Accepted Manuscript

Research Paper

Experimental investigation on intensified convective heat transfer coefficient of

water based PANI nanofluid in vertical helical coiled heat exchanger

B.A. Bhanvase, S.D. Sayankar, A. Kapre, P.J. Fule, S.H. Sonawane

PII: S1359-4311(16)33226-4
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2017.09.009
Reference: ATE 11066

To appear in: Applied Thermal Engineering

Received Date: 11 November 2016

Revised Date: 19 July 2017
Accepted Date: 3 September 2017

Please cite this article as: B.A. Bhanvase, S.D. Sayankar, A. Kapre, P.J. Fule, S.H. Sonawane, Experimental
investigation on intensified convective heat transfer coefficient of water based PANI nanofluid in vertical helical
coiled heat exchanger, Applied Thermal Engineering (2017), doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.
2017.09.009

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Experimental investigation on intensified convective heat transfer

coefficient of water based PANI nanofluid in vertical helical coiled

heat exchanger

B.A. Bhanvase*1, S. D. Sayankar1, A. Kapre1, P. J. Fule1, S. H. Sonawane2

1
Department of Chemical Engineering, Laxminarayan Institute of Technology, Rashtrasant

Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Nagpur 440033, MS, India

2
Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Warangal-506004,

Telangana, India

* Corresponding author Tel.: +91 712 2531659; Fax: +91 712 2561107

E-mail address: bharatbhanvase@gmail.com (B. A. Bhanvase)

1
Abstract

In the present study, heat transfer enhancement with the use of water based PANI (polyaniline)

nanofluid was investigated in vertical helically coiled tube heat exchanger. Initially, PANI

nanofibers were prepared with the use of ultrasound assisted emulsion polymerization method.

Then the prepared PANI nanofibers were dispersed in base fluid in varying concentration (0.1 to

0.5 vol.%) in order to get uniformly dispersed PANI nanofluid in the presence of sonication. The

effect of PANI nanofibers concentration in nanofluid and Reynolds number on heat transfer

coefficient have been investigated in helical coiled heat exchanger. It was found that the average

heat transfer coefficient increases with an increase in the volume % of PANI nanofibers in

nanofluid and Reynolds number. The heat transfer coefficient of base fluid i.e. distilled water was

found to be 304 W/m2 oC (at xi/D = 692.3) whereas it was found to be increased to 515.8 W/m2 oC

(at xi/D = 692.3) for 0.5 vol.% PANI concentration in nanofluid. The percentage enhancement in

the heat transfer coefficient was found to be 10.52 % at 0.1 vol.% of PANI nanofibers in nanofluid

and was found to be increased to 69.62 % for 0.5 vol.% of PANI nanofibers.

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Keywords: Helical Coil; PANI Nanofluid; Ultrasound; Heat Transfer Coefficient; Reynolds

number

2
1. Introduction

In recent years cooling of mechanical, electrical and electronic components has become a problem

in today’s fast-growing technologies and also similar problem was observed in the thermal

management in the area of optical devices. Therefore the devices for the effective removal of heat

are being required for these applications. Further it is essential to develop compact devices with

use of efficient cooling fluids which will provide more effective cooling systems with superior

cooling capacities and decreased sizes is a need of the hour. It have been observed that the use of

different shaped heat exchange devices (helical, spiral) offers heat transfer enhancement.

Therefore use of helical coils for heat exchange (cooling devices) will enhance the heat transfer

capability of the fluid itself i.e. with nanofluids without ant sedimentation in the tube. [1-4].

