THE

ELECTROMAGNETIC
WAVES
QUARTER 2: LESSON 1
Ms. Katherine Joy V. Lopez
MOST ESSENTIAL
LEARNING COMPETENCY
Compare the relative wavelengths of
different forms of electromagnetic
waves. - S10FE-IIa-b-47
TOPICS
The Nature of
Electromagnetic Waves

The Proponents of
Electromagnetic Theory

Wavelengths and
Frequencies of EM Waves
 01
The Nature of
Electromagnetic Waves
OBJECTIVES
Explain some
properties of EM
Describe how EM waves.
waves are
Define the term produced and
electromagnetic propagated.
(EM) wave.
OBJECTIVES

Define the term

electromagnetic
(EM) wave.
What are WAVES?
These are disturbances that
transfer energy from one place to
another without transferring
matter.
 Medium
transmits the wave

wave pulse
is the energy that transfers from the
hand to the rope.
ocean
waves
sound
waves
stadium
waves
MECHANICAL WAVES
● These are waves that require a medium
to transfer energy.
● These waves travel when molecules in
the medium collide with each other
passing on energy.
 visible light

radio waves
X rays
ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES
● These are waves that can travel through a
vacuum (empty space).
● They don't need a medium or matter.
● They travel through electrical and magnetic
fields that are generated by charged
particles.
OBJECTIVES

Describe how EM
waves are
Define the term produced and
electromagnetic propagated.
(EM) wave.
ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES

electrons move back and forth

ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES
electric
current

e electric field
ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES
electric
current

magnetic field
e
oscillating/vibrating
electric charge
ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES
ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES

The electric and magnetic fields vibrate

perpendicular (90◦) to each other
OBJECTIVES
Explain some
properties of EM
Describe how EM waves.
waves are
Define the term produced and
electromagnetic propagated.
(EM) wave.
PROPERTIES OF EM WAVES
01 They do not require any medium or material
for propagation.
02 They are produced by accelerated
05 or oscillating
charges.
03 EM waves travel in vacuum at the speed of
𝟑𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟖 m/s.
PROPERTIES OF EM WAVES

LIGHT is a form of electromagnetic wave.

PROPERTIES OF EM WAVES

EM waves, such as light, travel slower

through glass than through air.
 02
The Proponents of
Electromagnetic Theory
OBJECTIVES
Explain some
applications of EM
Discuss the basic theory.
principles of EM
Trace the theory.
development of
the EM theory.
OBJECTIVES

Trace the
development of
the EM theory.
THE TIMELINE OF THE
PROPONENTS OF EM THEORY
Ampere Maxwell
some time in
1820
1864

Oersted Faraday Hertz

1820 1831 1887
HANS CHRISTIAN OERSTED
He was the first
to study the
relationship
between
electricity and
magnetism.
 HANS CHRISTIAN OERSTED
He discovered that an
electric current can create a
magnetic field.

1820
THE TIMELINE OF THE
PROPONENTS OF EM THEORY
Ampere Maxwell

Oersted Faraday Hertz

A moving charge
creates a magnetic
field.
ANDRE-MARIE AMPERE
ANDRE-MARIE AMPERE
He had produced a magnetic
attraction and repulsion
without the use of any magnets,
all of it was generated by
electricity.

some time in 1820

THE TIMELINE OF THE
PROPONENTS OF EM THEORY
Ampere Maxwell
Magnetism can be
produced by electricity.

Oersted Faraday Hertz

A moving charge
creates a magnetic
field.
MICHAEL FARADAY

If magnetism may be
produced by electricity,
could the reverse be
possible?

1831
MICHAEL FARADAY
Law of electromagnetic
induction
MICHAEL FARADAY
Law of electromagnetic
induction
MICHAEL FARADAY

Current is detected
only when the magnet
is moving in and out of
the coil.

1831
MICHAEL FARADAY

A changing magnetic field

produces electric current and
he called it electromagnetic
induction

1831
THE TIMELINE OF THE
PROPONENTS OF EM THEORY
Ampere Maxwell
Magnetism can be
produced by electricity.

Oersted Faraday Hertz

A moving charge A changing magnetic
creates a magnetic field produces an
field. electric current.
 JAMES CLERK MAXWELL
He translated the findings from
the work of Oersted and
Faraday into mathematical
equations.

