RADIO

WAVES
WHAT IS ELECTROMAGNETISM?

Dictionaries defined electromagnetism as a

subdivision of physics concerned with the study of
the interacting relationship that is of electric
currents or fields and magnetic fields.
WHO IS MAXWELL?
James Clerk Maxwell is a Scottish physicist
who proposed the theory about the relation of
electric currents or fields the unified theory of
electromagnetism.
WHAT IS THE THEORY OF
ELECTROMAGNETISM?

Before Maxwell pointed out the interrelationship of electric

current, magnetic field and light, it is thought that the two fields
an d the light were once separate forces. When Maxwell studied
these, he projected that the electric field, magnetic field, and light
are different appearances of the same phenomenon. He further
proposed four main interactions of electromagnetic forces.
WHAT IS THE THEORY OF
ELECTROMAGNETISM?

1. The force of attraction or repulsion between electric charges is inversely

proportional to the square of the distance between them.
2. Magnetic poles come in pairs that attract and repel each other, much as electric
charges do.
3. An electric current in a wire produces a magnetic field whose direction depends on
the direction of the current.
4. A moving electric field produces a magnetic field and vice versa.
WHAT IS THE THEORY OF
ELECTROMAGNETISM?
THE ELECTROMAGNETISM SPECTRUM
It is the entire range of wavelengths or frequencies of electromagnetic
radiation extending from gamma rays to the longest radio waves and
including visible light.
THE ELECTROMAGNETISM SPECTRUM
WHAT ARE RADIO WAVES?
Heinrich Hertz verified the existence of radio waves or pulses in the
late 1880s. In 1879, the 22 – year old Hertz was seriously thinking
to prove Maxwell’s theory of electromagnetism as part of his
studies in Berlin. By 1886, while continuing his quest to verify the
theory of Maxwell, he witnessed an electrical spark in one of his
devices. That spark directed him to deep thoughts and questions.
WHAT ARE RADIO WAVES?
Hertz put up his spark gap transmitter. As he was already experimenting to prove
Maxwell’s theory, he hoped that his electrical apparatus electromagnetic waves. At both
ends of his spark would transmit gap transmitter, Hertz put two hollow spheres of 30 cm
diameter with 3m apart. These spheres acted as capacitors component with two terminals
and stores electrical ener a passive electronic gy in an electric field . As he was using his
transmitter in front of his students, he applied a high voltage alternating current
electricity across the central spark gap, it produced electrical sparks through a process
called magnetic induction. The spar between spark gaps small gaps in the circuit.
WHAT ARE RADIO WAVES?

He started producing them using a piece of electrical equipment called induction coil.
The induction coil converted low voltage direct current electricity from a battery into
a high voltage alternatin g current electricity. The electricity crossed a small air gap at
consistent intervals as a spark. Hertz observed that sparks caused a n aggressive pulse
of electric current within the copper wires leading out to the spheres. These uncertain
electric charge s produced electromagnetic waves or radio pulse or radio waves. The
radio waves spread out at the speed of light through the air around the wire.
WHAT ARE RADIO WAVES?
WHAT ARE RADIO WAVES?
 He, then, further observed that the sparks that glided across the main spark gap
(transmitter) typically soared across the secondary gap (receiver). Further experiments
that Hertz did show that the flickering at the main gap produces regular electrical
waves that is moving back and forth. He believed that the circuit was vibrating which
is determined by electrical properties called inductance and capacitance. He identified
the pheno menon called self inductance was taking place in the cooper wires. This
phenomenon allowed him to deduce that the electric vibrations had an extraordinarily
high frequency.
WHAT ARE RADIO WAVES?

As Maxwell’s theory had indicated, the main circuit of the

transmitter would discharge electromagnetic waves wi th a
wave ranging up to one meter or more.
WHAT ARE RADIO WAVES?
Hertz distinguished the pulses or waves with his receiver because
the sparks jumped from the transmitter to the receiver even though
it has a distance of 1.5 meters. The sparks were produced by the
onset of the electromagnetic waves from the transmitter creating
fierce electrical vibrations in the receiver. Hertz, not only proved
Maxwell’s theory, but he also was able to generate radio waves.