The geometry of the heat exchanger also plays a critical role in determining heat transfer

characteristics. Due to their compact structure and high heat transfer coefficient, curved tubes have

been introduced as one of the significant heat transfer enhancement techniques. Helical tubes are

well known types of curved tubes which have been used in a variety of applications, such as heat

recovery processes and steam power plants, membrane separation, air conditioning, refrigeration

and cryogenics processes, chemical reactors, food and dairy processes, electronics, environmental

engineering, manufacturing industry and solar energy concentrators systems [5,6]. Secondary flow

in coiled tubes as a result of centrifugal forces is a well-known phenomenon. The centrifugal

forces caused by the curvature of the tube produce a secondary flow field (superimposed on the

main axial flow), with a circulatory motion pushing the fluid particles toward the core region of

the tube. This flow increases the heat and mass transfer as compared with the values obtained for

straight tubes [5,7-9]. Hashemi and Akhavan-Behabadi [7] have carried out an experimental

investigation in order to investigate the heat transfer and pressure drop characteristics of CuO

nanofluid flow inside horizontal helical tube under constant heat flux. In their report the effect of

various parameters like flow Reynolds number, fluid temperature and nanofluid particle

3
concentration on heat transfer coefficient and pressure drop of the flow was investigated. It has

been reported that applying helical tube instead of the straight tube is a more effective method to

improve the convective heat transfer coefficient. Hashemi and Akhavan-Behabadi [7] have

reported 78.4% enhancement in heat transfer coefficient at 82.2 Reynolds number in helical coil

compared with straight tube. Further it have been concluded that the nanofluid has improved

performance in helical coil compared with straight tube. Kumar et al. [8] have used Al2 O3/water

nanofluid in shell and tube helically coiled heat exchanger under turbulent flow condition with

varying nanoparticles concentration. It has been reported that there is significant enhancement in

the Nusselt number (56% higher than pure water for 0.8 volume% Al2O3 nanoparticles). Kahani et

al. [9] investigated TiO2/water nanofluids under laminar flow conditions through helical coiled

tubes. The study showed that there is significant increase in heat transfer rate due to TiO2

nanoparticles. Further Xu et al. [10] have also concluded same possibilities for the enhancement in

the heat transfer coefficient in helical coil compared to straight tube.

Further Polyaniline (PANI) nanofibers are being used for the preparation of nanofluid [11,12].

PANI is also widely studied conducting polymer because of its better conducting properties, ease

of doping process, environmental stability and potential applications in electrochemical devices

[13,14]. The addition of PANI in the base fluids leads to enhancement in the thermal conductivity

of the formed nanofluids [12]. Further the agglomeration and stability problems of PANI

nanofluids can be overcome by preparing the colloidal suspension of PANI. Further conventional

polymerization method produces non-uniform structures of PANI and hence it will affect the

properties of nanofluids. Therefore the use of ultrasound assisted emulsion polymerization for the

preparation of colloidal suspension of polymer is promising technique [15-18]. Bhanvase et al.

[19] have investigated the heat transfer enhancement using PANI and PANI-CuO nanocomposite

based nanofluids in straight tube under constant heat flux condition. It has been reported that the

0.5 vol.% PANI and PANI-CuO nanofluids show enhancement in heat transfer coefficient by

4
more than 12% and around 38%, respectively. However, there is no article in the literature that

reports the use of PANI nanofluid for heat transfer enhancement in helical coiled tube heat

exchanger.

Significant enhancement in the heat transfer properties have been observed when helical coil was

used instead of straight tube in heat exchangers [7, 10]. It is attributed to the geometry of the

helical coil which significantly enhances the heat transfer coefficient and other properties. Further

as fluid flows through the helical coil, centrifugal force is generated in the coil and due to which

secondary flow is generated. This secondary flow is significantly responsible for the change in

temperature and velocity distribution along tube cross-section. Secondary flow is also responsible

for significant enhancement in the heat transfer rate due to above mentioned reasons and velocity

gradient across tube section. Therefore, in the present study, heat transfer coefficient of

PANI/water nanofluid inside a helical coiled tube heat exchanger was investigated experimentally.

All experiments were carried out in a wide range of Reynolds number (812 to 1896) and PANI

nanofibers loading (0.1 to 0.5 volume %).

2. Experimental

2.1 Materials

The chemicals used for the preparation of PANI nanofibers by ultrasound assisted emulsion

polymerization were of analytical grade and used as received. Ammonium persulphate (APS),

hydrochloric acid, and aniline were purchased from Merck India. Sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS)

used as surfactant was purchased from S.D. Fine Chem. Ltd, Mumbai. Distilled water was used

throughout the experiment.

