Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Brief Introduction to Linear Induction Motor: It is a linear counterpart of rotary induction Motor
having three phase windings in its slots. In rotary induction motor we have stator and rotor. In LIM
the member carrying three phase winding is referred as primary and the other as secondary. Unlike
Rotary induction motor , the secondary (rotor) is an aluminium sheet backed by iron for economic
reasons. Refer McLean enclosed.
The one end of primary of LIM continuously sees a fresh secondary entering into active portion of
LIM and other end always sees an energized portion of secondary leaving the active portion of LIM.
The phenomenon is refereed entry end effect and exit end effect, which are not present in rotary
induction motor. The methods of analysis like equivalent circuit as applied to rotary machines does
not addresses these issues as such the accurate methods based on solving electromagnetic field
equation in and around the geometry of machines are used. One can use following methods
We are considering a 2D model of Single Sided Linear Induction Motor. Here winding is replaced by
linear current density. The conductivity of primary iron core in z- direction is zero due to lamination
as such we can use 2D Laplace’s equation.
When we apply Finite difference to slotted model large numbers of equations are solved
due to several boundary conditions and corners. Finite difference approximation for corner
is giving erroneous results. Though exact model can give slot harmonics also.
For this simplifying the Finite difference, we assume that core is replaced by slot less smooth
core. The winding is replaced by a linear current density – a thin sheet of current attached to
active surface such that it is giving same fundamental flux density distribution in air gap .
Considering the length of Primary = 15 cm , number of poles (sy) -4, total number of slots
12, Each slot carrying total number of conductors (say) 2x50=100 conductors per slot,
current = 10 A. The linear current density (A / m) is
Thus
J ( x )=ℜ { J max exp ( ωt−kx ) }=J max cos kx
Its components are again having real and imagimary parts. For computer programming for
3D using MVP, for each node six memory locations are required. As such for 3D it takes large
memory space as well as computation time.
In case of 2D, if we assume that flux is normally crossing the airgap, we can assume that
A x = A y =0+ j .0
Or in other words only A z is present.
Thus above equation is reduced to
ax ay az
B= ∂
[
∂x
0
∂
∂y
0
∂
∂z
Az ]
B=ax B x +a y B y
∂ ∂
Bx = Az= A
∂y ∂y ❑
and
−∂ −∂
B y= Az= A
∂x ∂x ❑
dA ∂A ∂ A ∂x ∂A
∇ 2 A=µ0 =µ 0 + µ0 = jωµ0 A+ µ0 v
dt ∂t ∂ x ∂t ∂x
∂2 A ∂2 A ∂A
2
+ 2 = jωµ0 A +µ 0 v
∂x ∂ y ∂x
And
2
( x3 −x0 ) ∂ A ( x 3−x 0 ) ∂2 A
A3 =A 0 + + +… …
1! ∂x 2! ∂ x2
Simplifying we get,
∂ A h2 ∂ 2 A
A1= A 0−h +
∂ x 2 ∂ x2
∂ A h2 ∂ 2 A
A3 =A 0 +h +
∂ x 2 ∂ x2
Also,
∂ A A 3− A1
=
∂x 2h
Similary in y- direction,
2
( y 2 − y 0 ) ∂ A ( y 2 − y 0 ) ∂2 A
A2= A 0 + +
1! ∂y 2! ∂ y2
2
( y 4 − y 0 ) ∂ A ( y 4 − y 0 ) ∂2 A
A 4= A 0 + +
1! ∂y 2! ∂ y2
Simplifying
2
∂ A ( qh ) ∂2 A
A2= A 0 +qh +
∂y 2 ∂ y2
2
∂ A ( qh ) ∂2 A
A 4= A0 −qh +
∂y 2 ∂ y2
From these equation we get,
∂2 A A2 + A 4−2 A0
=
∂ y2 q2h2
The finite difference equation for Laplace equation is
∂2 A ∂2 A A 1+ A 3−2 A 0 A2 + A 4−2 A 0
+ = + =0
∂ y2 ∂ x2 h2 q 2 h2
( A 1 + A 3 ) q2 + ( A 2 + A 4 )
A0 =
2 ( 1+ q2 )
A 1+ A 3−2 A0 A 2+ A 4−2 A0 A 3− A 1
2
+ 2 2
= jωµ0 A 0+ µ0 v
h q h 2h
A 1+ A 3−2 A0 A 2+ A 4−2 A0
2
+ = jωµ0 A 0+ 0.5 µ0 v ( A3− A 1 )
h q2h2
α A 1+ A 2 + β A3 + A 4
A0 =
γ
Here
α =q 2 ( 1+ 0.5 µ0 vh )
β=q 2 ( 1−0.5 µ 0 vh )
And
γ =(2+2 q2 + jωµ0 q 2 h2 )
When conductivity =0 for air and laminated iron the above equation is reduced to
( A 1 + A 3 ) q2 + ( A 2 + A 4 )
A0 =
2 ( 1+ q2 )
When q= 1, write the above two equations for perfectly uniform mesh.
