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Lecture 7: Distillation
Dr. Abdul Razzaq
Assistant professor, CUI Lahore.
1
Recap
➢ Distillation and its types
➢ Liquid reflux
2
Contents
➢ Vapor liquid equilibrium, x-y, T-x-y and H-x-y diagrams
➢ Operating equations development for number of trays calculation
➢ q-line
➢ Reflux ratio, minimum reflux ratio, Total Reflux ratio
➢ Plate efficiency
3
Vapor Liquid Equilibrium
➢ At constant pressure
• Bubble point curve
(T vs. x)
• Dew point curve
(T vs. y)
Vapor Liquid Equilibrium
Partial Vaporization and Partial Condensations:
Liquid to
Vapor ratio?
✓ At temp T2, liquid will boil and vapors with composition y2 are formed.
✓ On further heating the composition of the liquid will change cause of the
loss of more volatile component to the vapor
• Heat and material flows over the trays, the condenser, and the reboiler must be
established
• Heat losses small and neglected, Ideal case the heat of mixing is zero
• One mole of Vn-1 liberates one mole of Vn (Vn=Vn-1), unless changes done
• Temperature change form one plate to another plate is small thus Hn+1 =
Hn
13
Intersection of operating lines: q-line
14
Intersection of operating lines: q-line
• The locus of the point of intersection of the operating lines is of considerable
importance and is dependent on the temperature and physical condition of the
feed
• The line may thus be drawn through two easily determined points
• From the definition of q, it follows that the slope of the q-line is governed by the
nature of the feed as follows
15
Reflux ratio
16
Reflux ratio
✓ Reflux is altered, TOL is altered, hence number of plates
required varies
✓ The enrichment line for minimum reflux is given by AC, where Point C
has coordinates (xc, yc)
Calculation of Minimum Reflux
➢ Underwood and Fenske Equation
b. Operating cost (such as utilities like condenser cooling water, reboiler steam etc)
✓ From a material balance over the top portion of the column, Vn =D(R +
1) and hence the steam required per mole of the product is proportional
to R + 1.
Selection of Economic Reflux ratio
✓ The cost of the distillation column generally includes capital cost, operating cost and
depreciation cost
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