2.2 Preparation of PANI nanofibers by ultrasound assisted method

The preparation of PANI nanofibers were carried out by an ultrasound assisted emulsion

polymerization method. Initially 1 M HCl solution was prepared and then 10 g aniline was added

5
to 200 mL 1 M HCl solution. Ammonium persulphate (APS) and sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS)

solutions were prepared by adding 5 g APS in 50 ml distilled water and 3 g SLS in 20 ml distilled

water, respectively. Aniline solution and SLS solutions were transferred to sonochemical reactor

(Dakshin India, Frequency 22 Hz, Power = 240 W). The resultant solution was cooled in ice bath

to 4 0C and was sonicated. During sonication, APS solution was added to sonochemical reactor

dropwise in the 30 min time period. A dark green suspension was observed after 20 min of

sonication which confirms the formation of PANI. The resultant solution was sonicated for further

30 min (total reaction time = 1 h). The reaction temperature was maintained at 4 0C throughout the

experimentation. The experiment was carried out in the presence of ultrasound that accelerates the

polymerization rate and generates nanometer sized aniline droplets which leads to the formation of

smaller sized PANI nanofibers. The obtained suspension was filtered and then washed with

distilled water. The obtained PANI nanofibers were dried at 80 oC in oven for 2 h.

2.3 Characterization

X ray diffraction (XRD) pattern of PANI nanofibers was recorded by using powder X-ray

diffractometer (Rigaku Mini-Flox, USA). The morphology of PANI nanofibers was studied with

the use of Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) (JEOL JSM, 680LA 15 KV, magnification

10000X) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), (PHILIPS, CM200, 20-200 KV,

magnification 1,000,000X).

2.4 PANI Nanofluids preparation

The preparation of stable PANI nanofluids with required properties such as uniform and stable

suspension with minimum agglomeration of particles and no chemical change is very important.

In this work, PANI nanofluids with particle concentration (0.1 to 0.5 volume %) were prepared by

dispersing certain amount of PANI nanofibers in distilled water using a magnetic stirrer and

6
ultrasonication. Sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS) was added as a surfactant to maintain the stable

suspension of PANI nanofluids.

2.5 Experimental Set up and Procedure

Figure 1 depicts a schematic representation of the experimental setup used to study the heat

transfer enhancement in helical coiled heat exchanger. The experimental setup consist of a test

section which is a helical coil with thermocouples mounted on it, cooler, storage tank, pump, and

flow meter. The helical coil was having inside diameter 13 mm, outside diameter 15 mm and

length 10 m with 10 turns. The coil has total diameter = 290 mm with pitch 35 mm. The

thermocouples (T type: copper- constantan) were used for the measurement of inside surface

temperature of copper tube and nanofluid temperature at core (i.e. bulk fluid temperature). The

bulk fluid temperature was measured with the help of thermocouples which are fixed at five

different location in such a way that the measuring end of thermocouple was near to the centre of

tube cross section. Total 10 thermocouples were mounted to obtain temperature reading at 5

different positions (both at the inside surface and at the core of the tube). Two thermocouples are

mounted at the end of the coil to measure the inside surface and core temperature of fluid leaving

the coil. For the display of temperature readings, digital temperature indicator was used which

indicates the temperature of both at the inside surface and at the core of the tube. The cooler is

provided for maintaining the inlet temperature of the nanofluid at steady state. Further nanofluid

was pumped through the test section (helical coil) and flow rate was measured using flow meter

and flow rate was adjusted using valve provided after pump. The assembly of helical coil and

thermocouples was inserted in a tank with diameter 350 mm containing water at 60 0C as a heating

fluid. The flow rate was measured using flow meter provided in the experimental setup. The

temperatures at core and inside surface of tube was measured with the help of provided

thermocouples. The physical properties and heat transfer coefficient was calculated using the

correlations given in the section 2.6. Heat transfer study was carried out in helical coiled heat

7
exchanger for varying concentration of PANI nanofibers (0 to 0.5 vol. %) in nanofluid. The effect

of volume % of PANI nanofibers (0 to 0.5 vol. %) in nanofluid at constant Reynolds number of

1625 and the effect of Reynolds number (812 to 1896) at constant volume% of PANI nanofibers

(i.e. 0.5 vol. %) was studied on heat transfer coefficient.

