in Hong Kong? compound?

三
(1 ) Installing scrubbers in buses
(2) Installing electrostatic prccipitators in power
plants
(3) Using fuel generated from biomass to power
motor cars A. 2-ethyl-2-chloropentane

口
B. 3-methyl-4-chlorohexane
A. (1 ) and (2) only B. (1) and (3) only
C. (2) and (3) only D. (1), (2) and (3) 口 C. 3-chloro-3-methylhexane
D. 4-chloro-4-methylhaane
2. A hydrocarbon burns completely in oxygen to form
S. Which of the following compounds bdonp to a
13.2 g of carbon dioxide and 5.4 g of water. Which
homologous series that 乜 different from the othm?
of the following is the empirical formula of the
hydrocarbon? A. C比02

口
B. Cz比02
(Relative atomic masses: H =1.0, C =12.0, 0 =16.0)
口

C. C3比02
A. CH B. CH2 D. C,.比02
C. CH4 D. C2Hs
6. Which of the following is/are COJTect:
3, Which of the following compounds belong to the fractional distillation and cracking?
H H H H (1) They are chemical processes.
I I I I
same homologous series as H - C - C - C = C ? (2) They require high tempera:
I I I (3) The substances obtained 呾
H H H
(1) H H H H A. (1) only
I I
H - C-C=C-C-H
I
I I
I
B. (2) only
C. (1) and (3) only
F
H H D. (2) and (3) only
闆 H H Direction: Questions 7 and 8
I I
H - C-C-H compound, X:
I I
H - C-C-H c~CH, H
I I I I I
H H H-C 一 C 一
(J) H H H
I I I
A
H - C-C=C-H 7. What is the systematic
J!f A. 1-chloro-3,4·
口

/\. (1) and (2) only B, (1) and (3) only

n. 4-chloro•1,2•di
C. (2) and (3) only D. (1), ('.l) and 0) C. 1•chloro-3-m
ll. 5-chloro•3·
146
 氘 - ~-
Foss il Fue ls a nd Ca rbon Comp ounds

f the following is the p「oduct forme d from 10. Which of the following compo unds are
叩rich 。
｀此 reaction be™•ee n X and bromi ne (dissolved in an monom ers of additio n polym ers?

,^ ·c solvent)?
CH3 CH3 H
I I I
(1)

H
0
II
,,,,c 、
OH
H-C 一 C 一 C-CH2CI
I I I

H,C』、0-CH,
(2)
H Br H

8. OI3 Br H
I I I
H-C-C 一 C-CH2Cl
I I I
氠
H CH3 Br
(3) C~C H3
C. OI3 CH3 Br
I I I
H-C-C 一 C-CH2CI
~ B. (1) and (3) only
I
H
I
H
I
Br
A.
C.
(1) and (2) only
(2) and (3) only D. (3)
(1), (2) and 口
Oi3 叩 H
0.
I I 11. Consi der the following statem ents and choos e the
I
H-C-C-C-CHi。 best answer:
I
口
I I 2nd statem ent
H Br 1st statem ent
H
Both propen e and Both prope ne and
Consider the following compo und: polypropene can polyp ropen e belon g to
decolourize a solutio n the same homo logou s
。
」三 OH
of bromi ne in C比CC (3. senes.

A. Both statem ents are true and the 2nd statem ent
is a correc t explan ation of the 1st statem enL
Which of the following statem ents about the
B. Both statem ents are true but the 2nd statem ent
compo und are correc t?
is NOT a correc t explan ation of the 1st
(1) It can tum moist blue litmus paper red. statem ent.
(2) It can react with potass ium hydroxide solutio n.
C. The 1st statem ent is false but the 2nd statem ent
(3) It can react with bromi ne water. is true.
A. (1) and (2) only B. (1) and (3) only
口 D. Both statem ents are false. 口
C. (2) and (3) only D. (1), (2) and (3)

IISection B (21 mark s)

ft2. Both heptan e and hept-1 -ene are hydroc arbons. Hepta ne is an alkane
s and alkenes?
while hept-1 -ene is an alkcne .
(1 mark)
(a) w证t is the differe nce in structu re between alkane

• (b) State THRE E feature s of the homol ogous series

of alkenes.
(c) Suggest a chemi cal test to distinguish between heptan e and
he西1-ene.
(3 mar烜）
(2 m訌迏）
in your answ n.
I (d) Which one, heptan e or hept- 1-ene would give a higher tempe
rature when burnt? Expla
(1 n1ark.)
en by mass.
(e) Hydro carbon X contai ns 82.76 % carbon and 17.24% hydrog
Ci) Determ ine the empirical formu la of X.
is its molec ular formu la?
(ii) Given t垣t x has a relative molec ular mass of 58.0, what
(iii) Is X an alkane or alk.ene ? E叩Jain your answe r.
贏

(4 lll..ll"ks )
阪lati ve atomic mas忒s: H = 1.0, C = 12.0)
•
Fossil Fuels and Carb on Com pou nds

r plants to the atmosi:如m

ce the emission of air pollutants from po吡
13. Suggest THREE measures that can redu (3·DJarks)
pollu tant( s) that can be redu ced unde r each measure.
State the air
part of its structure is shown below.
14. Polystyrene has a wide range of uses. A
CH 2-C H -C均一 CH-···

66 6
…- CH 2- CH -

ome r'?
(l mark)
(a) Wha t is the meaning of the term 'mon
(1 皿吐）
of polystyrene from styrene.
(b) Write the equation for the formation
s and drinks.
make disposable boxes and cups for hot food
(c) fa1)anded polystyrene can be used to
osable boxes and
Stat e 1W O prop ertie s of expa nded polystyrene that make it suitable for making disp
(i)
cups.
s and cups.
nce of disposal of expanded polystyrene boxe
(ii) Suggest one envirorunental conseque (3 ~)
S). A part of the
poly meri zes with buta -1,3 -dien e to give a copolymer high impact polystyrene (HIP
(d) Styrene
stru ctur e of HIPS is show n below.

e.
(i) Write the structural formula of buta-1,3-dien
repeating unit of HIPS.
(ii) Below is a wrong representation of the

State one mistake in this representation.

on(s) again.
If you miss any of the questions, review the secti

I
2
3 I 4 s I t I 7 I a I t
。四成on 1

S硒on I 20.s I 20.s I 21 .3 I 21.6 丨 21 .3 I 22.2 121.10 I 22.3

148