‫جامعة طيبة‬

EE 351 – Electromagnetics
Introduction
Omar Siddiqui
Department of Electrical Engineering
College of Engineering
Taiba University
Madinah
Email:omarsiddiqui3@gmail.com
  What is Electromagnetics?
 Brief History of EM
 Applications of EM theory
 Important Names in the History of Electromagnetics

EE351 College of Engineering, Taibah University, Madinah Elecromagnetics

 What is Electromagnetics?
Electromagnetics is a branch of Science in which electric and
magnetic fields and their mutual interaction is studied

Example of Electric field Examples of Magnetic field

Electric field between two

opposite charges
Earth’s Magnetic field
magnetic field of a magnet

EE351 College of Engineering, Taibah University, Madinah Elecromagnetics

 Examples of Electromagnetic Interaction
An Electromagnetic Wave

A video of wave propagation

EE351 College of Engineering, Taibah University, Madinah Elecromagnetics

 Examples of Electromagnetic Interaction
Magnetic field produced by electric current

Straight Conductor

Toroid

EE351 College of Engineering, Taibah University, Madinah Elecromagnetics

 Historical Moments
 271 AD: Magnetic Compass (China)
 1000AD: Foundation of Optics (Abu Ali al-Hasan Ibn
al-Haitam in his book Kitab al-Manadhir)
1600 AD: First book on Magnetism “De Magnete” Chinese Compass
(William Gilbert)
 1603 AD: Inverse Square Law of Optics and laws of
reflection in mirrors (Kepler)

EE351 College of Engineering, Taibah University, Madinah Elecromagnetics

 Historical Moments
1646 AD: The term “Electricity” was coined (Thomas
Browne)
 1664 AD: Wave Theory of Light (Robert Hooke)
 1671 AD: Theory of Colors in light (Newton)
 1675 AD: Theory on production of electricity (Robert Chinese Compass
Boyle)
 1676 AD: Important Discovery: light travels with finite
speed (Ole Christensen Romer)
 1678 AD: Explanation of Wave theory of Light and
estimation of speed (Huygen)

Huygen’s Theory

EE351 College of Engineering, Taibah University, Madinah Elecromagnetics

 Historical Moments

 1704 AD: Dual nature of light suggested (wave and

particle by Newton) Chinese Compass
 1747: Positive and negative electric charges
discovered (Benjamin Franklin)
 1785: Coulomb’s Law

EE351 College of Engineering, Taibah University, Madinah Elecromagnetics

 Historical Moments

 1799: Invention of battery cells (Volta) Volta’s battery

 1819: Magnetic induction by electric current
(Oersted)
 1820: Extensive experimentation on
electromagnetic induction (Ampere’s Law) and Biot-
Savart’s Law
 1827: Ohm’s Law (George simon Ohm) and
Mathematical theory of Electrodynamics (Ampere)
 1832: Gauss’s Law
 1838: Faraday’s Law
 1865: Maxwell’s Equations
 1880: Maxwell’s Equations in vector form
(Heavyside)
 1887: Electromagnetic radiation in GHz (Hertz)
 1888: Alternating current generator (Tesla)
 1895: X-Rays (Wilhelm Roentgen)
 1905: Photoelectric effect (Einstein)

EE351 College of Engineering, Taibah University, Madinah Elecromagnetics

 Applications of EM Theory
Transformers
Electrical Power

Generators and Motors

EE351 College of Engineering, Taibah University, Madinah Elecromagnetics

 Applications of EM Theory
Optical Fiber

n1 n2
  
Optical Fiber communications, 3 ed.,G.Keiser,McGrawHill, 2000
rd

E ( r ,  , z , t )   Am E m ( r ,  , z , t )   AmU m ( r ,  )e j ( ωt   m z )
m m
  
H ( r ,  , z , t )   Am H m ( r ,  , z , t )   AmVm ( r ,  )e j ( ωt   m z )
m m

EE351 College of Engineering, Taibah University, Madinah Elecromagnetics

 Applications of EM Theory
Wireless Communications

GPS
Wireless Internet
Radar

These are all applications of Antenna which is an EM device

EE351 College of Engineering, Taibah University, Madinah Elecromagnetics

 Applications of EM Theory
Medical

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Scan X-Ray

EE351 College of Engineering, Taibah University, Madinah Elecromagnetics

 Applications of EM Theory
Household

Water molecules experience a ‘flip-flop’ motion hence collide with each

other or other molecules to produce heat

EE351 College of Engineering, Taibah University, Madinah Elecromagnetics

 The Electromagnetic Spectrum

EE351 College of Engineering, Taibah University, Madinah Elecromagnetics

 Important Names in the History of Electromagnetics

Christiaan Huygens (Dutch, 1629-1695) – Wave Theory of Light

Plane Waves Diffraction Interference

EE351 College of Engineering, Taibah University, Madinah Elecromagnetics

 Important Names in the History of Electromagnetics

Johann Carl Friedrich Gauss (German, 1777-1855) – Gauss’s

Law (1835)

 
Gauss’s Law  D .ds Q
S

EE351 College of Engineering, Taibah University, Madinah Elecromagnetics

 Important Names in the History of Electromagnetics

Hans Christian Oersted (Danish, 1777-1851) – Electromagnetic

Induction (1820)

Switch off

Switch on
Switch off

Switch on

EE351 College of Engineering, Taibah University, Madinah Elecromagnetics

 Important Names in the History of Electromagnetics

André-Marie Ampère (French, 1775-1836) – Ampere’s Law (1826)

 
  D     D 
 H  J   H .d l   J .d s   t .ds
t C S S

EE351 College of Engineering, Taibah University, Madinah Elecromagnetics

 Important Names in the History of Electromagnetics
Michael Faraday (English, 1791-1867) – Faraday’s Law of Induction
(1831)
Question: If electric current (field) produces magnetic field, is the opposite possible?