2.6 Physical Properties Determination

The effective physical properties of the PANI nanofluid were evaluated using the reported

empirical correlations in the literature for two phase fluids. The density of PANI nanofluids for

various volume concentrations of PANI was estimated with the use of a correlation reported by

Choi [20]. This is equation is reported below:

nf   p  (1   ) bf (1)

The following reported correlations have been used to predict nanofluid specific heat, viscosity

and thermal conductivity for various volume concentrations respectively [21]:

 CP nf    CP P  (1   )  CP bf (2)

nf  bf (123 2  7.3  1) (3)

k p  (  1)kbf   (  1)(kbf  k p )
knf  kbf (4)
k p  (  1)kbf   (kbf  k p )

2.7 Convective heat transfer measurement

The convective heat transfer coefficient at an axial distance ‘x’ from inlet was estimated using the

equations reported in Bhanvase et al. [4]. For the computation of the heat flux, equation (5) was

used:


mCP (Tb ,o  Tb ,i )
qS  (5)
A

8
where, Tbo, Tbi and A are the bulk fluid outlet temperature, bulk fluid inlet temperature and inner

surface area respectively of the copper helical coil.

The convective heat transfer coefficient at an axial distance ‘x’ from inlet is given by:

qS
h( x )  (6)
TS ( x)  Tb ( x)

where qs heat flux applied to the fluid; Ts(x) the inside wall temperature at a distance ‘x’ from the

inlet, and Tb(x) the fluid bulk temperature being measured at a distance ‘x’ from the inlet.

The computation of heat transfer coefficient in helical coil can be done using equation (7):

 D
hi ( coil )  hi ( straight ) 1  3.5  (7)
 Dc 

where D is diameter of inside tube and D c is the diameter of helix.

The following relation (8) was used for the computation of average heat transfer coefficient:


mCP TS  To
h ln (8)
2 rL TS  Ti


where m is mass flow rate of fluid (kg/s), CP is heat capacity (J/kg oC) estimated by equation (2), r

is radius of tube (m), L is length of tube (m), TS is wall temperature (oC), TO is outlet fluid

temperature (oC), Ti is inlet fluid temperature (oC).

2.8 Uncertainty Analysis

In the present study the error analysis was carried out in order to find the error associated with the

measurements and experiments performed and is carried out as per the report published by Sundar

and Sharma [22]. The uncertainty of parameters and variables was carried out with following

equations:

9
 
4m DV 
Re   (9)
 D 

qS
h (10)
TS  Tb

2
U Re  U    U  2
  m     (11)
   
 m  
Re

2
U qS  U    UT T 
2

  m    b ,o b ,i  (12)
qS    T T
 m   b , o b ,i 

2 2
Uh  U q   UT T 
  S   S b  (13)
h  qS   TS  Tb 

The error in measurement of heat flux is due to heat loss from the experimental system. In the

present study, the calibration results of energy balance shows uncertainty in the heat flux is less

than 2 percent. Further the used thermocouples were calibrated and the measuring error is of 0.1

percent. The flow meters used was rotameter. The flow rate was measured by rotameter and

measuring the volume collected in certain time interval and in this case also the measuring error is

less than 1 percent. Therefore the uncertainty in the experimental data is less than 2%.

3. Results and Discussion

3.1 XRD, SEM and TEM Analysis of PANI Nanofibers

The X-ray diffraction pattern of PANI nanofibers prepared by ultrasound assisted emulsion

polymerization method is depicted in Figure 2A. The XRD pattern of PANI nanofibers exhibit

two diffraction peaks at about 20.3o and 24.4o which indicates the partial crystallinity of PANI

nanofibers. Further two peaks appeared at 6.4o and 9.2o are attributed to PANI oligomers present

the multiple peaks with high intensity.

