General Physics (3)

Chapter 4
AC circuit analysis

Textbook
Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume II – AC. By Tony R. Kuphaldt.6 th Edition, 2007
 AC resistor circuits AC inductor circuits AC capacitor circuits

E and I are in phase E leads I by 90 I leads E by 90

I = I o sin ω t I = I o sin ω t E = E o sin ω t
E = E o sin ω t E = E o sin ( ω t+ 90 ) I = I o sin ω t + 90 )

the resistor’s resistance is given by the inductor’s reactance is given by the inductor’s reactance is given by
R = E/I XL = E/I XC = E/I
Using complex numbers notations Using complex numbers notations Using complex numbers notations
Z R =( E  0o ) / ( I  0o ) Z L =( E  90o ) / ( I  0o ) Z C =( E  0o ) / ( I  90o )
Z R =( E/I)  0o Z R =( E/I)  90o Z C =( E/I)  - 90o
Z R = R  0o ( polar form) Z L = XL  90o ( polar form) Z C = XC - 90o ( polar form)

ZR = (R + 0 j) (rectangular form) ZL = (0 + XL j) (rectangular form) ZC=(0 - XC j) (rectangular form)

 1- Series resistor-inductor circuits

In the previous chapter, we explored what would happen in simple resistor-only and inductor-only AC circuits.
Now we will mix the two components together in series form and investigate the effects.

Because the resistor’s resistance is a real number, and the inductor’s reactance is an imaginary number, the combined effect of the two
components will be equal to the complex sum of the two numbers. (All quantities expressed in complex, not scalar, form )
Z T = ZR + ZL
Z T = (R + 0 j) + (0 + XL j)
Z T = R + XL j
XL
Z T = 𝑅 2 + XL2 and ∅ = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( )
𝑅

The sum of the resistance and the reactance is called impedance, its symbol is Z, and it is also expressed in the unit of ohms (Ω), just like
resistance and reactance. Ohm’s Law for AC circuits: Z =E / I

Rule of series circuits I = IR = IL E T = ER + EL Z T = ZR + ZL

1- Series resistor-inductor circuits

Example 1:
Given: A 40 Ω resistor in series with a 79.58 mH inductor. Find the impedance at 60 Hz and write it in rectangular and polar
forms.
.

To find the impedance first we have to find the reactance

XL = ω L = 2π f L
XL = 2 π x 60 x 79.58 x10-3 = 30 Ω
Z T = 𝑅 2 + XL2

Z T = 402 + 302 = 50 Ω
Z T = R + XL j
Z T = 40 + 30 j (rectangular form)
XL
∅ = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( )
𝑅

30
∅ = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( ) =36.87o
40

Z T= 50  36.87o ( polar form)

1- Series resistor-inductor circuits

Example 2

an electrical circuit consists of a battery offers 10 volts at 60 Hz, connected in series with a resistor of resistance

5 Ω and a coil of self-inductance 10 mH. Calculate;

1- The coil reactance (XL), XL = ω L = 2π f L = 2 π x 60 x 10x10-3 = 3.77 Ω

2- The total impedance (ZT), Z T = 𝑅 2 + XL2 = 52 + 3.772 = 6.26 Ω

XL 3.77
3- The phase shift (φ), ∅ = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( ) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( ) =37.02o
𝑅 5

4- The current passing through the circuit (I), I = E/Z = 10/6.26 = 1.6 A

5- The current passing through the resistor (IR) and the coil (IL), since I = IR = IL , then IR = IL =1.6 A

6- The potential difference across the resistor (ER), ER =I R = 1.6 x 5 = 8 V

7- The potential difference across the coil (EL). EL = I XL j = 1.6 x 3.77 j = 6.03 j V
 2- Series resistor-capacitor circuits

We learned what would happen in simple resistor-only and capacitor only AC circuits. Now we will
combine the two components together in series form and investigate the effects.