 Based on Oersted’s results (1820), Faraday initially thought that the magnetic field
should also produce an electric current
 Over the period of 10 years, he did not succeed to prove his hypothesis as he was
looking at the static magnetic field
 Finally, after many experiments in 1831, he concluded the magnetic field can induce
current in a closed loop but only if the magnetic flux linking the loop changes with time.
The static H does not induce any current
 Henry also discovered this at the same time .


   B 

 E  
B  E .d l    t .ds
t C S

Faraday’s Experiment

EE351 College of Engineering, Taibah University, Madinah Elecromagnetics

 Important Names in the History of Electromagnetics
Joseph Henry (American, 1797-1878) – Inductance related experiments
(1831)

Lifting weights Maximum Power transfer

EE351 College of Engineering, Taibah University, Madinah Elecromagnetics

 Important Names in the History of Electromagnetics

James Clerk Maxwell (Scottish, 1831-1879) – Father of

Electromagnetics or Electrical Engineering (1865)

Contributions
• Solving the four fundamental EM equations
• Speed of light
• Light is electromagnetic in nature
• Other contributions to EE like mathematical forms of Krichoff’s laws, theory of colors etc

EE351 College of Engineering, Taibah University, Madinah Elecromagnetics

 Important Names in the History of Electromagnetics

Alexander Graham Bell (Scottish American, 1847-1922) –

Inventor of telephone

Watson, I
want to see
you

EE351 College of Engineering, Taibah University, Madinah Elecromagnetics

 Important Names in the History of Electromagnetics

John Henry Poynting (British, 1852-1914) – Poynting Theorem

Direction of power flow of an Electromagnetic Wave

H
E S
S=ExH

S E
Power
H
E

S
H

EE351 College of Engineering, Taibah University, Madinah Elecromagnetics

 Important Names in the History of Electromagnetics

Heinrich Hertz (German, 1857-1894) – First transmission of waves

Birth of Radio: Practical Demonstration of Maxwell’s prediction of wave transmission

EE351 College of Engineering, Taibah University, Madinah Elecromagnetics

 Important Names in the History of Electromagnetics

Guglielmo Marconi (Italian, 1874-1937) – Commercial Radio

First transatlantic transmission of radio signal

EE351 College of Engineering, Taibah University, Madinah Elecromagnetics

 Important Names in the History of Electromagnetics

Oliver Heaviside (American, 1850-1925)– Transmission lines

Mathematical Maxwell’s equation

Transmission Line Theory

EE351 College of Engineering, Taibah University, Madinah Elecromagnetics

 Important Names in the History of Electromagnetics

The heights by great men reached and kept

Were not attained by sudden flight
But while their companions slept, they were
Toiling upwards at the night
(Longfellow)

EE351 College of Engineering, Taibah University, Madinah Elecromagnetics

Example of EM Theory in Electrical Engg
If you want to reach the fruit you have to pass through its thorns…..
 Grade Distribution and Course Outline
Course Outline
Course Content Weeks
Grading Introduction 0.5
Assignments and Class Vector Analysis and Coordinate Systems 1.5
participation: 10%
Quizzes: 10% Quiz 1 0.5
Midterm Exam 1 : 25% Electrostatics part 1 2
Midterm Exam 2 : 25%
Final Exam: 30% Midterm 1 0.5
Electrostatics part2 1.5
Magnetostatics 3
Midterm 2 0.5
Maxwell Equations , Transmission Lines 1.5
Quiz 2 0.5
Wave Propagation 2
Final
 Vector Analysis

We will study the following branches of Vector analysis:

• Vector algebra First two Lectures

• Coordinate Systems

• Vector Calculus (Gradient, Divergence, Curl. These

will be studied while studying EM Laws)
 Vector Analysis
Q. Why we study Vector Analysis?
A. All the electromagnetic phenomena are governed by
Maxwell Equations which use extensive vector
calculations
Maxwell Equations
Maxwell’s Equation Differential form Integral Form
 

Gauss’s Law
.D   v
 D .ds Q
S
 
   B 
B
Faraday’s Law  E  
t
 E .d l    t .ds
C S
 
Gauss’s Law of
magnetism

.B  0  B .ds 0
S
 
  D     B  
Ampere’s Law  H  J 
t
 H .dl    J  t .ds
C S 
 Scalars and Vectors

Scalar: A quantity that can be represented by a single positive or

negative real number. No direction needed. Examples are charge,
mass, density, temperature, and volume.