10
The morphology of the prepared PANI nanofibers was studied with the use of scanning electron

microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The SEM images of PANI

nanofibers is depicted in Figure 2 (B and C). It is observed from SEM image that the size of PANI

nanofibers is well below 100 nm. The nanofibers are distinct and separate without any

agglomeration. Further the Figure 2 D depicts the TEM image of PANI nanofibers. It has been

observed that the size of the PANI nanofibers is around 100 nm which in consistent with the

results reported in SEM images.

3.2 Effect of Volume % of PANI Nanofibers

Figure 3 depicts the variation in the local convective heat transfer coefficients for PANI

nanofluids for various volume fractions of PANI nanofibers (0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, and 0.5 vol. %) in

base fluid (distilled water) at Reynolds number of 1625 in the vertical helical coiled heat

exchanger. The convective heat transfer coefficient was found to be 336.01 W/m2 oC at xi/D =

692.308 (i.e. at the exit of heat exchanger) for 0.1 vol. % PANI nanofiber concentration in

nanofluid. It is observed that with the further addition of PANI nanofibers in nanofluid, the heat

transfer coefficient showed an increasing trend. The convective heat transfer coefficient was

observed to be 515.59 W/m2 oC for 0.5 volume % PANI nanofiber concentration in nanofluids.

Figure 4 shows the % enhancement in the heat transfer coefficient with an increase in the

concentrations of PANI nanofibers in the nanofluids. It can be seen that with an addition of 0.1

vol. % of PANI nanofibers into the basefluid, there is 10.5% enhancement in the local heat

transfer coefficient at xi/D = 692.308 (i.e. at the exit of heat exchanger) in comparison with the

basefluid, which was further enhanced with an increase in the PANI nanofibers concentration. At

0.5 volume % PANI nanofibers the enhancement in the local heat transfer coefficient at xi/D =

692.308 (i.e. at the exit of heat exchanger) is almost 70 %.

From the observed results of the present study, it is proved that the addition of nano sized particles

can enhance the heat transfer rate. There are several factors that contribute to this enhancement in

11
heat transfer coefficient that includes friction between the fluid and solid particles, the phenomena

of Brownian diffusion, sedimentation, dispersion in the main flow of a nanofluid, enhanced

surface area and heat capacity and increased effective thermal conductivity [12,23]. Further an

addition of PANI nanofibers to the base fluids enhances the interaction and collision of the

nanofibers which will contribute to the enhancement in the heat transfer. Also the diffusion and

relative movement of these particles near the walls leads to more rapid heat transfer from the walls

to the nanofluid. An enhancement in the thermal conductivity of PANI nanofluid due to the

addition of PANI nanofibers is another reason for the increase in the heat transfer coefficient [24-

27]. Thus it can be concluded that due to combined effect of these above stated possible

mechanisms and increased thermal conductivity, there is a significant enhancement in heat transfer

coefficient with the addition of PANI nanofibers to the base fluid (i.e. distilled water). Khairul et

al. [28] have studied the enhancement in the heat transfer in helically coiled heat exchanger using

various types of nanofluids. It have been reported that the use of CuO/water nanofluid in helically

coiled heat exchanger shows 7.14% more enhancement in heat transfer coefficient in comparison

with Al2O3/water and ZnO/ water nanofluids. Reddy et al. [29] have used TiO2/ethylene glycol-

Water nanofluid to study the heat transfer enhancement in double pipe heat exchanger with and

without helical coil inserts. Without helical coil inserts enhancement in heat transfer coefficient

was reported to be 10.73% with 0.02 vol.% nanofluid concentration where as when helical coil

inserts used enhancement in the heat transfer coefficient was reported to be increased to 13.85%

with same nanofluid concentration. Further Bhanvase et al. [19] have studied the heat transfer

enhancement in straight tube using PANI nanofluid. The reported enhancement in the heat transfer

coefficient was around 12 % using 0.5 vol.% PANI nanofluid. In the present study at 0.5 volume

% PANI nanofibers, the enhancement in the local heat transfer coefficient at xi/D = 692.308 (i.e. at

the exit of heat exchanger) is almost 70 %. Which is attributed to the helical shape of the coil and

the use of PANI nanofluid. Polyaniline (PANI) is most useful conducting polymers which has

12
better stability in the given conditions. It has excellent optical, electrical, electrochemical and

thermal properties and that’s make PANI as an excellent candidate for the study of its application

in nanofluid for heat transfer studies. Further because of these excellent properties PANI nanofluid

shows significant enhancement in the heat transfer coefficient.