1864
JAMES CLERK MAXWELL
Law of electromagnetic
induction
From his mathematical
equations, he developed the
electromagnetic theory.
 JAMES CLERK MAXWELL
A changing electric field
produces a magnetic field even
in the absence of electric
current.

1864
 JAMES CLERK MAXWELL
He predicted the presence of
electromagnetic waves.

1864
 JAMES CLERK MAXWELL
He hypothesized that EM wave
travel at a speed of light and
light is a form of
electromagnetic wave.

1864
 JAMES CLERK MAXWELL
Dilemma: He cannot prove the
existence of EM waves through
an experiment.

1864
THE TIMELINE OF THE
PROPONENTS OF EM THEORY
Ampere Maxwell
Magnetism can be Predicted the existence
produced by electricity. of EM waves.

Oersted Faraday Hertz

A moving charge A changing magnetic
creates a magnetic field produces an
field. electric current.
 HEINRICH HERTZ
He verified the existence of EM
waves traveling at the speed of
light.

1887
HEINRICH HERTZ
Law of electromagnetic
induction
He discovered the
radio waves – a
form of EM
waves.
THE TIMELINE OF THE
PROPONENTS OF EM THEORY
Ampere Maxwell
Magnetism can be Predicted the existence
produced by electricity. of EM waves.

Oersted Faraday Hertz

A moving charge A changing magnetic Discovered radio waves
creates a magnetic field produces an and verified Maxwell’s
field. electric current. EM theory.
OBJECTIVES

Discuss the basic

principles of EM
Trace the theory.
development of
the EM theory.
PRINCIPLES OF EM THEORY
01 Many natural phenomena exhibit wave-like
behavior.
05
PRINCIPLES OF EM THEORY
02 Light can be described as a wave.

05
PRINCIPLES OF EM THEORY
EM waves travel at 3𝑥108 m/s through a
03
vacuum.

05
PRINCIPLES OF EM THEORY
04 EM waves are transverse waves.

05
PRINCIPLES OF EM THEORY
When an oscillating charge accelerates, its
05
electric field changes too.

05
OBJECTIVES
Explain some
applications of EM
Discuss the basic theory.
principles of EM
Trace the theory.
development of
the EM theory.
HOUSEHOLD
INDUSTRY
TRANSPORTATION
COMMUNICATION
MEDICAL FIELD
SPACE TECHNOLOGY
 03
Wavelengths and
Frequencies of EM Waves
OBJECTIVES
Apply the basic wave
equation in problem-
Identify the different solving involving the
regions of the wavelength and
Relate the electromagnetic frequency.
wavelength and spectrum.
frequency of a wave.
OBJECTIVES

Relate the
wavelength and
frequency of a wave.
 visible light

radio waves
X rays
FORMS OF ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES
PARTS OF A WAVE
PROPERTIES OF A WAVE

Wavelength ● It is the distance from one

crest to the next crest or one
trough to the next trough.
● The unit of wavelength is
meter.
PROPERTIES OF A WAVE

Frequency ● It is the number of cycles of a wave

in 1 second.
● One cycle of a wave is one complete
evolution of its shape until the point
that it is ready to repeat itself.
● The unit for frequency is Hertz.
PROPERTIES OF A WAVE
Frequency
OBJECTIVES

Identify the different

regions of the
Relate the electromagnetic
wavelength and spectrum.
frequency of a wave.
THE ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM

As frequency increases, wavelength decreases.

THE ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM

As frequency decreases, wavelength increases.

THE ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM

Photons are bundles of packets of wave energy.

THE ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM

A photon’s energy is directly proportional to frequency.

 THE ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM

The higher the frequency, the higher the photon’s energy.