Vector: A quantity that has both a magnitude and direction in space.

Examples are force, velocity, electric field, magnetic field, and
displacement. .
 Concept of ‘Field’
‘Field’ is a function that specifies a particular quantity everywhere in a region. It
can be represented in one, two, three, or more dimensions such as f(x), f(x,y),
f(x,y,z) and f(x,y,z,t)
Examples of Scalar Fields: Temperature distribution in a building T(x,y,z),
sound intensity in a room, electric potential in a region, refractive index of a
medium.
Examples of Vector Fields: The gravitational force on a body in space, electric
field in space.
 Examples of Scalar Fields
Earth’s Temperature
Temperature on a Sports Car

Electric Potential due to positive and Negative Charges

 Examples of Vector Field
Air Velocity Earth’s Gravity

Scalar Fields

Electric Field between +ve and-ve Charges Electric Field between two +ive Charges
Laws of Vector Algebra
 Vector Representation
Cartesian Coordinate System: For the vector shown in figure below:

A  xˆAx  yˆ Ay  zˆAz

Magnitude of Vector Unit Vector


A xˆAx  yˆ Ay  zˆA
A  Ax2  Ay2  Az2 aˆ  
A Ax2  Ay2  Az2

Cartesian Base vectors

Vector in Cartesian coordinate system
 Vector Addition
 
A  xˆAx  yˆ Ay  zˆAz B  xˆBx  yˆB y  zˆBz

Graphical Addition of Vectors using (a) Parallelogram rule, and (b) Head to Tail Rule

  
Addition C  A  B  xˆ ( Ax  B x )  yˆ ( Ay  B y )  zˆ ( Az  B z )
 Vector Subtraction
 
A  xˆAx  yˆ Ay  zˆAz B  xˆBx  yˆB y  zˆBz

Graphical Subtraction of Vectors using (a) Parallelogram rule, and (b) Head to Tail Rule

    
Subtraction D  A  B  A  ( B )  xˆ ( Ax  B x )  yˆ ( Ay  B y )  zˆ ( Az  B z )
Vector Laws Associated with Addition
 Vector Multiplication
• Simple Product (Multiplication of a vector by a scalar)
• Dot Product or Scalar Product
• Cross Product or Vector Product

Simple Product
  
B  kA A

 kA
B  k ( xˆAx  yˆ Ay  zˆA2 )
 xˆkAx  yˆ kAy  zˆkA
 Vector Multiplication
Scalar Product
   
A  B  A B cos  AB
AB can be positive or
negative as shown in the figure

Properties    
• Commutative Law: A  B = B A
   
• For orthogonal vectors A  B = B  A =0
      
• Distributive Law: A  ( B  C )  A  B  A  C
  2
• Dot product of vector by itself: A  A  A  A
2

• Base vectors: xˆ.xˆ  yˆ . yˆ  zˆ.zˆ  1 xˆ. yˆ  yˆ .zˆ  zˆ.xˆ  0

Therefore,for two vectors in Cartesian coordinate
system A  B  Ax B x  Ay B y  Az B z
 Vector Multiplication

Vector or Cross Product

 
A  B  nˆ A B sin  AB
where AB is the angle measured from tail
of the first vector to the tail of the second
Definition of Cross Product

• Magnitude of the Cross product is the area of the

parallelogram
• Direction is normal to the plane containing the two
vectors and is given by the unit vector n̂ specified
by right hand rule
The right hand rules
 Vector Multiplication
Properties of Cross product
   
• Anticommutative: A  B   B  A
      
• Distributive: A  ( B  C )  A  B  A C
 
• Cross product of a vector by itself is zero: A  A  0
• Base vector rules: xˆ  xˆ  yˆ  yˆ  zˆ  zˆ  0
• Right hand cyclic relations: xˆ  yˆ  zˆ, yˆ  zˆ  xˆ , zˆ  xˆ  yˆ

For two vectors in Cartesian coordinate system:

 
  A  xˆAx  yˆ Ay  zˆAz B  xˆBx  yˆ B y  zˆBz
A  B  xˆ ( Ay Bz  Az B y )  yˆ ( Az Bx  Ax Bz )  zˆ ( Ax B y  Ay B x )
Can also be calculated by determinant rule:
xˆ yˆ zˆ
 
A  B  Ax Ay Az
Bx By Bz
 Vector Multiplication (Triple products)
Scalar Triple Product
        
A.( B  C )  B.(C  A)  C.( A  B )
In determinant form:
Ax Ay Az
  
A.( B  C )  B x By Bz
Cx Cy Cz

Vector Triple Product

        
A  ( B  C )  B (C . A)  C ( A.B )
     
A  ( B  C )  ( A  B)  C )
 Coordinate Systems
In this course, we will deal with the following coordinate systems:
• Cartesian (which we have always used)
• Cylindrical (used for cylindrical symmetry problems such as a
conductor in which current is flowing)
• Spherical (used in circular symmetry problems such as electric field
of a point charge)

Cylindrical Symmetry (Line Charge) Spherical Symmetry (Point Charge)