Fig. 5 illustrates the effect of PANI nanofibers concentration in nanofluid on average heat transfer

coefficient (estimated by equation 8). It has been observed that there is an increasing trend in

average heat transfer coefficient with respect to increasing PANI nanofibers volume % from

728.78 W/m2 oC for 0.1 vol. % of PANI nanofibers to 1241.55 W/m2 oC for 0.5 vol. % of PANI

nanofibers at Reynolds number equal to 1625. The possible reasons are stated earlier. The average

heat transfer coefficient values are slightly higher, it may be attributed to the entrance effect to the

helical coiled heat exchanger which contribute to increase in the average heat transfer coefficient

values.

3.3 Effect of Reynolds Number

It is well known that convective heat transfer characteristics are affected considerably by changing

the flow characteristics of the fluid. Increased flow rate induces eddies in the flow, which

ultimately help in increasing the heat transfer. The present study of heat transfer enhancement

using PANI nanofluid was restricted in the laminar flow region. Fig. 6 shows the variation of the

local convective heat transfer coefficient of 0.5 vol. % PANI nanofluid sample with respect to

non-dimensional axial distance (xi/D) at various Reynolds number. With an axial distance, laminar

local heat transfer coefficient decreases, which may be due to increased viscosity, thermal

conductivity and decreased specific heat of the nanofluid. The heat transfer coefficient value

stabilizes when the flow is fully developed. There is a significant enhancement in heat transfer

coefficient was observed as the Reynolds number increased from 812 to 1896. The local heat

transfer coefficient was observed to be 324.94 W/m2 oC at xi/D = 692.308 (i.e. at the exit of heat

exchanger) for Reynolds number equal to 812 and was found to be increased with an increase in

13
the Reynolds number. The value of local heat transfer coefficient was found to be 842.5 W/m2 oC

at xi/D = 692.308 (i.e. at the exit of heat exchanger) for Reynolds number equal to 1896.

A noteworthy improvement in average heat transfer coefficient was noted as the Reynolds number

was increased from 812 to 1896. The averagely variation of heat transfer coefficient is depicted in

Fig. 7 with respect to Reynolds number. It can be clearly observed that at Reynolds number 812

the average heat transfer coefficient was 184.45 W/m2 °C and as the Reynolds number is further

increased to 1896 it raised up to 1180.6 W/m2 °C. From this experimental data, it can be

concluded that with an increase in the Reynolds number, the heat transfer rate gets enhanced

significantly for a given concentration of nanofluid.

4. Conclusion

In the present work, the convective heat transfer rate of PANI nanofibers/water nanofluid at

various volume % (0.1 to 0.5) in a helical coiled tube at Reynolds number ranging from 812-1896

were successfully studied. A significant improvement in the local heat transfer coefficient of

PANI nanofluids was observed with an increase in the loading of PANI nanofibers. At 0.1 volume

% concentration of PANI nanofibers in nanofluid, the enhancement in the heat transfer coefficient

was 10.5 % as compared to base fluid i.e. water, while at 0.5 volume %, it is as high as 70 %.

Therefore an incorporation of PANI nanofibers to the base fluid i.e. water is superior decision

wherever higher heat transfer rate is expected. Further, a significant improvement in the heat

transfer coefficient with an increase in the flow rate of the PANI nanofluid was observed. The

average heat transfer coefficient value for Reynolds number equal to 812 was found to be 184.45

W/m2 °C whereas for Reynolds number equal to 1896, it is 1180.65 W/m2 °C.

