Complete Islamiat Notes-Term 2

Topic 1:Life of the Holy Prophet(PBUH) in Madinah
Year of Hijra Events/Timeline

First Year of Hijra Introduction to
Madinah,Construction of
Masjid-E-Nabwi,Azaan,Mawak
hat and Treaty with the Jews
Second Year of Hijra Hostility for the
Quraish,Change of
Qiblah,Obligation of
Fasting,Obligation of
Zakat,Jihad,Baitul Maal,The
Battle of Badr and Expulsion
of Banu Qainuqa
Third Year of Hijra The Battle of Uhud
Fourth Year of Hijra Expulsion of Banu Nadeer
Fifth Year of Hijra The Battle of Ahzab and End
of Banu Quraizah
Sixth Year of Hijra Treaty of Hudaibiya,Bait
Ar-Rizwan and Impact of
Treaty of Hudaibiya
Seventh Year of Hijra Letters to the Kings and
Emperors,The Battle of Khyber
and The Prophet performs
Umrah
Eighth Year of Hijra The Battle of Mutah,Treaty of
Hudaibiya dissolved,Conquest
of Makkah,The Battle of
Hunain,Siege of Taif and the
Prophet’s historical speech to
the Ansaar
Ninth Year of Hijra The Tabuk Expedition,
Tenth Year of Hijra The Farewell Pilgrimage and
The Farewell Sermon
Eleventh Year of Hijra Demise of the Prophet and
Reaction to Prophet’s death
Year 1 of Hijra(622 CE)
The Communities of Madinah:

● The Muhajireen and the Ansaar-The
Muhajireen(the immigrants) and a large
quantity of them were poor and unemployed
and the Ansaar(the helpers) who were well
settled in Madinah.
● The polytheists of Madinah who were still
detached from Islam-Mainly from Aws and
Khazraj tribe.
● The jews settled in and around Madinah-The
3 tribes of the jews Banu Qainuqua,Banu
Nadeer and Banu Quraizah.The Banu
Qainuqua tribe were allies of the Khazraj
tribe while the other 2 tribes of the jews were
the allies of the Aws tribe and were in the
suburbs of Madinah.
● The Pagans who were idol worshippers.
● The hypocrites such as Abdullah bin Ubaye
the leader.
Masjid-E-Nabwi:
➢The first thing the Prophet did upon his
arrival in Madinah was construct a mosque
at every site where his camel had knelt down.
➢The land belonged to two orphans who were
named Sahal and Sohail.
➢The Prophet bought land from them, and
construction began.
➢The Mosque initially had a simple structure
mainly with unbaked bricks and branches of
date trees.
➢The Prophet also helped by carrying bricks
and stones like an ordinary labourer.
➢The mosque was finally built and was named
Masjid-E-Nabwi.
➢A big platform with a thatched roof was built
in one of the corners known as the Suffah, it
was a place for training Islamic education
and a shelter for poor Muslims and poor
immigrants from Makkah.
➢The Muslims who stayed at the Suffah were
known as Ashab-al-Suffah.
Importance/Significance and benefits back then:

● The place to worship for all Muslims
together.(congregational prayer, funeral
prayers,Friday prayers, Eid prayers)
● Living and eternal resting place for the Holy
Prophet(P.B.U.H.).
● Place of receiving foreign delegates.
● First learning institution for Muslims
● Centre of activities for all Muslims
● Shelter for homeless
● Some mosques even have libraries today
along with Madarsaas and Sunday schools,
● Place for Nikah ceremony, important
announcements.
● A place for generosity and benevolence such
as Sehri and Iftar being done in mosques.
Azaan:
➢After the construction of the Masjid, people
started gathering for prayer without being
called.
➢Many different methods such as blowing
trumpets,clapping or ringing a bell were
suggested to call the people for prayer but
the Prophet disliked all these suggestions as
they were used by the Christians and Jews.
➢The next day, Abdullah bin Zaid Ansari and
Umar came to the Holy Prophet and claimed
to have dreamt a vision each reciting the
words that are part of the Azaan today.
➢The Prophet said it was a true vision and
commanded Bilal to call out these words for
prayer at the appointed times.
➢So Azaan was introduced as an Islamic way
for calling people for the daily
congregational prayers.
Significance/importance
● The reminder of time for prayer.
● Revision of Muslims beliefs like Shahadah.
● Invitation to offer prayer in congregation
● Identity of Muslim state
● Reminder of success.
● Reminder of the real purpose of life that is to
please Allah.
Islamic Brotherhood(Mawakhat):
➢Initially the Muslims found it difficult to settle
in Madinah due to the weather,lack of job
opportunities and illnesses so the Prophet
made a dua to Allah to help him and his
followers to love Madinah and soon enough
this came true as many started to love
Madinah.
➢The Prophet turned his attention to
cementing the ties of brotherhood between
the Ansaar and the Muhajireen.
➢A large group of immigrants and Muslims of
Madinah came together in the house of Anas
bin Malik, where the Prophet initiated the
spirit of brotherhood making this event
known as Mawakhat in which each Ansaar
was paired with a Muhajireen.
➢The Prophet and his family were exempted
from Mawakhat.
➢The paired brothers had to share their
belongings in every way possible.
➢Sa’ad bin Rabi’a was paired with Abdur
Rehman bin Auf. Sa’ad offered to share half of
his property .Abdur Rehman politely refused
and asked Sa’ad to show him the way to the
market where he can earn his own living.
Shortly thereafter, Abdur Rehman became
very rich and married a noble lady from
Ansaar.
➢Hazrat Musab bin Umair was paired with
Hazrat Abu Ayyub Ansari.
➢Hazrat Bilal with Hazrat Abdullah bin
Rawaha.
➢The Prophet’s family, since exempted from the
brotherhood, were paired with Quraysh.
Hazrat Hamza was paired with Hazrat Zaid
bin Haritha, Hazrat Jafar with Hazrat Muadh
bin Jabal.
➢This brotherhood was more than blood
relations, it was a spirit of selflessness and
produced a very strong bond between
Muslims who were now bound by
love,kindness and sympathy as well as
bringing peace and prosperity in Madinah.
➢Initially, when either one of the two people
who had been paired as brothers passed
away, his property was inherited by his
brother as well and this practice continued
till Verse 75 of Surah-Al-Anfaal was revealed,
“But kindred by blood are nearer to one
another regarding inheritance.”
Significance/Importance and benefits

● Brought Muhajireen and Ansar on the same
level no one is better, they all are brothers.
● Provided the Ansar with an opportunity to
make sacrifices and be rewarded by Allah.
● Provided financial support to Muhajireen
without hurting their self-esteem.
● It motivated Muhajireen to stand on their own
feet as quickly as possible.
● Created the environment of generosity,
sacrifice and humanity.
● A deep sense of kinship that still exists
● The bond was better than blood.
Charter of Madinah(Treaty with the Jews):

