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Transmission Lin
Transmission Lin
MOTIVATION:
Ideal junction elements are power-continuous.
Power out = power out instantaneously
In reality, power transmission takes finite time.
Power out ≠ power in
Consider a lossless, continuous uniform beam.
Model it as a number of segments.
In the limit as the number of segments approaches infinity, the model
competently describes wave behavior
(e.g. wave speed, characteristic impedance).
What if number of segments is finite?
• How do you choose the parameters of each segment?
• What wave speed and characteristic impedance are predicted by this
finite-segment model?
⎡e ⎤ ⎡ ⎤ ⎡⎢ea⎤⎥
⎢ b⎥ M
⎢ ⎥ = ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎣ fb ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ fa ⎦
M1 M2 M1M2
1
ea = Cs (fb – fa)
⎡e ⎤
⎢ a⎥
⎡ -1/Cs 1/Cs ⎤ ⎡⎢fa⎤⎥
⎢ ⎥ =⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎣ eb ⎦ ⎣ -1/Cs 1/Cs ⎦ ⎣fb⎦
1
fc = Is (ed – ec)
⎡f ⎤
⎢ c⎥
⎡ -1/Is 1/Is ⎤ ⎡⎢ ec ⎤⎥
⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎣fd⎦ ⎣ -1/Is 1/Is ⎦ ⎣ed⎦
Note that there is no simple way to concatenate these.
1 1
cosh Γ = 2 (eΓ + e-Γ) cosh2 Γ = 2 (cosh 2Γ + 1)
1 1
sinh Γ = 2 (eΓ – e-Γ) sinh Γ cosh Γ = 2 (sinh 2Γ)
Thus
⎡ cosh Γ/n Zo sinh Γ/n ⎤
M1/n = ⎢ ⎥
⎣ Yo sinh Γ/n cosh Γ/n ⎦
Note that cosh2 Γ – sinh2 Γ = 1 and ZoYo = 1, so DET(M1/n) = 1 as required.
Y e.g.
Y C
Z I
Y/n
Z :Z/2n Y :Y/n Z :Z/2n
⎡e ⎤
⎢ a⎥
⎡ 1 Z/2n ⎤ ⎡ 1 0 ⎤ ⎡ 1 Z/2n ⎤ ⎡⎢eb⎤⎥
⎢ ⎥ =⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ =
⎣ fa ⎦ ⎣ 0 1 ⎦⎣ Y/n 1 ⎦⎣ 0 1 ⎦ ⎣ fb ⎦
⎡ 1 + ZY/2n2 Z/n + Z2Y/4n3 ⎤ ⎡⎢eb⎤⎥
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎣ Y/n 1 + ZY/2n 2 ⎦ ⎣ fb ⎦
Γ = n cosh-1(1 + ZY/2n2)
Zo = Z/Y + Z2/4n2
These formulae permit a model with a finite number of segments to
reproduce the wave speed and characteristic impedance of a continuous,
linear lossless transmission line exactly.
Note that (for a uniform transmission line) Zo is the same for all segments,
independent of line length.
The delay parameter Γ is proportional to the number of segments, i.e.
proportional to line length.
lim Γ = ZY
n→∞
and
lim Zo = Z/Y
n→∞
Y/2n Y/2n
Y :Y/2n Z :Z/n Y :Y/2n
Yo = Y/Z + Y2/4n2
Y/n
Y :Y/n Z :Z/n
kn
m/n
m/2n m/2n
I :m/2n C :1/kn I :m/2n
²x
ei+1 = ei - z ∆x fi
fi+1 = fi - y ∆x ei+1
∆e = -z ∆x fi
∆f = -y ∆x ei+1
where z and y are impedance and admittance per unit length.
∂f
lim
Δx →0 ∂x = - y e
∂ 2e
∂x 2 = zy e = γ e
2
Γ = ZY = zLyL = L zy = γL
Zo = Z/Y = z/y
A general solution to this partial differential equation is
e(x) = A e–Γx + B eΓx
where A and B are determined by the boundary conditions.
One end free: e(0) = 0 = A + B ∴ B = –A
Drive the other end sinusoidally: e(L) = cos ωt
After a little algebra
( I recommend you check)
1 ⎡sin(ωt + ωx/c) - sin(ωt – ωx/c)⎤
e(x) =
2sin(ωL/c) ⎣ ⎦
Zo = z/y = ρAEA = A ρE
Delay parameter:
γ = s ρ/E
substitute s = jω and find the wave speed:
c = 1/γ = E/ρ
— a familiar result.
1
f = (u - v) a 2
⎡e⎤ ⎡ a/ 2 a/ 2 ⎤ ⎡u⎤
⎢ ⎥ =⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎣ f ⎦ ⎣ 1/a 2 –1/a 2 ⎦ ⎣v⎦
⎡u⎤ ⎡ 1/a 2 a/ 2⎤ ⎡e⎤
⎢ ⎥ =⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎣v⎦ ⎣ 1/a 2 –a/ 2 ⎦ ⎣ f ⎦
∆x d
fi+1(x+∆x,t) = fi(x,t) – kL dt ei+1(x+∆x,t)
∂2 ∂ ∂ ∂⎛ 1 ∂ ⎞
⎜ − e ( x, t ) ⎟
∂x 2 e(x,t) = – ρA ∂t ∂x f(x,t) = – ρA ∂t ⎝ EA ∂t ⎠
∂ 2e ρ ∂ 2e
∂x 2 = E ∂t 2
This is the one-dimensional wave equation
∂ 2e 1 ∂ 2e
− 2 2 =0
∂x 2
c ∂t
where c = E/ρ = 1/γ is the wave speed (phase velocity)
⎛ ∂ 1 ∂ ⎞⎛ ∂ 1 ∂ ⎞
⎜ + ⎟⎜ − ⎟e = 0
⎝ ∂x c ∂t ⎠⎝ ∂x c ∂t ⎠
Change variables:
g = x + ct
h = x – ct
e(x,t) = e(g,h)
∂e ∂e ∂e
= +
∂x ∂g ∂h
1 ∂e 1 ∂e 1 ∂e
= +
c ∂t c ∂g c ∂h
⎛ ∂ 1 ∂⎞ ∂e
⎜ − ⎟e = 2
⎝ ∂x c ∂t ⎠ ∂h
∂ 2e
∴4 =0
∂g∂h
Solutions are of the form
e(g,h) = u(g) + v(h)
e(x,t) = u(x + ct) + v(x – ct)
where u(·) and v(·) are arbitrary functions (restricted only by continuity).
The functions u(·) and v(·) may be regarded as basis functions for the
solution set.
Alternatively, they may be regarded as combinations of other basis
functions, e.g. sinusoids.