DAY 1

PLANTS AND
THEIR CARE
 IMPORTANCE OF PLANTS
Plants are really important for our
planet EARTH and for all living
things.
Plants absorb carbon dioxide and
release oxygen from their leaves,
which humans and
other animals need to breathe.
They provide us food, shelter ,
medicine and clothing.
Like us, each plant has different
parts. The main parts of a plant are
1. Root
2. Stem
3. Branch
4. Leaves
5. Flowers
6. Fruit
7. Seed
Plants have two main
systems:

1. The root system

2. The shoot system.
https://youtu.be/vEeHj7wzyg8
https://youtu.be/p3St51F4kE8
 The Root System
The part of
a plant
that is
below the
surface of
the Earth
is called
root.
.
There are two types of root systems-
1. Tap root system 2. Fibrous root
system
Tap Root System: Some plants have
a main root that grows vertically
down in the ground and gives out
branches on all the sides. These
branches are called lateral or side
root.
•The main root is quite thick
but its branches are much thinner.
This type of root is called tap root.
•The pea plant, neem and mango
tree have tap roots.
Fibrous root system:
Some plants do not have
a main root.
•Such plants have many
thin, fiber like roots of
similar size. These are
called fibrous roots.
• Wheat, grass, maize,
millets (bajra) have
fibrous roots.
 Functions of the root
Roots fix plant firmly to the
ground. This prevents the
plant from being pulled out
easily or blown away by the
wind.
They absorb water and
minerals from the soil. These
substances are needed for
the growth of the plant.
• They store food prepared by the plant.
Roots of plants like carrot, radish,
beetroot and sweet potato store food
prepared by the plant. These roots are
called storage roots. We eat these roots.
https://youtu.be/_-ROXGqBSxI
 The shoot system
The shoot system of a plant is the part of
the plant that grows above the ground.
The part of a plant that Stem
grows vertically upwards
and bears branches,
leaves, flowers and fruits
is called stem.

The stem of a tree is the

strongest part of the tree
and is known as trunk.
 Functions of the stem
•It carries water and
minerals from the
roots to the leaves.
•It carries prepared
food from the leaves
to other parts of the
plant.
•It stores food in some plants. Stems of
these plants grow below the ground.
These stems are called underground
modified stems.

ONION POTATO GINGER

 Leaf
The leaf is a
thin, flat and
green part of a
plant that is
attached to the
branch. Leaves
manufacture
food for the
plant.
 PHOTOSYNTHESIS
PHOTOSYNTHESIS is the process of
preparing food by leaves with the help
of sunlight.
That’s why leaves are called as food
factory of plant or kitchen of plant.
During photosynthesis, leaves take in
carbon dioxide and give out oxygen.
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Chlorophyll is the natural compound present in
green plants that gives them their color. It
helps plants to absorb energy from the sun as
they undergo the process of photosynthesis.
Stomata are the tiny openings present on the
epidermis of leaves.
We can see stomata under the light microscope.
In some of the plants, stomata are present on
stems and other parts of plants.
Stomata play an important role in gaseous
exchange and photosynthesis.
https://youtu.be/pFaBpVoQD4E
 Flowers
The most beautiful part of a plant is its flower.
FLOWERING NON FLOWERING
PLANTS PLANTS
1)The plants which 1)The plants which do not
bear flowers. bear flowers.
2)E.g.: rose, lotus, 2)E.g.: fern, moss, pine
tulip, marigold tree
 FLOWERING PLANTS NON - FLOWERING PLANTS

ROSE LOTUS
FERN MOSS

MARIGOLD TULIP PINE

 FUNCTION OF FLOWER
The main function of the flower is
to produce fruits and seeds (helps
in reproduction).
REPRODUCTION is the
process by which living things
make young ones like themselves.
 USES OF FLOWERS
FRAGRANCE- flowers of some plants are used to
make perfumes. Ex: rose and jasmine.
DECORATION- flowers are used for decorations
during festivals, functions and weddings.
Bouquets, garlands and rangolis are also made
with flowers.
FOOD- flowers of certain plants are used as food
like cauliflower, broccoli and banana.
SPICES- spices like clove, saffron, etc ., are used
from buds or flowers.
 Fruits
Another important part of a plant is
its fruit. It contains seeds.

