WEEK 05

DAY 01
First Year after Hijra
M/J 2013
3 (a) Write about the events of the first year following the Prophet’s arrival in Madina. [10]

• On the day the Messenger of Allah (P.B.U.H) arrived at Madina, the people had just gone back into
their houses. The first person to see him was a Jew, thus fulfilling the prophecy contained in the
Torah. In Madinah, the people greeted the Messenger of Allah (P.B.U.H) enthusiastically. Children
were singing as he arrived. Everyone was eager that he should stay with him. They grabbed the halter
of his she-camel Qaswa, but the Prophet (P.B.U.H) said, “Let it go its own way, it is under orders.”
Eventually the camel stopped at the home of Banu Malik Ibn al-Najjar. By herself, she knelt at a place,
which today marks the door of the Prophet’s mosque. It belonged to two orphan boys, Sahil and
Suhail, of the Banu Najjar.
• The Prophet (P.B.U.H) paid them the price of the land and built the mosque of the Prophet (P.B.U.H)
(Masjid-al-nabvi). While the mosque was being built, he stayed at the house of Abu Ayub al Ansari.
The Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H) himself worked hard with the companions to complete the building. This
mosque was known as the “Mosque of the Prophet” or Masjid-e-Nabawi. It is referred to in the
Quran in the following words:
“There is a mosque whose foundation was laid from the first day on piety; it is more worthy of thy
standing forth (for prayer) therein. In it are men who love to be purified, and Allah loveth those
who make themselves pure.” (9:108)

• After the construction of Masjid e Nabwi Muslims felt the need to find a way to inform people to
come to congregational prayer. The Prophet (pbuh) asked his companions for their advice.
Some suggested that the Muslims, like the Jews, should blow a horn to announce the time for the
prayer. Others said, the Muslims might ring bells as the Christians do in their churches. A few
proposed that the Muslims, like the fire-worshippers, kindle a fire to call people to pray. Yet other
suggested the beating of drums but the Prophet (pbuh) did not approve any of these because it
resembled the unbelievers. Hazrat Umar suggested that people should be called to prayer in
human voice. The Prophet (pbuh) waited to hear a better idea or to receive guidance from Allah.
One day, a companion, 'Abdullah ibn Zaid , came and narrated his dream in which he was taught
the words of Azaan. The Prophet (pbuh) recognized that the dream of 'Abdullah bin Zaid was true.
He asked 'Abdullah to teach the words of the 'Adhan to Bilal, who had a loud and beautiful voice.
Thus he was appointed as the Muezzin.

• The Muslims in Madinah belonged to two categories. Those who had migrated to Madinah from
Makkah were known as Muhajirin or emigrants. Those who belonged to Madinah and had given
shelter to the emigrants and helped them were known as Ansar or the Helpers. The Holy Prophet
(P.B.U.H) established brotherhood between these two groups of Muslims. He told the Ansar that
the Muhajirin were in need of help, and so he wanted to create brotherhood between them. The
Ansar willingly agreed to this. The Holy Quran mentioned this in these words: “Those who believed
and adopted exile, and fought for the faith, with their property and their persons, in the cause of
Allah, as well as those who gave (them) asylum and aid, these are (all) friends and protectors, one
of another.”(8:72)
 • Even the enmity between the two tribes of Madinah, Aus and Khazraj was forgotten, as mentioned
in the Holly Quran; “....And remember with gratitude Allah’s favour on you; for you were enemies
and He joined yours heart in love, so that by His grace, you became brothers...”(3:103)
• There were three main tribes of Jews; Banu Qainuqa, Banu Nazir and Banu Quraiza, settled in the
suburbs of Madinah in their own strong fortresses. As soon as the Holly Prophet (P.B.U.H) was
settled in Madinah, he called together the Muslims and the Jewish tribes for consultation. After an
exchange of views, an agreement was reached which granted
o equal rights to the Jews with full liberty to follow their own faith without any interference by the
Holly Prophet (P.B.U.H) or his followers.
o It stated that the Muslims and Jews were allies and would help each other,
o that neither party would commit aggression against the other,
o and that in case of an attack on Madinah, both Muslims and Jews would defend it.
o It also guaranteed protection of their life and property
o the Treaty also established the Holy Prophet (P.B.U,.H) as the leader and the head of the State of
Madinah.
o It also stated that the disputes of the Jews would be decided according to their own law of Taurah.
The name of the town was changes from Yathrib to Madina tul Nabi i.e City of the Prophet.

5(b) What lessons can Muslims learn from the brotherhood that was created in Madina?[4]
• Islam establishes human brotherhood on the basis of faith. Allah says, “The believers are a single
brotherhood.” [49:10]
• Brotherhood between Muhajirin and Ansar reminds the Muslims that the feeling of brotherhood
guarantees the safety and the well-being of the society at large.
• Muslims can help by looking to see what they can offer others. Help can be in any form, e.g.,
financial assistance to poor, youth services, challenging social injustice etc.
• Muslims may live in areas where people from another country have come to settle, whether it be
because they are fleeing from persecution for example Kashmir, Palestine etc or to seek work.
Muslims can help them by finding out about them, asking if they need any help, providing
food/clothing/information and /or by helping them to integrate.