RADIO WAVES
• Radio waves have the longest wavelengths in
the electromagnetic spectrum.
• They have frequencies from 300 GHz to as
low as 3 kHz and corresponding wavelengths
from 1 millimeter to 100 kilometers.
• Like all other electromagnetic waves, radio
waves travel at the speed of light.
RADIO WAVES
• Naturally occurring radio waves are made by
lightning or by astronomical objects.
• Artificially generated radio waves are used for
fixed and mobile radio communication,
broadcasting, radar and other navigation
systems, communications satellites,
computer networks, and innumerable other
applications.
MICROWAVES
• Microwaves have frequencies ranging from
about 1 billion cycles per second, or 1
gigahertz (GHz), up to about 300 gigahertz
and wavelengths of about 30 centimeters (12
inches) to 1 millimeter (0.04 inches),
according to the Encyclopedia Britannica.
MICROWAVES
• Microwaves are shorter than radio waves
with wavelengths measured in centimeters.
• We use microwaves to cook food, transmit
information, and in radar that helps to
predict the weather.
MICROWAVES
• Microwaves are useful in communication
because they can penetrate clouds, smoke,
and light rain.
• The universe is filled with cosmic microwave
background radiation that scientists believe
are clues to the origin of the universe they
call the Big Bang.
INFRARED RADIATION
• Infrared radiation (IR), sometimes known as
infrared light, is electromagnetic radiation
(EMR) with wavelengths longer than those of
visible light have shorter wavelengths, from
0.001 m to 700 nm and higher frequencies (a
nm is one billionth of a meter).
INFRARED RADIATION
• Between microwaves and visible light are infrared
waves.
• Infrared waves are sometimes classified as "near"
infrared and "far" infrared.
• Near infrared waves are the waves that are closer to
visible light in wavelength.
• These are the infrared waves that are used in your TV
remote to change channels.
INFRARED RADIATION
• Far infrared waves are farther away from
visible light in wavelength.
• Far infrared waves are thermal and give off
heat.
• Anything that gives off heat radiates infrared
waves and this includes the human body.
THE ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM
VISIBLE LIGHT
• Visible light is what we can see in the EM
spectrum.
• Wavelengths of visible light range from about
700 nm (red light) to 400 nm (violet light).
• Visible light frequencies are higher than the
frequencies of infrared waves.
ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT
• Ultraviolet or UV "light" spans a range of
wavelengths between about 10 and 400 nanometers.
• The wavelength of violet light is around 400
nanometers (or 4,000 Å).
• Ultraviolet radiation oscillates at rates between
about 800 terahertz (THz or 1012 hertz) and 30,000
THz.
ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT
• The short-wavelength UV photons have high
energies, and are very damaging to living
creatures.
• UV-C is sometimes called "Short Wave" UV or
"germicidal" UV; the latter because it is
sometimes used to sterilize laboratory
equipment or to purify water by killing
microbes.
ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT
• Ultraviolet waves have the next shortest
wavelength after visible light.
• It is ultraviolet rays from the Sun that cause
sunburns.
• We are protected from the Sun's ultraviolet
rays by the ozone layer.
ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT
• Some insects, such as bumblebees, can see
ultraviolet light.
• Ultraviolet light is used by powerful
telescopes like the Hubble Space Telescope
to see far away stars.
X RAYS
• X-rays have wavelengths from 10 nm to 0.001
nm.
• X-rays are types of electromagnetic radiation
most well-known for their ability to see
through a person's skin and reveal images of
the bones beneath it.
X RAYS
• X-rays have even shorter wavelengths than
ultraviolet rays.
• At this point in the electromagnetic
spectrum, scientists begin to think of these
rays more as particles than waves.
X RAYS
• X-rays were discovered by German scientist
Wilhelm Roentgen.
• They can penetrate soft tissue like skin and
muscle and are used to take X-ray pictures of
bones in medicine.
GAMMA RAYS
• Gamma-rays fall in the range of the EM
spectrum above soft X-rays.
• Gamma-rays have frequencies greater than
about 10^19 cycles per second, or hertz (Hz),
and wavelengths of less than 100 picometers
(pm), or 4 x 10^9 inches. (A picometer is one
trillionth of a meter.)
GAMMA RAYS
• Gamma rays have the smallest wavelengths
and the most energy of any wave in the
electromagnetic spectrum.
• They are produced by the hottest and most
energetic objects in the universe, such as
neutron stars and pulsars, supernova
explosions, and regions around black holes.
GAMMA RAYS
• As the wavelengths of electromagnetic waves
get shorter, their energy increases.
• Gamma rays are the shortest waves in the
spectrum and, as a result, have the most
energy.
GAMMA RAYS
• Gamma rays are sometimes used in treating
cancer and in taking detailed images for
diagnostic medicine.
• Gamma rays are produced in high energy
nuclear explosions and supernovas.