Seed
Each seed contains a baby plant and
food for the new plant.
 Life cycle of a plant
SEED

FRUIT YOUNG
PLANT

FLOWER MATURE
PLANT
https://youtu.be/hm7L3JP_5SE
REPRODUCTIO
N IN ANIMALS
WHAT IS REPRODUCTION
?
A process by which an
animal is able to
produce young ones of
its own kind.
 Mother with baby

Cow with
calf

Hen with
chicks
 What will happen if living things
don’t reproduce?
Life would not have existed on the
earth if living beings did not
reproduce. If they don’t produce
more of their own kind, they will
have nobody to represent them in
the future.
Importance of reproduction
It helps in the continuity of ones own
kind.
ANIMALS WITH THEIR
BABIES
 VIDEOS
https://youtu.be/HaWvVM1Pq
cI
 1. ANIMALS THAT LAY EGGS-
OVIPAROUS ANIMALS
Animals like birds, fish,
frogs, reptiles and insects
reproduce by laying eggs.
 EGG
SHELL

YOLK
ALBUMEN
(Egg
white)

Structure of an egg
All birds have a similar structure.

Each egg has a hard protective

outer covering, called shell.
Within the shell there is a white
jelly like substance, rich in protein
called the albumen.
In the middle of the egg is yolk
which is rich in vitamins and
minerals. The chick forms and
grows inside the yolk. The growing
chick is called embryo.
It uses the yolk as its food. The
embryo develops into a chick only
when the egg is kept warm.
 VIDEOS
https://youtu.be/MgZOgpxj9p
A
 REPRODUCTION IN
BIRD
Birds reproduce by laying eggs.
They lay eggs in nests and sit on
them to keep them warm. The
eggs hatch and baby come out.
They are of the same kind as the
parent.
 Life
cycle of
a hen
 HATCHING
The parent bird keeps the
egg warm by sitting on it.
After 21 days, the fully
grown chick breaks the
egg and comes out.
This is called hatching.
 REPRODUCTION IN
FISH
Fish lay thousands of eggs at a
time. Fish eggs do not have
shells. They are surrounded by a
kind of jelly. Many eggs and
young fish are eaten by other
big fishes.
The cluster of eggs of a fish
is called spawn. A young
baby fish hatches and grows
into a fry. The fry grows into
an adult fish.

Spawn
 SPAWN

ADULT
FRY
 VIDEOS
https://youtu.be/EUJa6Gi4VK
0
 REPRODUCTION IN
INSECT
All insects reproduce by laying eggs.

BUTTERFL
COCKROACH
Insects like grasshopper and
cockroach have three stages in their
life cycle.
After hatching from the egg, the
young looks like the adult but it is
wingless. It is called a nymph.
Nymph becomes an adult after
shedding its old skin. This process
is called moulting.
 LIFE CYCLE OF COCKROACH
Three stages
EGG

ADULT
COCKROAC NYMPH
H
Insects like butterfly and housefly undergo
four stages of growth and development.

The young one that hatches from the egg is

very different from the adult. It looks more
like a worm, it is called a larva.
 The larva of a
butterfly is called
caterpillar.

The larva of a
housefly is called
a maggot.
The larva feeds on
leaves and grows
rapidly.