Charter of Madina
O/N 2019
4(a) By referring to the Treaty of Madina, describe the relationship between the Muslims
and the non-Muslims when the Prophet (pbuh) first arrived. [10]
M/J 2022
3 (a) Give an account of the tribes living in Madina and the details of the Constitution of
Madina that brought them all together. [10]

• In 622 A.D. Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) migrated to Yathrib (Madinah) together with his followers
after receiving an invitation from the Arab tribes of Yathrib. At that time, Yathrib was a pluralistic
society composed of people of different religions with a large population of Jews. These tribes were
engaged in bitter quarrels and often went to war over disputes that had been going on for
generations. The Aws and the Khazraj were two of the most prominent Arab tribes of Madina. Most
of the people belonging to these tribes had become Muslim and were together called ‘Ansars’ after
the migration. These tribes had been fighting for 120 years. The Battle of Bu’ath was fought between
them near the city of Madina before the arrival of the Prophet (pbuh). The Prophet’s migration
resolved the rivalry between them.
 • There were also some Jewish tribes living in Madina, most prominent of which were Banu Qaynuqa,
Banu Nadir and Banu Qurayza. They had been waiting for the arrival of a prophet, but they had
expected him to come from the lineage of Is-haq. There were also some Christians living there.
• The continuous state of anarchy in Madinah eventually forced the residents to seek options for
peace. They agreed to make a prominent tribal chief, Abdullah ibn Ubay bin Salool, their king so that
peace and harmony could be achieved. Around this time, Prophet Muhammad (SAW) arrived in
Madinah and the tide turned against Abdullah bin Ubay. Since the Prophet was viewed as a
respectable, honest and trustworthy person, he was requested to head the soon to be city-state of
Madinah.
Creation of the Charter
• After assuming a central role in Madinah, the Prophet recognized a few pressing needs, which
included: Determining the rights and responsibilities of the local population as well as the immigrants
from Makkah. Making agreements with the non-Muslim population of Madinah , especially the Jews,
to ensure peace and harmony. Creating a strategy and plan to defend the city against invasions.
Making resources available for the immigrants to make a living.
• The strong need to create a centralized government in Madinah to end the prevailing anarchy
resulted in the creation of the Charter of Madinah. It is divided into two parts; the first part deals
with the rules and regulations for Muslim immigrants (Muhajirin) and Muslim natives (Ansar) and the
second part deals with the rights and responsibilities of the Jews of Madinah. This charter contains
47 clauses, which laid the foundations of a sovereign nation-state comprising of Muslims, Jews and
Pagans, having equal rights and responsibilities under a common citizenship.
➢ The salient features of this charter include:
• equal rights to the Jews with full liberty to follow their own faith without any interference by the Holy
Prophet (P.B.U.H) or his followers.
• It stated that the Muslims and Jews were allies and would help each other,
• that neither party would commit aggression against the other,
• and that in case of an attack on Madinah, both Muslims and Jews would defend it.
• It also guaranteed protection of their life and property
• Treaty also established the Holy Prophet (P.B.U,.H) as the leader and the head of the State of Madinah.
In the event of a dispute among the signatories, Prophet Muhammad (SAW) was the final authority for
settling the dispute
• A system of financial aid was developed within each tribe and between tribes. Communal funds were
set up which were used in times of financial need such as to pay ransom or blood-money
• The Quraysh of Makkah were to be boycotted commercially by all signatories and nobody was to extend
any support to them.
The constitution meant that the rights of all citizens were safeguarded, and initially the relations between
the different groups remained sound. They engaged in commercial dealings with each other and gave and
received help from each other.

4(b) How can Muslims apply the Prophet Muhammad’s example of compassion when
building community relations? [4]
(b) In your opinion, what important lesson(s) can be learned from the Constitution of
Madina by Muslims today? Give reasons to support your answer. [4]

• Muslims can follow the Prophet’s example and have cordial relations with minority groups in their
communities for example minorities living in Pakistan i.e Christians, Hindus and Sikhs etc
• Non-Muslims or other ethnic minorities can be offered religious and social freedom based on the
principles of ‘Charter of Madina’.
 • Rights of non muslims can also be guaranteed through law by giving protection to their lives and
properties as well as their places of worship.
• Another important aspect can be discouraging any discrimination against minority groups and
providing them equal opportunities to take active part in communal life.
• lessons learned from the Constitution of Madina must be applied in today’s world such as entering
into agreements with other communities and nations to establish common goals. For example,
sharing resources through economic co-operation agreements or establishing peace.