Boundary conditions:
The lower part of back iron is Dirichlet’s boundary for which no calculations are or iterations
required.
The Boundary or interface between back iron and aluminium is a Neumann’s boundary. On this we
can write
∂ A2 −A 4
But Bx = Az=
∂y 2 qh
In the above figure, a computational; molecule is laying on interface, with local nodes 1,0 & 3 on
interface and node 2 on aluminium side and node 4 on back iron sides. Thus we can write that
A 2− A al4 A bi2 − A 4
=
2 qh μ al 2 qh μbi
In the above equation the fictitious nodes are Aal4 on aluminium side and Abi
2 on back iron side. We
can obtain this values from difference equations derived earlier and put in above equation. And
solve after dropping superscripts.
A 4=γ A 0−α A 1− A2 −β A3
2 2❑
A 2−γ A 0 +α A 1+ A 2+ β A 3 2 ( 1+ q ) A 0−( A 1+ A 3 ) q ❑− A 4− A 4
=
μ al μbi
Choosing
μal
S1=
μbi
❑
2 A 2−γ A 0 +α A 1+ β A 3=S1 2 ( 1+q 2 ) A 0−( A1 + A3 ) q 2❑ −2 A 4
[ ]
Solving we get difference equation for aluminium back iron interface
{ α + S1 q 2 } A 1+2 A2 + { β+ S1 q 2 } A 3+ 2 A 4
A=0
{ γ + 2 S1 ( 1+q 2) }
On the same line, the difference equation for air and aluminium interface can be derived,
Interface between Aluminium and air
The Boundary or interface between aluminium and air is a Neumann’s boundary. On this we can
write
B y ( Air)=B y ( Aluminium)
H x ( A ir ) =H x ( Alumi nium )
B x ( A ir ) B x ( Aluminium )
=
μ0 μ al
In the above figure, a computational; molecule is laying on interface, with local nodes 1,0 & 3 on
interface and node 2 on air side and node 4 on aluminium sides. Thus we can write that
A 2− A air
4 A al2 − A 4
=
2qh μ al 2 qh μbi
air al
In the above equation the fictitious nodes are A 4 on air side and A2 on aluminium side. We can
obtain these values from difference equations derived earlier and put in above equation. And solve
after dropping superscripts.
A2=γ A0 −α A1− A 4 −β A3
Choosing
μair
S2=
μal
Solving we get,
{ α S2 +q 2 } A 1+ 2 A2 + { β S2 +q 2 } A 3+ 2 A 4
A=0
{ γ S2 +2 ( 1+q 2) }
Another boundary or interface equation is between primary core having current sheet and air,
The Boundary or interface between stator core and air is a Neumann’s boundary. On this we can
write
In the above figure, a computational; molecule is laying on interface, with local nodes 1,0 & 3 on
interface between stator core and air or exactly on current sheet and node 2 on stator core side and
node 4 on air side aluminium sides. Using a first order approximation, we can write that
Choosing,
μ0
S3=
μ statorcore
A 2−A 0 A 0− A 4
S3 − =μ0 J max cos kx
qh qh
Uisng first order approximation we avoid the fictitious nodes. Thus the difference equation for
current sheet representing the winding is
WE know that
−∂ − A 1 − A3 A 3− A 1
B y= Az= =
∂x 2h 2h
Again choose
μ0
S3=
μ statorcore
1) Putting these values in equation given below and solve after dropping superscripts write the
expression for A0 on the LHS boundary. The equation is