After sometime
it stops eating
and forms a shell
called cocoon. It
is now called a
Inside, the caterpillar keeps on
changing. In a few weeks the pupa
bursts open and an adult butterfly
comes out.
 LIFE CYCLE OF BUTTERFLY
Four stages
LARVA -
EGG CATERPILL
AR

ADULT - PUPA –
BUTTERF CHRYSALIS
 VIDEOS
https://youtu.be/dM71jKNuk-
M
https://youtu.be/O1S8WzwLPl
M
 REPRODUCTION IN
FROG
Frog spends a lot of
time on land. But
they lay their eggs in
water.
The life cycle of a
frog
The egg cluster of a frog is called spawn,
develops into a tadpole. Then it grows and
slowly grows into an adult frog, which has
no tail.
The process of growing into an adult frog
from the tadpole is called metamorphosis.
LIFE CYCLE OF FROG
Four
stages
 TADPOLE ADULT FROG
• Tadpole has gills. • Frog has lungs.
• It has tail. • It has no tail.
• It lives in water. • It lives on land.

TAIL
 REPRODUCTION IN
REPTILE
Reptiles like lizards, turtles, crocodile
and snakes lay their eggs on the
ground. After laying the eggs, some of
them go away and never come back.
The eggs are warmed by the heat of
the sun and are not protected by the
parents. Many are eaten up by other
 SNAKE

LIZARD
TURTLE

CROCODIL
E
Crocodiles dig shallow pits in sandy river
banks to lay their eggs. The mother covers
the eggs with sand and guards them. When
the babies hatch out from the eggs, it digs
away the sand and sets them free. As the
young ones come out, the mother keeps
them in a special pouch at the bottom of her
mouth for some time.
Baby crocodile

Mother crocodile
LIFE CYCLE OF
CROCODILE
 VIDEOS
https://youtu.be/F3ElGMVU6S
Y
https://youtu.be/A1-
fd4A48PM
https://youtu.be/DFTZgruYPL
2. ANIMALS THAT
GIVE BIRTH TO
YOUNG ONES-

VIVIPAROUS
ANIMALS
Animals that give birth to their
babies and suckle them are called
mammals.
They give birth to young ones.
Rat, cat, dog, cow, buffalo, horse,
goat, lion and humans all give birth
Mammals have most developed brain
among all the animals.

Humans are also mammals

& have most developed brain
among all mammals.
The body of most mammals is
covered with hair. Most mammals live
on land and breathe through lungs.

Mammal Mammal
 Care of the young
ones

Mammals take care of their babies for a long

time. The mother feeds the babies with her own
milk. She protects them against enemies. As
they grow, she teaches them to find food and
live on their own.
In certain mammals father also helps. Male hunts
for food and guards the young ones.
The mother feeds the babies with her own
milk.
FUN FACTS ABOUT MAMMALS
Dolphins and whales are mammals. They
give birth to live young and nurse their
young with milk. They have lungs for
breathing.
Whales

Dolphins
Duck-billed platypus and echidna (also
known as spiny anteaters) are the
mammals that lay eggs.

Duck-billed platypus
Echidna
 OVIPAROUS ANIMALS VIVIPAROUS ANIMALS

• These animals lay eggs. • These animals directly

give birth to live young
ones and produce milk to
feed them.

• Examples- Birds , • Examples – Mammals such

reptiles , amphibians and as cat, cow, buffalo, deer,
insects. elephant, human etc.
 VIDEOS
https://youtu.be/hGonwMTPV
6g
NATURAL AND MAN-MADE
FABRICS

NATURAL FABRICS are either obtained from

plants or animals. Examples : cotton, silk, wool.

MAN MADE OR ARTIFICIAL FABRICS

are obtained from chemicals.
Examples : nylon, rayon.
Natural fabrics
ARTIFICIAL FABRICS
JOURNEY OF FIBRE
TO FABRIC
 Fibres have to undergo many step-by-
step procedures to become strong and
durable which can be woven into
fabrics.

 Spinning
 Weaving
 Fibre finishing- dyeing, printing, special
treatment.
SPINNING
 Spinning

Spinning is the process of making yarn from

raw fibre. During spinning, raw fibre is
twisted into thread.