Battle of Badr
O/N [2013, 2016, 2019, 2021]
3(a) Describe the events of the first battle in Islam, the Battle of Badr. [10]

• The Battle of Badr was the first battle between Muslims of Madinah and Quraish of Mecca that took
place in 624 A.D. / 2nd A.H. After the migration of Madinah, the relations between them were not good as
the Holy Prophet (PBUH) had captured their trade routes. The Muslims had heard of a Meccan caravan
passing near Madinah, and they waited for it near the wells of Badr. As Abu Sufyan, who was leading the
caravan feared that Muslims might intercept it, he sent a messenger to Makkah with an urgent plea for help.
• The Meccans immediately raised an army of about 1300 men under Abu Jahl to escort the caravan
safely back to Mecca. Meanwhile, Abu Sufyan reached Makkah safely from another route and asked the
army to return. However, some of the leaders like Abu Jahl insisted on attacking the Muslims. some of the
Makkans left and the strength came down to 1000.
• When the Holy Prophet (PBUH) heard about the Meccan army advancing, he consulted his
companions and decided to fight against the Makan army. He immediately raised an army of Muslims.
Quraish reached Badr first and encamped there. Muslims though encamped later were able to occupy the
wells. Both armies were badly mismatched. There were 313 Muslims who had to fight over 1000 Quraish.
In addition to this, the Muslim army was ill-equipped having 2 horses and 70 camels . On the other hand,
the Quraish army was well-equipped having 200 horses and 700 camels.
• The Prophet (S.A.W) spent the night, praying to Allah for the victory; he prayed,
“O Allah! if this small band of men perish, there will be no one alive to worship you. And
your faith will be destroyed forever.” (Sahih Bukhari)
Holy Prophet (PBUH)’s prayer for the Muslims was accepted by Allah that is mentioned in the Holy Quran
which says,
“When you sought aid from your Lord, He answered you: I will surely assist you with a thousand of the
angels ranks on ranks.” [8:9]
• It rained the night before the battle. The ground on which Muslims stood was sandy so rain proved
to be a mercy as it made the ground smooth and the sand firm. The Quran says, “He sent down Water for
you from heavens to confirm your feet.”
• Before the battle started , both armies appeared as few to each other, but with different outcomes.
It encouraged the Muslims, whereas the makkans became over confident. The battle took place on 17th of
Ramadan, 2AH /624AD. Both the armies arranged themselves in ranks on the Friday morning. Both armies
appeared as few to each other which encouraged the Muslims and made the Makkans over-confident.
Aswad bin Abu Asad was the first of the non-believers to step forward after the war of words but he was
killed by Hamza. Then the duels took place in which Hamza killed Utba, Ali Killed waleed bin Utba. Then
they both assisted Ubaida bin Haris to Kill his opponent Shaiba. Ubaida was the first Martyr at this battle.
• After this the general battle began. According to the Prophet’s (PBUH) instructions, Muslims first shot
arrows at the Makkans men threw stones and lastly fought with swords in their hands. During the battle, Ali
killed Abu Sufiyan’s Son Hanzala, Hazrat Bilal killed his former master Umayya bin Khalaf. When the battle
was heated, Prophet (PBUH) took a handful of dust and threw it at the faces of the pagans saying,” May your
faces be disfigured.” It caused a sandstorm, the Quran says, “ It was not you who slew them ; It was Allah:
when you thrust ( handful of dust) was not your act but Allah’s… “ ( CH 8:V17)
• The Makkans had to face heavy losses and they fled in confusion leaving behind 70 dead and 70
prisoners. Their leader Abu Jahl was injured by two Muslim brothers Ma’uz and Mu’az and then was killed
by Abdullah bin Masood. Abu Bakr, Abdur Rehman bin Auf, Talha etc had formed a defensive ring around
The Prophet (PBUH) A large amount of spoils of war was also captured that was distributed among the
Muslims. Among the to prisoners were Prophet’s uncle Abbas, Hazrat Ali’s brother Aqeel and Prophet’s son
in law Abul Aas. Only 14 Muslims got Martyred , 6 Muhajirin and 8 Ansar.
• The Holy Prophet (PBUH) surprised everyone by treating the captured Meccans honourably. He
freed most of the prisoners on simple terms and conditions. The ones who could pay were freed after they
paid their ransom. The literate ones were freed after a certain period in which each one of them was
required to teach 10 Muslim children. The poor and the old captives were freed without ransom.

4(b) How important was the outcome of this battle for the Prophet (pbuh) and his followers?
Give reasons for your answer. [4]
• It was very important because it was the first battle that the Muslims had to fight after the
migration, and so to lose the battle may have led to a loss in confidence and belief, as well as
religious freedom.
• It also established Prophet’s position as a military commander and the head of state.
• Their victory ensured they remained strong in their faith and renewed their hope in their migration.
• It also gave them strength in belief that God was with them.
• There was an economic benefit to the battle, as the spoils of war allowed a lot of the Muhajirun to
become financially independent.

3(b) Can the Prophet’s conduct during this battle (Badr) contain lessons for military leaders
today? Give reasons for your answer.
• Bravery and courage
• Depending upon God for victory and not numeric strength and material resources.
• Consultation about war strategies.
• Leading from the front.
• Not taking initiative in fighting.
• Kind treatment of prisoners