Acknowledgment

14
Dr. B. A. Bhanvase acknowledges Science & Engineering Research Board (SERB), Department

of Science and Technology (Government of India) for providing the funding through Start Up

Research Grant (Young Scientists), Sanction order no. YSS/2014/000889.

Nomenclature

A = Inner surface area of the copper helical coil

C p = Heat capacity of nanoparticles

Cbf = Heat capacity of base fluid

CP nf = Heat Capacity of nanofluid

D = Diameter of inside tube of helical coil

Dc = Diameter of helix

hi ( coil ) = Heat Transfer coefficient in helical coil

hi ( straight ) = Heat Transfer coefficient in straight tube

h = Average heat transfer coefficient

kbf = Thermal conductivity of base fluid

knf = Thermal conductivity of nanofluid

k p = Thermal conductivity of nanoparticles

L = Length of tube (m)


m = Mass flow rate of fluid (kg/s)

qs = Heat flux applied to the fluid

r = Radius of tube (m)

15
Tb(x) = Fluid bulk temperature being measured at a distance ‘x’ from the inlet

Ts(x) = Wall temperature at a distance ‘x’ from the inlet

Tbi = Bulk fluid inlet temperature of the copper helical coil

Tbo = Bulk fluid outlet temperature of the copper helical coil

Ti = Inlet fluid temperature (oC)

TO = Outlet fluid temperature (oC)

TS = Wall temperature (oC)

 nf = Density of nanofluid

 p = Density of nanoparticles

bf = Density of base fluid

 = Volume fraction of nanoparticles in nanofluid

nf = Viscosity of nanofluid

 f = Viscosity of fluid

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20
List of Figures:

Figure 1: Schematic of the experimental set up of Vertical Helical Coiled Heat Exchanger

Figure 2. (A) XRD, (B and C) SEM and (D) TEM Images of PANI Nanofibers

Figure 3. Effect of PANI nanoparticle concentration in nanofluid on heat transfer coefficient

(Re=1625)

Figure 4. Effect of PANI nanoparticle concentration in nanofluid on heat transfer coefficient

enhancement (Re=1625)

Figure 5. Effect of PANI nanoparticle concentration in nanofluid on average heat transfer

coefficient (Re=1625)

Figure 6. Effect of Reynolds Number of nanofluid on heat transfer coefficient (PANI Vol.% =0.5)

Figure 7. Effect of Reynolds Number of nanofluid on average heat transfer coefficient (PANI

Vol.% =0.5)

21
Figure 1: Schematic of the experimental set up of Vertical Helical Coiled Heat Exchanger

22
 3500

3000

Intensity (CPS) 2500

2000

1500

1000

500

0
5 15 25 35 45 55 65

2 Theta (Deg)
(A)

(B) (C)

(D)

Figure 2. (A) XRD, (B and C) SEM and (D) TEM Images of PANI Nanofibers

23
Figure 3. Effect of PANI nanoparticle concentration in nanofluid on heat transfer coefficient

(Re=1625)

24
 70

60

50
% Enhancement in Heat
Transfer Coefficient

40

30

20

10

0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
PANI Nanoparticle Concentration (Vol.%)

Figure 4. Effect of PANI nanoparticle concentration in nanofluid on heat transfer coefficient

enhancement (Re=1625)

25
Figure 5. Effect of PANI nanoparticle concentration in nanofluid on average heat transfer

coefficient (Re=1625)

26
Figure 6. Effect of Reynolds Number of nanofluid on heat transfer coefficient (PANI Vol.% =0.5)

27
Figure 7. Effect of Reynolds Number of nanofluid on average heat transfer coefficient (PANI

Vol.% =0.5)

28
Research Highlight

 Heat transfer coefficient increases with an increase in vol. % of PANI nanofibers.

 The effect of Reynolds number of nanofluid on heat transfer coefficient was examined.

 Around 70 % enhancement in Heat transfer coefficient for 0.5 vol.% PANI nanofluids.

 Increase in heat transfer coefficient was found with an increase in the Reynolds number.

29