➢Prophet Muhammad has established
brotherhood among the believers, but he
also wanted to establish peace between the
Muslims and non-Muslim tribes of Arabia.
➢Since the jews were very influential, the
Prophet decided to establish a treaty with
them with no intention of doing something
involving hospitality or seizure of wealth and
land.
➢This would be a covenant in writing from
Muhammad(PBUH) to the believers and
Muslims of Madinah and each party
adhering to its own culture and tradition,
would be bound by the articles of this
covenant.
In the name of Allah, the Compassionate, the

Merciful:
❖The custom of Qisas(requital retaliation),
prevalent since ancient times, will be
continued to be observed with justice and
kindness.
❖Every clan shall redeem its prisoners with
kindness and justice.
❖All the members of the different clans will be
bound by this covenant which mentions that
the hand of every man shall be against him,
who seeks to spread injustice,sin,enmity or
competition between believers.No concession
will be made, even though the person
concerned may be the son of one of the
leaders or chiefs.
❖No believers shall slay a believer for the sake
of an unbeliever;neither shall he assist an
unbeliever against a believer.
❖A poor Muslim is entitled to the same right to
protection as a Muslim of wealth and
position.
❖The Jews who submit to the authority of the
Muslims are entitled to their assistance and
the same rights as Muslims without injustice
or partisanship.
❖In any military expedition, the Jews are
expected to support the Muslims and to
contribute to the cost of war.At the same
time, the Jews are not allowed to assist the
opponents of the Muslims.And the Muslims
will not support their enemies.
❖If the contracting parties want to
disassociate themselves from this covenant,
they can do so only with the permission of the
Prophet.
❖No one must help an evil-doer or shelter
him.Whoever does so shall be cursed by Allah
and His anger will fall upon him, on the Day
of Judgement.
❖If the Muslims want to make peace with
someone, the Jews will be bound to join in
this effort.
❖If anyone is convicted of killing a believer, and
a witness to or proof of this killing is
available, he will be subject to retaliation,
unless the next of kin is willing to accept
blood money.
❖All future disputes between those who accept
this charter shall be referred, under Allah, to
the Holy Prophet.
Significance/importance
● It helped the Prophet (P.B.U.H.) to make an
alliance with the residents of Madinah
regardless of their religion.
● It ensured peace in the region.
● This treaty made sure that Madinah is
protected by all citizens of the state
● It ensured the freedom of
Religion/Business/Justice for all.
● Established the position of the Holy Prophet
(P.B.U.H.) as the undisputed leader of
Madinah
● The terms are still relevant today as Islam
encourages co-existence. Pakistan is a great
example where many non-Muslim
communities live together.
IMMEDIATE IMPACT:Madinah became the capital

city of the future Muslim Empire and Prophet
Muhammad was delegated the final authority as
the Leader of Madinah.
Quotes:
1: “This shall be my home, my place of worship
and my eternal resting place.” (Sunan Abu
Dawood)
2:Surah-Al-Anfaal Verse 75 mentioned above(Pg.
96 of the textbook)
10 mark format 1st A.H. ( all points to be

summarized)
Intro: Muslims not able to settle in Madinah,
Prophet’s dua
Main body: Construction of Mosque - plot bought

from two Orphans, very basic structure, Ashab e
suffa, Prophet’s house and his quote, mosque was
a place of worship, war council, meetings,
educational institute.
Azaan: Suggestions of ringing bells, blowing

horns etc but rejected by Holy Prophet, Abdullah
bin Zaid and Umer’s dreams, Bilal the first
Muezzin of Islam
Brotherhood: Reasons, Anas bin Malik’s house,

Ansar and Muhajireen paired except Prophet’s
family, two examples needed (one from Prophet’s
family and one from Ansar and Muhajirin, e.g.
Ansar: Abdur Rehman bin Auf +Saad ibn Rabia
and Ali and the Holy Prophet, some discussion on
exemplary sacrifices.
Charter of Madinah: Treaty signed with all

communities, charter addressed some groups
specifically like Jews and Muslims, at least 5
terms to be shared.
10 mark format brotherhood (only focus is

brotherhood)
Intro: Muslims not able to settle in Madinah,
Prophet’s dua
Brotherhood: Reasons, Anas bin Malik’s house,

Ansar and Muhajireen paired except Prophet’s
family, 6 examples needed (3 from Prophet’s family
and 3 from Ansar and Muhajirin, e.g. Ansar:
Abdur Rehman bin Auf +Saad ibn Rabia and Ali
and the Holy Prophet, some discussion on
exemplary sacrifices. Quote of Holy Prophet
about Ali or verses of Quran praising the
Ansaars. The Ansars also offered share in
inheritance but the law was later abrogated.
Conclusion: 2 to 3 points about the importance

and benefits of brotherhood back then.
2 direct quotes are a must in the overall answer.
Hostility of the Quraish:

➢The people of the Quraish were jealous of the
growing power of Islam in Madinah.
➢They kept a strict watch over the Muslims left
behind and persecuted them harshly in every
possible way.
➢They initiated secret contacts with Abdullah
bin Ubai bin Salul, the chief of polytheists of
Madina, who had in some way accepted Islam
but actually worked against the Muslims.
➢The Quraish sent a message to the Muslims
of Madinah, threatening to kill them in their
own homeland.
➢Muslims became alert and took
precautionary measures, including putting
security guards outside the Holy Prophet’s
house.
➢This close vigilance continued till Allah words
of Surah-Al-Maidah Verse 67 were revealed,
“...Allah will protect you from mankind…
Change of Qiblah:The Holy Prophet had a desire

that the Kaabah should be made the Qiblah for
Muslims.So Allah sent the glad
tidings(Surah-Al-Baqarah Verse 144 Textbook
Page 98) that the Qiblah has been changed from
Masjid-Al-Aqsa(Jerusalem) to
Masjid-Al-Haram(Makkah).
Obligation of Fasting in Ramadan:In the second

year of Hijrah, Saum(Fasting in Ramadan) was
made obligatory on the Muslims.
Obligation of Zakat:In the same year, Zakat was

made obligatory on those Muslims who were
financially stable and could help the other
Muslims in the community.
Jihad(Permission to fight for Allah against

enemies of Islam):Jihad was also made
obligatory.Initially the Muslims were allowed to
only fight the Quraish or pagan tribes which
oppressed them but later they were granted the
permission to fight the Jews or Chrisitians who
persecuted them.However if any of these groups
surrendered and agreed to pay Jizya then the
Muslims were forbidden to fight them.
Baitul Maal:Also known as the public treasury, it