 Do you know?
 Earlier spinning was done on charkha.
 Later a spinning jenny was used.
 Nowadays, it is done by hi tech machines.
Weaving
.The yarn made by spinning is made into
fabric by weaving on big machines
called looms.

.These looms knit long threads in a Criss

cross manner to weave them into fabrics
or cloth.

.Weaving is done by hands and also by

using power looms which are big
machines run on electricity.

.While weaving the threads that go from

top to bottom are called warp. The
threads that go sideways are called weft.
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY
FABRIC THE THIRD AND FINAL STEP IS
FURTHER DIVIDED INTO THREE
FINISHING STAGES:
Dyeing – it is the process of coloring the fabric.
Printing – it involves forming of different designs and
patterns on the colored fabric.
SPECIAL
TREATMENT

It is done to make the

fabric fluffy and
waterproof or to prevent it
from shrinking or
wrinkling. This also makes
the fabric look smooth and
shiny.
CARING FOR CLOTHES
 a. We must wash our
clothes regularly
with soap or
detergent powder.
b. Rinse the clothes
thoroughly with
Washing: water to remove all
traces of soap.
c. Sun dry the
clothes to make
them germ free.
Washing
DRY CLEANING- some delicate fabrics like
woollens and silk require special chemicals
and machines to be cleaned and ironed.
IRONING- ironing makes the clothes look smart and
well kept.
STORAGE- clothes must
be kept in a safe, clean and
dry place like a cupboard
or a trunk. These places
should also be safe from
pests. Insects and mites
mostly attack woollen and
silk clothes. Dried neem
leaves, boric acid powder
or naphthalene balls are
usually used to keep them
away.
Video links

 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PDuiSnBYCQc
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V48EgvY6SKo
COMMUNITY SERVICES
Class IV
EVS
PUBLIC / COMMUNITY SERVICES

 Public services are the benefits provided by the

government or government bodies for the
betterment and development of people. Schools,
colleges, dispensaries, hospitals, public
transport and many other are examples of
public/ community services provided by the
government.
PUBLIC/ COMMUNITY SERVICES

PUBLIC or COMMUNITY SERVICES

GRAM
MUNICIPALITY
PANCHAYAT
 GRAM PANCHAYAT

 The GRAM PANCHAYAT is the managing body of a

village. Every village in INDIA which has a population
of 5oo or more has a GRAM PANCHAYAT.
 For villages with a population less than 500, a GRAM
PANCHAYAT is formed for two to three villages.
 How is a GRAM PANCHAYAT formed?

 The people of the village elect the members of the GRAM PANCHAYAT.
 Any villager who is above 18 years has the right to elect the members of
the gram panchayat.
 The members are elected for a period of five years.
 The members are called PANCH.
 The head of the gram panchayat is the SARPANCH OR PRADHAN.
ROLE OF GRAM PANCHAYAT
(overall welfare of the village)

 Maintaining cleanliness in the village.

 Providing safe drinking water.
 Setting up health care centers.
 Building roads, wells, tanks, schools and libraries in the village.
 Ensuring safety and security.
 Maintaining law and order.
MUNICIPALITY

A municipality takes care of a town

or a city. It has powers of self
government. A Municipal Committee
works for town and small cities while
Municipal Corporation works for big
cities.
 How is a Municipal
Corporation formed?
 Members of a Municipal Corporation are called
the Municipal Counsillors.
 They are elected by the members of that city.
 The head of this body is called the Mayor or
the Municipal Commissioner.
 The Municipal Corporation gets its funds for
itself through the taxes paid by the people and
from the government.
ROLE OF MUNICIPAL
CORPORATION

 Cleanliness of the city area.

 Proper garbage disposal.
 Provision of safe and potable water.
 Construction and maintenance of roads, colonies, schools, community
centres and hospitals.
 Primary education for all.
 Issuing of birth and death certificates.
VIDEOS

 https://youtu.be/ZXVxiT2JT6I
 https://youtu.be/iHg1uiq3A4k