Because the resistor’s resistance is a real number, and the capacitor’s reactance is an imaginary number, the combined effect of
the two components will be equal to the complex sum of the two numbers. (All quantities expressed in complex, not scalar, form )

Z T = ZR + ZC
Z T = (R + 0 j) + (0 - XC j)
Z T = R - XC j
− XC
Z T = 𝑅 2 + XC 2 and ∅ = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( )
𝑅
The sum of the resistance and the reactance is called impedance, its symbol is Z, and it is also expressed in the unit of ohms (Ω),
just like resistance and reactance. Ohm’s Law for AC circuits: Z =E / I

Rule of series circuits I = IR = IC E T = E R + EC Z T = ZR + ZC

2- Series resistor-capacitor circuits

Example 3:
Given: A 40 Ω resistor in series with a 88.42 microfarad capacitor. Find the impedance at 60 hertz. and write it in
rectangular and polar forms.

To find the impedance first we have to find the reactance

XC = 1/ω C = 1/2π f C
XC = 1/2 π x 60 x 88.42 x10-6 = 30 Ω

ZT = 𝑅 2 + (−XC)2

ZT = 402 + (-30) 2 = 50 Ω
Z T = R - XC j
Z T = 40 - 30 j (rectangular form)
- XC
∅ = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( )
𝑅

- 30
∅ = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( ) =- 36.87o
40

Z T= 50  - 36.87o ( polar form)

2- Series resistor-capacitor circuits
Example 4

an electrical circuit consists of a battery offers 10 volts at 60 Hz, connected in

series with a resistor of resistance 5 Ω and a capacitor of capacitance 100 μF. Calculate;

1- The capacitor reactance (XC), XC = 1/ω C = 1/2π f C = 1/2 π x 60 x 100x10-6 = 26.53 Ω

2- The total impedance (ZT), Z T = 𝑅 2 + (-XC) 2 = 52 + (-26.53) 2 = 26.99 Ω

- XC −26.53
3- The phase shift (φ), ∅ = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( ) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( ) = - 79.33o
𝑅 5

4- The current passing through the circuit (I), I = E/Z = 10/26.99 = 0.37 A

5- The current passing through the resistor (IR), and the capacitor (IC), since I = IR = IC , then IR = IC =0.37A

6- The potential difference across the resistor (ER), ER =I R = 0.37 x 5 = 1.85 V

7- The potential difference across the capacitor (EC). EC = I XC j = 0.37 x 26.53 j = 9.75 j V
 3- Series R, L, and C

Now we will explore the effects of resistors, inductors, and capacitors connected together
in series in the same AC circuits. The impedance is given by
Z T = ZR + Zl+ ZC
Z T = (R + 0 j) + (0 + XL j) +(0 - XC j)
Z T = R + XL j - XC j
Z T = R + (XL - XC) j
XL - XC
ZT = 𝑅 2 + (XL - XC)2 and ∅ = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( )
𝑅

Rule of series circuits I = IR = IL = IC E T = E R + E L + EC Z T = ZR + Zl+ ZC

3- Series R, L, and C
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Example 5

An electrical circuit consists of a battery offers 120 volts at 60 Hz, connected in series with a resistor of resistance 250 Ω, a coil of

self-inductance 650 mH and a capacitor of capacitance 1.5 μF. Calculate;

1- The capacitor reactance (XC), XC = 1/ω C = 1/2π f C = 1/2 π x 60 x 1.5x10-6 = 1.77x103 Ω

2- The coil reactance (XL), XL = ω L = 2π f L = 2 π x 60 x 650x10-3 = 245 Ω

3- The total impedance (ZT), ZT = 𝑅 2 + (XL − XC)2 = 1.55x103 Ω

XL − X C
4- The phase shift (φ), ∅ = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 = - 80.69o
𝑅

5- The current passing through the circuit (I), I = E/Z = 120/ 1.55x103 = 0.0774 A = 77.4 mA

6- The current passing through the resistor (IR), the coil (IL), the capacitor (IC), since I = IR = IL = IC , then IR = IL = IC = 77.4 mA

7- The potential difference across the resistor (ER), ER =I R = 0.0774 x 250 = 19.35 V

8- The potential difference across the coil (EL), EL = I XL j = 0.0774 x 245 j = 18.96 j V

9- The potential difference across the capacitor (EC). EC = I XC j = 0.0774 x 1.77x103 j = 131.58 j V