was set up in Madinah.For the first time in the
history of Islam, people contributed their quota
of Zakat and other taxes towards a common fund
to be used for welfare and relief.This fund was
kept here and was yet another achievement in
the second year of Hijrah.
The Battle of Badr
Reasons:
➔The Quraish were not happy at the peaceful
settlement of the Muslims and the Prophet
knew of their evil intentions, sometimes their
cavalry would attack the grazing fields of
Muslims and burn their cattle as well as
farms at night when it was dark.
➔The Prophet started sending parties to patrol
the outskirts of Madinah, for example once
he sent Talha bin Ubaidullah and Saeed bin
Zaid to scout movements of the caravans of
the Quraish.
➔The scouts stayed at Al-Hawra for a few days
until they found out about a Makkan caravan
returning from Syria.
➔Abu Sufyan was the leader of the caravan
and the two Muslim scouts hurried back to
Madinah and told the Holy Prophet about
their findings.
➔Quraish demanded the return of the Holy
Prophet(P.B.U.H).
➔Hypocrites secretly helped Quraish.
➔Incident of Nakhla in Rajab. Abdullah bin
Jahsh killed Omro bin Al Hazrami.(Letter to
be read after 2 days journey.)
➔Caravan of Abu Sufyan 50,000 dinar
investment,40 guards.
Events:
➔Abu Sufyan had gone on a business trip to
Syria, where he sold goods and brought
weapons to use against the Muslims.
➔He was returning back from Syria with a large
trading caravan which belonged to the
Quraish and the Prophet planned to
intercept the caravan.
➔Abu Sufyan got this information and sent a
messenger to Makkah asking the chiefs there
for help.
➔Abu Jahl straight away departed with an
army of 1,000 men and moved towards Badr, a
village 80 miles away from Madinah.
➔He received another message from Abu
Sufyan saying that he should go back home
as the caravan had escaped the Muslims, but
Abu Jahl wanted to punish the Muslims and
prevent them from having any such plans in
the future.
➔When the Holy Prophet received this news
about Abu Jahal approaching with his army,
he set out towards Badr along with his 313
men,2 horses and 70 camels.
➔The Quraish had 1,000 men in armour,70
horses and many weapons and supplies.
➔The Holy Prophet marched towards Badr with
his small army, however the Quraish had
come earlier and occupied areas of
advantage and the Muslims were unable to
get near any wells.
➔The sandy soil was also causing the feet of
camels to sink so then it was suggested by
Hubab bin Munzir to take possession of a
nearby well and the Holy Prophet accepted
this suggestion and asked Muslims to take
over the well.
➔Even though Muslims were in complete
control of water, he allowed the enemies to
use the water and the two armies rested in
their camps at Badr for the night.
➔The Prophet prayed to Allah that night about
making the Muslims win and that if they
perish there will be no one to worship Him.
➔While the Muslim army were tired after their
long march and enjoying a refreshing sleep,
they were blessed with rain and by the grace
of Allah it rained heavily and the ground of
where the Muslims slept became firm as well
as reservoirs were now stored with water.
➔The next day Friday, 17th Ramadan 2AH, was
known as Yaum-ul-Furqan(The Day of
Criterion the day when the two forces met).
➔As the son rose over the desert, the Holy
Prophet called his men to offer prayers and
then urged them to fight for Allah.
➔The Prophet drew up his little army and
arranged the ranks as well as gave them
strict orders that his men should not start
fighting until he gave the order.
➔He advised them to use their arrows carefully
and not to use their swords until the army
was very close, the Quraish also positioned
their force opposite to the Muslims.
➔As the two parties came closer to each other,
the Prophet began supplicating to Allah and
begged Him for victory in the battle.
➔As per the custom in Arabia, the 3 best
soldiers of one army were supposed to fight
with the 3 best soldiers of the other army.
➔From the Quraish Utbah,Shaibah and Waleed
stepped forward while from the Muslims first
3 men from the Ansaar came forward but the
Quraish refused to fight them saying they
wanted people from their own tribe.
➔So Ali,Hamza and Ubaidah bin Harith came
forward and the battle began, Ali and Hamza
killed their opponents while Ubaidah lost his
leg fighting his opponent.
➔The Quraish were outraged that all 3 Quraish
chiefs were killed and they charged towards
the Muslims.
➔As the battle began the Prophet threw a
handful of dust at the enemy saying that he
hopes Allah disfigures their faces.
➔As the fighting started the Holy Prophet told
his men to shoot the arrows first and then
hurl the stones and as the army stepped
closer, a one to one battle with swords
commenced.
➔The enemies started losing the battle as their
important leaders of the Quraish like Abu
Jahl,Ummiyah ibn Khalaf and Utbah ibn Rabi
were killed leading the Quraish to lose hope
and scatter in dismay.
➔Seventy pagans were killed and seventy were
taken as prisoners of war, only 14 Muslims
were martyred and among the captives of
Badr were Hazrat Abbas,Abul Aas and
Abbas’s son in law.
➔The result of Badr was in the favour of
Muslims with a victory for them and two
riders, Abdullah bin Rawahah and Zaid bin
Haritha were sent to Madinah to convey the
victory to the Muslims there.
➔The Prophet entered Madinah as a man to be
accounted for in a new dimension in the
military field.
➔A large amount of booty was collected by the
Muslims and the war booty was divided
equally among the soldiers and families of
the martyrs and one-fifth was set aside for
the Holy Prophet.
➔Prisoners were dealt with kindness, some were
freed on ransom while old and poor ones
were freed without any ransom.
➔The learned prisoners were given the duty to
teach Muslim children for a fixed time, after
which they were set free.
Impact on the Believers Impact on the

Disbelievers
14 Sahaba were 70 killed
martyred
Prophet and 70 captured as
Companions stayed in prisoners of war
Badr for 3 days
Buried the martyrs Leaders of Quraish
killed
Buried the killed Loss of more than 2.5
enemies Lakh Dirham
Lessons learned from the Battle of Badr:
● Separating Iman from Kufr
● Separating passiveness from engaging in
defending and spreading Islam
● Separating true loyalty to Islam from tribe and
family
● Separating true sincere sacrifice for Allah
from earthly gains
● Muslims become confident
● Kuffar started to take Muslims seriously
Significance of the Battle of Badr:

★ The day of the battle of Badr is mentioned
in the Quran as Yaum-ul-Furqan.
★ This victory inspired the Muslims with new
hope, gave them confidence in their physical
power and encouraged them for future
success.
★ This battle immensely helped to strengthen
the Prophet’s position in Madinah.
★ The pride and prestige of the Quraish was
totally destroyed by the splendid victory of
the Muslims as some of the influential leaders
of the Quraish were killed.
★ A large number of the people of Madinah
embraced Islam which added to the strength
and power of the Faith.
★ The disbelievers of Arabia and the Jews
became aware of the power of Islam and
realized the strength of the Muslims.
Expulsion of Banu Qainuqa:

➢Despite the Muslim victory in the battle of
Badr, the Jews of Banu Qainuqa kept
humiliating and harassing them.
➢When an Ansari woman went to a Jew’s shop
to buy something, he molested her and upon
hearing her cries a Muslim passing by took
her side.
➢In the fight, the Jew was killed and after that
a number of Jews attacked that Muslim and
killed him.
➢When they declared war, the Prophet had no
choice but to fight them and the Jews shut
themselves in their fortress and the Muslims
laid siege to it which lasted for a fortnight.
➢Being hard pressed the Jews submitted
unconditionally leaving the terms of peace to
be settled by the Holy Prophet himself.
➢Abdullah bin Ubai the leader of hypocrites,
interceded on their behalf and the Prophet
asked them to leave Madinah so 700 Jews of
the Banu Qainuqa tribe left for Syria in
Shawwal in Year 2 of Hijra.
Quotes:
1:Fasting in Ramadan- “O you who believe!
Observing As-Saum(fasting) is prescribed for you
as it was prescribed for those before you, that
you may become the pious.” (Surah-Al-Baqarah
Verse 183)
2:Obligation of Zakat- “And spend in the Cause of
Allah(i.e. Jihad of all kinds) and do not throw
yourselves into destruction(by not spending your
wealth in the Cause of Allah), and do good.Truly,
Allah loves the good-doers.” (Surah-Al-Baqarah
Verse 195)
3:Jihad- “Permission to fight(against disbelievers)
is given to those(believers) who are fought
against, because they have been wronged;and
surely, Allah is able to give them(believers)
victory.” (Surah-Al-Hajj Verse 39) “Fight in the
Cause of Allah, those who fight you, but do not
transgress limits;for Allah loves not
transgressors.” (Surah-Al-Baqarah Verse 190)
4:Battle of Badr- “O Allah! If this small band of
men perish, there will be no one alive to worship
You.And Your faith will be destroyed forever.”
(Sahih Bukhari)

The Battle of Uhud
Lessons to be done from PPT.
Reasons:
➔The defeat at Badr was an insult to the
Quraish’s pride and they wanted to avenge it.
➔They started preparations to launch an
attack against the Muslims to restore their
blemished prestige and wounded pride.
➔Messengers were sent to all the tribes to join
in the cause against the Muslims.
➔It had been decided that the profits of the
escaped caravan headed by Abu Sufyan had
1,000 camels and 50 Dinars and it should be
devoted to providing equipment to the army.
Events:
➔The Quraish hired poets to entice the tribes
into fighting the Muslims and they even
decided to take their women along so that
they might arouse them to fight gallantly.
➔Thus, 3,000 pitched warriors, of whom 700
were mailed soldiers and 200 well-mounted
cavalry marched towards Madinah with 3,000
camels and 15 women.
➔Their leader was Abu Sufyan, and the
Prophet’s uncle Abbas was closely watching
their military movements and preparations
for the war in Makkah.
➔Hazrat Abbas sent an urgent message to the
Prophet informing him about the arrival of
the Makkan army in Madinah.
➔Therefore, all of Madinah was put on high
alert and all the men were heavily armed even
during prayer in anticipation of any
emergency.
➔The Makkan army marched along the usual
western road and encamped themselves at a
place called Ainain, near Mount Uhud.
➔The Holy Prophet consulted his Companions
about the situation and a number of them
favoured fortifying Madinah and fighting
from within.
➔The Prophet also wanted it that way but the
Muslim youth wished to fight in the open field
sensing the earnest desire of the majority,
and so the Prophet yielded to their wishes
and put on his armour.
➔On the 6th of Shawwal in the third year of
Hijra, after offering Friday prayer, he
marched onwards with his 1,000 soldiers.
➔On the way to Uhud, the leader of the
hypocrites Abdullah bin Ubai rebelled
against the Muslims and withdrew his 300
supporters and they said “We do not know
why we shall kill ourselves.”
➔He aimed to break the high morale of the
believers and despite the fact that now the
army was left with only 700 men, Muslims were
filled with enthusiasm of Faith/Iman and
wanted to defend the Truth at all costs.
➔The Prophet reached Uhud on the 15th of
Shawwal early in the morning, with an army of
700 believers.
➔He took up position within the rocks of Uhud
to protect the rear as on one side there was
danger of an attack from the rear.
➔So the Prophet appointed 50 archers on
Mount Ainain under the command of
Abdullah bin Jubair with strict instructions
not to leave their spots at any cost, even if
the Muslims were winning the battle.
➔The battle began with Muslims in full
command of the whole military action and
the great warriors of Islam ie. Hazrat Ali and
Hazrat Hamza killed a number of eminent
leaders of the Quraish.
➔The Muslims fought courageously and killed
several non-believers and they demonstrated
such a spirit of bravery, that the
non-believers started to flee.
➔During the battle, Hazrat Hamza displayed
wonderful feats of gallantry against the
overwhelming odds which stood unparalleled
and created consternation and confusion in
the disbelieving hosts.
➔By trickery however, Hamza was martyred
when Wahashi, a slave of Jubair bin Mut’im
speared him to death.
➔The death of Hamza was a great loss for the
Muslims but they maintained full control over
the whole situation on the battlefield.
➔However, when the Muslim army was
recording an absolute and clear victory on
the battlefield, the majority of the archers on
Mount Ainain committed a fatal mistake by
turning the whole situation upside down and
constituted a source of heavy loss amongst
the Muslims.
➔When the Makkan army began to flee the
battlefield, the Muslim soldiers thought that
they had gained victory and started
collecting the war booty.
➔The archers, to whom a strict order was given
to remain in their position, forgot the orders
of the Holy Prophet and left their post to
partake of the booty despite the orders of
Abdullah bin Jubair who was included in the
10 archers who remained in their positions.
➔Khalid bin Waleed saw that the Muslim
archers had left their positions, and he went
around Mount Uhud, killed the remaining few
archers, and then attacked the Muslims who
were busy in collecting the war booty.
➔When the Muslims found themselves under
the swords of the enemy, they panicked and
confusion ensued among them and many of
them did not know where to go.
➔At this awkward moment, they heard someone
saying that the Holy Prophet had died which
further bewildered them and their morale
broke down and some of them stopped
fighting, slacked and cast down their
weapons.
➔However, soon they realized that it was a
rumour and the Holy Prophet was alive so the
Muslims soon recovered their spirits and
came to their senses to start fighting against
the Makkans again.
➔Meanwhile, the Prophet who had fallen in a
ditch after being badly hurt by a rock,
recovered with the help of his Companions
and managed to climb up the hill.
➔During his withdrawal to the hilltop, the Holy
Prophet settled down in his headquarters on
the hillock.
➔The idolaters started their last attack upon
the Muslims, however, the Muslims fought
them till they drove them down the mountain.
➔Later, the Quraish hunted for the bodies of
the martyrs and mutilated them.
➔Hind, the wife of Abu Sufyan, mutilated the
dead body of Hamza and chewed his liver in
order to avenge the death of her father
Utbah, who was killed by Hamza in the battle
of Badr.
➔When the Makkans got ready for departure,
Abu Sufyan went up the mountain and said
loudly, “Today we have taken the revenge of
Badr. This for that. War is attended with
alternate success.” Umar replied, “No! They
are not the same. Our killed men are housed
in Paradise; yours are in Fire.”
➔In this battle, 70 Muslims were martyred
whereas the Makkans lost 22 of their men.
➔The Holy Prophet spent the night pondering
over the situation and feared the idolaters
might regret and decide to invade Madinah
again.
➔Therefore, the next morning he ordered the
Muslim army to march on and encounter the
enemy of Islam.
➔The Muslims marched and encamped at
Hamra Al-Asad about 8 miles from Madinah.
➔The Holy Prophet’s guess of a possible return
of idolaters proved to be absolutely true.
➔When the Quraish got to know about the
presence of the Muslims, they deemed it
safest to go back to Makkah.
Significance of the Battle of Uhud:

★ The Battle of Uhud taught a great lesson to
the Muslims that they should obey the Holy
Prophet in all conditions and remain united
and disciplined.
★ When this event took place, the hypocrisy of
the hypocrites was declared openly to the
Muslims.
★ Wisdom in the presence of both
circumstances is the distinction between the
truthful and the deceitful.
★ Martyrdom is the highest rank of the true
friends of Allah and many Companions were
honoured by martyrdom in the Battle of
Uhud.
★ In Surah Aal-E-Imran, rather than coming
down hard on the Muslims, Allah addressed
them regarding this battle with a mild
approach.
★ This battle cannot be termed as defeat as
in defeat the party suffers loss of lives, goods
and even territory but the Quraish could
neither get the captives, booty or the land
and were chased by the Muslims for 50 miles.
Expulsion of Banu Nadeer:

➢The Jews were very happy at the loss of
lives of the Muslims.
➢The Banu Nadeer tried to make an
attempt to kill the Holy Prophet when he
went to them and asked them to pay the
blood money in an event called Baruana
of some people who were killed by a
Muslim mistakenly.
➢The Banu Nadeer’s leader made a plan to
kill him but the Holy Prophet was
informed through a revelation.
➢The Banu Nadeer had violated the
Charter of Madinah and showed hostility
openly, so the Holy Prophet lay siege
around their fortress for 15 days.
➢The Jews who had taken refuge in their
fortresses, finally surrendered and were
told to leave Madinah.
➢Most of them settled in Khyber while some
went towards Syria.
Lessons learned from the Battle of Uhud:

● Trustworthiness and Honesty: avoid
deception especially if it causes loss of
innocent lives, chaos in community.
● Importance of Dialogue: The Prophet tried to

resolve the issue peacefully but Banu Nadeer
took advantage of it.
● Fair Treatment: People should be treated

fairly regardless of their religious or
ethnic/political background.
● Preservation of Harmony: It was important to
keep harmony in society and maintain law
and order.
The Battle of Ahzaab/The Battle of

Trench/The Battle of Alliances/The
Battle of Khandaq
Reasons:
➔Soon the Jews of Madinah started conspiring
against the Muslims once again as they were
very eager to avenge their lost pride.
➔20 chiefs of the Jews with some leaders of the
Banu Nadeer, went to Makkah to negotiate an
unholy alliance with the Quraish.
➔Then they set out for the Banu Ghatfan,
called them to do the same and they
responded positively.
➔The Jewish delegation then started a fresh
effort and toured some parts of Arabia and
managed to incite the confederates of
disbelievers against the Prophet and his
Message.
Events:
➔Quraish, Kinanah and other allies from
Tihama rallied and recruited an army under
the leadership of Abu Sufyan.
➔Besides the Jews and Quraish, the tribes of
Banu Ghatfan, Banu Murah, Banu Fazarah,
Banu Sulaim, Banu Sa’ad, Banu Asad and a
number of small tribes took part in this
battle.
➔They all headed for Madinah and gathered in
its vicinity at a time already agreed upon.
➔It was a great army of 10,000 fighters and in
fact outnumbered the Muslims in Madinah.
➔The Prophet got information about the
enemy’s preparation for an attack and as
usual he consulted his Companions.
➔He liked and accepted the opinion of Salman
Farsi, an Iranian, who suggested digging a
trench around Madinah in order to prevent
the enemy from entering the city which is why
this battle is sometimes known as the Battle
of Trench.
➔Therefore, it was decided that they would dig
trenches as defensive lines.
➔The Muslims with the Holy Prophet as their
head, started to dig a trench around
Madinah.
➔The Northern part of Madinah was the most
vulnerable to attack while the other sides
were being surrounded by volcanic
mountains and palm orchards.
➔The Holy Prophet, as a skillful military expert,
understood that the confederates would
march from that direction, so the trench was
ordered to be dug on the Northern side.
➔The Muslims went on digging the trench for
several days.
➔Severe hunger, bordering on starvation,
could not dissuade or discourage them from
achieving their objective.
➔The allied forces, which numbered as many
as 10,000 fighters, rushed towards Madinah
under the joint command of Abu Sufyan.
➔They were overwhelmed because of their
number and were determined to crush the
Muslims and the power of Islam forever.
➔When they reached Madinah, they were
surprised to see a wide trench standing as a
great obstruction.
➔As they had enough supplies of arms and
provisions, they decided to lay siege to
Madinah claiming that Muhammad would
soon be starved out along with his
Companions, and that victory would be
theirs.
➔During the siege, Muslims did not have
enough provisions and they had to go
without food for 3 consecutive days and had
to tie stones on their bellies.
➔A woman passed by with a date and the
Prophet asked her for it and he took it in his
hand and it became a sort of food pot which
kept on producing more dates to fulfil
everyone’s hunger.
➔So the enemies settled down in the vicinity of
Madinah.
➔The Muslims, about 3,000 in number,
entrenched themselves with the trench
standing as a barrier between them and the
non-believers.
➔The idolaters began to maneuver around the
trench trying to find a vulnerable spot
through which they could infiltrate into
Madinah.
➔To halt their enemies from approaching
closer, the Muslims hurled arrows and
engaged in skirmishes with them.
➔One of these skirmishes was when Amr Bin
Abd Wudd fell in the trench and was getting
attacked by the Muslims but he said he
wanted to die the honourable way by fighting
so Hazrat Ali came and defeated him.
➔The Jews of Banu Quraizah, who had signed
a treaty of peace with the Holy Prophet, kept
aloof so far.
➔Hai bin Akhtab, the leader of the exiled Banu
Nadeer went to Ka’ab bin Asad, the chief of
Banu Quraizah and asked him to join the
allies.
➔At first, Ka’ab hesitated to do so but later he
agreed.
➔On knowing this, the Holy Prophet sent Sa’ad
bin Muaz and Sa’ad bin Ubaidah to Banu
Quraizah to remind them of the treaty with
the Muslims, but the jews replied saying, “We
do not know who Muhammad is and what is
the treaty?”
➔The Holy Prophet was briefed on this
situation and the Muslims understood their
critical position.
➔They now faced a huge army at their front
and their back was open to the attack of the
Banu Quraizah.
➔The siege got prolonged as it lasted for about
a month and at that moment Allah, the
Glorious and Exalted, helped create a
situation that led to the conflict between the
enemies of Islam and later on their complete
defeat.
➔Nuaim bin Masood who belonged to the tribe
of the Ghatfan, came to the Holy Prophet and
declared he had embraced Islam secretly.
➔He asked the Prophet if he could do anything
that could help the Muslims.
➔Therefore, Nuaim created dissension among
the groups of the enemy.
➔He met the chiefs of Banu Quraizah and said
not to trust the Quraish unless they promised
to give them some of their men as captives.
➔Then he went to the leaders of the Quraish
and advised them that the Jews maintained
regular correspondence with the Muslims.
➔So he advised them not to send the hostages
to the Jews.
➔As a third task, he did the same with the
people of Ghatfan who did not know he had
embraced Islam.
➔Nuaim’s scheme proved successful and a
state of distrust and suspicion rose among
the allies.
➔It was a critical time and the Muslims were
supplicating to Allah to protect them.
➔The Holy Prophet on his part invoked Allah’s
wrath on the Confederates, supplicating, “O
Allah! You are quick in account;You are the
sender of the Book;We beg you to defeat the
Confederates.”(Sahih Bukhari)
➔Allah, the Glorious, responded to the call of
the Muslims.
➔A severe storm of wind, rain and cold struck
them so hard that the enemies’ tents were
blown away, their cooking vessels and other
equipment were overthrown and their
animals ran away in terror.
➔At night time, the Prophet dispatched Huzaifa
bin Al-Yaman to hunt around for news about
the enemy.
➔He found out that the allied forces were
preparing to leave as they were frustrated
over their inability to achieve their target.
➔Allah really did fulfill His promise, spared the
Muslims from fighting a formidable army, and
inflicted a heavy blow on the Confederates.
➔Allah says in Surah-Al-Ahzaab Verse 9, “O you
who believe! Remember Allah’s favour to you,
where there came against you hosts and We
sent against them a wind and forces that you
saw not.And Allah is Ever All-Seer of what you
do.”
➔This battle proved to be a battle of nerves
rather than of loss of human lives.
➔Saad bin Muaz was shot during this battle
and later died when he returned to Madinah
due to the wounds.
➔No bitter fighting was recorded, yet it was one
of the most decisive battles in the early
history of Islam and proved that no forces,
however huge, could ever exterminate the
power of Islam which was steadily increasing
in Madinah.
➔When Allah forced the Confederates to
evacuate, the Prophet was in a position to
confidently declare that from next time
onward, he would take the initiative in war
and would not wait for the land of Islam to be
invaded.
Significance of the Battle of Ahzaab:

● The defeat in the Battle of Ahzaab was a
great loss for the Quraish as their influence
amongst the Arab tribes had received a
serious blow.Their trade route to Syria was
blocked and they faced a great disgrace.
● In this battle, the Muslims defended
themselves by digging the trench.The
Makkans were not aware of this technique, so
it confused them.They were prevented from
attacking Madinah and could not continue
the siege.Finally they suffered a crushing
defeat.
● Although the Muslims had to face starvation
and severe cold along with lack of provisions,
their morale remained high.They remained
united and steadfast, and passed through all
these tribulations successfully.
End of the Banu Quraizah:

➢The Jewish tribe of Banu Quraizah had
helped the enemy against the Muslims.
➢They had agreed to provide them the way to
the Muslim camps and stop their supplies.
➢Therefore after the battle, the Holy Prophet
laid siege to their fortress for more than 25
days.
➢Finally, they surrendered and the Prophet
agreed to accept their request that they be
judged by their former ally, Sa’ad bin Muaz.
➢He gave the decision according to the Torah
that Banu Quraizah’s men would be killed,
their women and children would be made
slaves and their belongings be taken as
booty.
➢As this was not the decision of the Holy
Prophet but a commandment taken from
their own Book, the Banu Quraizah did not go
against it.
➢As a result, the 3 major tribes of the Jews
were now no longer in alliance with the Holy
Prophet.
Background:The Holy Prophet had a dream that

he had entered the Kaabah with his followers and
was performing Umrah.He then informed his
Companions and other Muslims around
Madinah.Some 1,400 Muslims got ready to
accompany him on this journey.The Prophet
marched towards Makkah with his 1,400 followers
including his wife Umme-Salmah.Abdullah bin
Makhtum was a blind companion and was
appointed to deal with the affairs of Madinah in
absence of the Holy Prophet.The Muslims carried
no weapons with them except for their sheathed
swords as they had no intention of fighting.
Quraish Encounter with the Muslims:As the

Muslims approached Zul-Hulaifa, the Holy
Prophet ordered that the sacrificial animals be
garlanded and believers should put on their
Ihram.On reaching Hudaibiya, a place near
Makkah, the Prophet dispatched a man to hunt
for the news about the enemy.The man came
back to tell the Prophet that the Quraish army
had gathered to oppose him and that the road to
Makkah was completely blocked.The Holy Prophet
consulted his Companions, who were of the
opinion that they would not fight anyone unless
they were forbidden from performing Umrah.
Background of Bait-Al-Rizwan:The Quraish held a

meeting during which they considered the whole
situation and decided for reconciliation.Time
passed and negotiations went on but with no
results.The Prophet then appointed Uthman bin
Affan Abu Sufyan’s cousin, as the suitable
envoy.Uthman went to Abu Sufyan and other
chiefs and told them that the Muslims had only
come to visit the Kaabah and perform Umrah
and that they had no intention to fight them.He
also assured them that after the performance of
the ceremonies, they would depart
peacefully.Although the Quraish did not allow the
Holy Prophet and other Muslims to enter
Makkah, they gave Uthman the permission to
perform Umrah.To this Uthman replied, “How is it
possible that I avail myself of this opportunity
while the Prophet is denied of it?”
Bait-Ar-Rizwan:
➢The Muslims waited for the arrival of Uthman
with mingled feelings of fear and anxiety.
➢His arrival was considered delayed and a
rumour spread that he might have been killed
by the Quraish.
➢A solemn pledge was taken at the hand of the
Prophet that they would sacrifice their lives to
avenge Uthman’s death and stand firmly by
him under all conditions.
➢They said they would fight till death and not
leave the battlefield at any cost.
➢This pledge goes by the name Bait-Ar-Rizwan
which means a Covenant of Fealty.
➢Allah talks about the pledge in the Quraan
Surah-Al-Fatah Verse 18,“Indeed, Allah was
pleased with the believers when they gave
their Bait(pledge) to you(O Muhammad)
under the tree.”
➢The rumour later turned out to be false when
Uthman returned from Makkah safe and
sound.
➢When the Quraish sawe firm determination of
the Muslims to shed the last drop of blood for
the defence of their faith, they realized
Muhammad and his followers could not be
frightened by these tactics.
➢Khalid bin Waleed told the Muslims to
surrender but they did not listen so they
began to negotiate.
➢Hazrat Ali was the scribe and Hazrat Uthman
bin Affan was the negotiator from the
Muslims and Amr bin Aas from the Quraish.
Terms of the Treaty of Hudaibiya:

1. The Muslims shall return this year without
performing Umrah and come back next year,
but they shall not stay in Makkah for more
than 3 days.
2. They shall not come back armed but can
bring with them swords only sheathed in
scabbards and these shall be kept in bags.
3. War activities shall be suspended for 10 years,
during which both parties will live in full
security and neither will raise a sword against
the other.
4. If anyone from the Quraish goes to
Muhammad without his guardian’s
permission, he should be sent back to the
Quraish, but should any of Muhammad’s
followers return to the Quraish, he shall not
be sent back.
5. Whosoever wishes to join Muhammad, or
enter into a treaty with him, should have the
liberty to do so; and likewise, whosoever
wishes to join the Quraish, or enter into a
treaty with them, should be allowed to do so.
Allah called the treaty open victory in the

Quraan.Hazrat Umar objected the Treaty so Abu
Bakr calmed him down and he later agreed that it
was a victory when Allah’s revelation was
received.When the Holy Prophet told the Muslims
to start sacrificing their animals they were angry
and disobeyed him.The wife of the Prophet,
Umme Salmah, then suggested that the Prophet
do it first and the others would follow and that is
exactly what happened.Allah also called the
Treaty Fateh Mobin which means Manifest
Victory. “Verily, We have given you(O Muhammad)
a manifest victory.”
Suhail bin Amr and Abu Jandal:When the Holy

Prophet and Suhail bin Amr were writing the
document, suddenly his son Abu Jandal(who had
been tortured by his father post conversion to
Islam) walked in fetters after having escaped from
the prison.When Suhail saw Abu Jandal he hit
him on the face and took hold of his collar and
said, “Muhammad, the agreement between us was
concluded before this man came to you.” The
Holy Prophet agreed and then Suhail roughly
pulled his son by his collar and dragged him
away to return him to the Quraish while Abu
Jandal shrieked on the top of his voice, “Am I to
be returned to the polytheists that they may
entice me from my religion, O Muslims?” To this
the Holy Prophet replied, “O Abu Jandal, be
patient and control yourself, for Allah will provide
relief and a means of escape for you and those of
you who are helpless.We have made peace with
them and we cannot deal falsely with them.”
Short-Term Impacts of the Treaty of Hudaibiya:

❖Khuza joined the alliance of Muslims.
❖Banu-Bakr joined the Quraish.
❖The Prophet returned Abu Jandal to the
Quraish.
❖The Prophet orders Muslims to undo their
Ihram.
❖Women are not returned to Quraish.
❖Muslims first are very resentful towards the
treaty.
Long-Term Impact of the Treaty of Hudaibiya:

❖Muslims did not perform Umrah that year.
❖The Prophet did not promise that Umrah
would happen that year.
❖Muslims did not obtain unchallenged success
in Makkah.
❖Recognition of Madinah as a Muslim state.
❖Muslims would not fight the Quraish if they
allowed Islam freely.
❖The Quraish can no longer control Arab
tribes.
❖The Quraish gave up their political and
leadership role in Arabia.
❖New Muslims of Makkah can immigrate to
other areas not Madinah.
Benefits of the Treaty of Hudaibiya:

● Abu Basir and the group became a threat to
the Quraish.
● The Quraish nullified the 4th clause of the
Treaty themselves.
● Khalid bin Waleed, Amr bin Al-Aas, Uthman
bin Talha convert.
● Banu Bakr and Banu Khuza in alliance.
Significance of the Treaty of Hudaibiya:

★ Established state of Madinah politically.
★ Financial recovery after 3 battles.
★ Muslims at ease mentally and physically.
★ More alliances were formed.
★ Maximum conversions to Islam during this
year.
★ Muslims could perform Umrah next year.
Reasons for the Letters to Kings and Emperors:

● Treaty of Hudaibiya said that there would be
no war for 10 years.
● The Prophet decided to take advantage of
this.
● He sent Companions to various rulers to ask
them to accept Islam.
● He selected intelligent Companions and sent
them to various kings.
Ambassador Receiver of Letter Reaction

Amr bin Umaiyyah Negus, King of Negus, Ashamah
Abyssinia bin Al-Abjar
accepted Islam.
Hatib bin Abi Muqawqis, King of Did not accept
Baltah Egypt Islam but was
respectful and sent
presents to the
Holy
Prophet.Among the
presents were two
maids.One of these
was Maria Qibtiya
who married the
Prophet and gave
birth to his son
Ibrahim.
Abdullah bin Chosroes/Khusro Outraged that the
Huzaifah Parvez, King of letter had been
Persia addressed on
equal terms.He
tore the letter into
pieces so the
Prophet remarked,
“May Allah tear his
empire into pieces.”
Chosroes was so
angry, he ordered
the Governor of
Yemen to arrest the
Prophet.When his
men reached
Madinah, the
Prophet said that
Allah has killed
Chosroes.The
Prophecy turned
out to be true as
his son
assassinated him
that night.There
was chaos in the
Persian Empire and
eventually it came
to an end.The
Governor of Yemen
accepted Islam.
Dihyah Kalbi Heracleus, He sent for some
Emperor of Arabs who were
Byzantine there on a trade
mission in Syria for
an enquiry.Abu
Sufyan happened
to be there.He was
taken before the
Emperor, and on
his enquiry he
confirmed the
truthfulness of the
Prophet.The
Emperor was very
impressed with
what was told to
him and remarked
that Islam was the
message of truth,
but did not
embrace Islam.
Ala’a Al-Hadrami Munzir bin Sawa, He wrote in reply,
Governor of “Allah’s Messenger!
Bahrain I read your letter,
which you wrote to
the people of
Bahrain extending
to them an
invitation to
Islam.Islam
appealed to some
of them and they
entered the fold of
Islam, while others
did not find it
appealing.In my
country, there live
Magians and Jews
and therefore you
may inform me of
the treatment to be
extended to Islam.”
The Prophet
praised him and
told him to pardon
the offenders.
Salit bin Umar Haudhah bin Ali, He replied, “Your
Chief of Yamamah teachings are very
nice and if there is
a share for me in
your kingdom, I am
ready to follow.” The
Prophet sent him
an answer in the
negative.
Shuja bin Wahab Harith Ghassani, Angry after reading
al-Asadi King of Damascus the letter and told
his army to attack
Madinah and kill
the Prophet so the
Muslims waited for
an attack every
day, but his army
never appeared.
Amr bin Al-Aas Jaifer and his Both the brothers
brother Abd bin accepted Islam.
Al-Julandai, Rulers
of Oman
The Battle of Khyber
Reasons:
➔The Jews of Banu Qainuqa and Banu Nadeer
had settled in Khyber after their expulsion
from Madinah.
➔They did not like the reconciliation among
the Muslims and Quraish in the Treaty of
Hudaibiya.
➔Therefore, they began planning an attack on
Madinah to regain their lost prestige.
➔The Prophet had hardly spent a month after
returning from Hudaibiya, till he came to
know about the Jews’ plot.
➔He therefore commanded the Muslims to
prepare for an attack on Khyber.
Events:
➔The Holy Prophet chose Siba bin Arfath
Al-Ghifani to run the affairs of Madinah in his
absence and set out with his 1,600
Companions in Muharram, 7AH and reached
Khyber.
➔The Muslims camped and slept that night
near Khyber without the jews realizing their
presence.
➔In the morning after Fajr prayer, Muslims
proceeded towards Jewish forts.
➔When they encountered the Jews who had
come out to work in their fields, they were
caught by surprise and began to shout,
“Muhammad has come along with his force!”
➔The Prophet said, “Allah is Great, Khyber is
ruined.Allah is Great,Khyber is ruined, Behold!
When we descend amidst the people, it will
dawn a bad day for those who have been
warned(but have not taken heed).” (Sahih
Bukhari)
➔The Jews immediately rushed to their forts
and fortified themselves.
➔There were several forts in Khyber but the
bigger ones included Naim, Sulaim, Qamus,
Nabat, Qisarah, Shaq and Marbat.
➔The Holy Prophet did not want a long siege
and when he realized the Jews were prepared
to fight, he commanded them to attack them.
➔The first battle took place near the fort Naim
in which Mahmood bin Muslima was martyred
but the fort was conquered.
➔The Muslims captured all the small fortresses
but it seemed difficult to capture the famous
fort of Qamus.
➔The fight prolonged to twenty days and each
day they returned without success.
➔The Holy Prophet said one night, “Tomorrow I
will give the standard to a man who loves
Allah and His Prophet and Allah, and His
Prophet loves him.” (Sahih Bukhari)
➔The next morning everyone gathered around
the Prophet, hoping they were the one the
Prophet mentioned that night.
➔The Prophet called for Hazrat Ali who had
developed an eye sore so the Prophet
supplicated and applied saliva to his eyes
and the infection was cured.
➔He then asked Ali to lead the battalion and
extend an invitation of Islam prior to it.
➔Seeing the Muslims under the command of
Ali, Marhab the famous warrior came out to
fight him.
➔Marhab was killed by Ali’s single stroke of the
sword and the fort of Qamus was captured.
➔After losing their strongest fort, the Jews
realized that the end had come.
➔They requested the Prophet to grant them
peace on the condition that they would pay
half of the produce of their lands to the
Muslims.
➔The Prophet accepted their request and their
lives, property, women and children were left
untouched.
➔Therefore, in this expedition the Muslims got
a huge supply of booty and the martyred
Muslims were 16 or 18 while killed Jews were
93.
Significance of the Battle of Khyber:

★ The Muslims emerged as the most powerful
force in Arabia after this battle.
★ The Jews lost their power and prestige after
the conquest of Khyber by the Muslims and
this marvellous victory finished their
supremacy.
★ The provisions taken at Khyber were so
much that Ibn Umar said, “We never ate our
fill until we conquered Khyber.”
★ Allah cast fear into the hearts of the people
of Fidak near Khyber who hastened to ask for
peace and be allowed to live in safety and
agreed to give Jizya so the Holy Prophet
made a peace agreement with them.
★ While returning from Khyber to Madinah,
the Prophet married Safiyah bint Hai who was
the widow of the Jewish chief as she accepted
Islam at the Holy Prophet’s invitation and this
had a major impact on the Jewish people,
given that many of them accepted Islam.
The Holy Prophet Performs Umrah:

➢According to the first clause of the Treaty of
Hudaibiya, the Muslims were now free to visit
the Kaabah and perform Umrah.
➢In the month of Zil Qa’dah 7AH, the Holy
Prophet ordered his people to make
preparations to perform Umrah.
➢He proceeded with 2,000 men along with some
women, children and 60 camels for sacrifice.
➢The Muslims took their weapons with them,
fearing the treachery of the Quraish, but left
them with a party of 200 men at a place 8
miles away from Makkah.
➢They entered the city with the swords in their
scabbards and were saying, “Labbaik
Allahumma Labbaik” (Here I am! At your
service O Allah)
➢The Quraish had left the place and retired to
their tents on the adjoining hills.
➢The Muslims performed the usual
Tawaf(circumambulation) vigorously and
briskly.
➢On the command of the Holy Prophet, they
did their best to remain strong and steadfast.
➢Rumours had spread from the polytheists
that the Muslims were weak because the fever
of Madinah had sapped their strength.
The Battle of Mu’tah
Reasons/Background:
➔It was the most significant and the fiercest
battle during the lifetime of the Prophet.
➔It took place in Jamadi-ul-Ula in 8AH, in a
village called Mu’tah which lay on the
geographical borders of Syria.
➔The Holy Prophet had sent Harith bin Umair
Al-Azdi to carry a letter for the ruler of Basra
inviting him towards Islam.
➔On his way, he was intercepted by Shurahbeel
bin Amr Al-Ghassani, the governor of
Al-Balqa and a close ally of Caesar.
➔Harith bin Umair was tied up and killed by
Al-Ghassani and killing of envoys and
messengers was considered a crime and
called for war.
➔The Holy Prophet was shocked upon hearing
the news and ordered an army of 3,000 men
to be mobilized and dispatched to the north
to discipline the transgressors.
Events:
➔Zaid bin Haritha was appointed to lead the
army and Jafar bin Abi Talib was to replace
him if he was killed and Abdullah bin Rawaha
would succeed Jafar in case he was also
killed.
➔A white banner was raised and handed over
to Zaid bin Haritha.
➔The Holy Prophet recommended that they
reach the scene of Harith bin Umair’s murder
and first invite the people to accept Islam.
➔Should they respond positively, then no war
would ensue, otherwise fighting would be the
only alternative left.
➔The Prophet said, “Fight the disbelievers in
the name of Allah; neither breach a covenant
nor entertain treachery and under no
circumstances a child, a woman, an aging
man or a hermit should be killed; moreover
neither date palm trees should be cut down
nor homes be demolished.”
➔The Muslim army marched northward to
Maan, a town bordering Syria.
➔There, news came into effect that Heraclius
had mobilized 100,000 troops with another
100,000 men of Arabian tribes allied to the
Romans.
➔The Muslims had never thought of
encountering such a huge army and were at
a loss about what course to follow and spent
2 nights debating these unfavourable
conditions.
➔However, the blessed Companions decided on
launching a direct attack upon such a large
army.
➔Thus fighting was initiated and Zaid bin
Haritha, Jafar bin Abi Talib and Abdullah bin
Rawaha were martyred respectively in that
order.
➔The Muslim army then chose Khalid bin
Waleed as their leader.
➔He realized that the Muslims were in a grave
situation and began to follow a different
course of encounter.
➔He reshuffled the right and left flanks of the
Muslim army and introduced forward division
from the rear, in order to cast fear into the
hearts of the Romans by deluding them that
fresh reinforcement had arrived.
➔The Muslims engaged the enemy in sporadic
skirmishes and in the evening the fight was
postponed till the next day.
➔The next day, Khalid bin Waleed spread out
his men in a long line as though he was going
to envelop the army.
➔The Byzantines, seeing this new strategy,
believed that they were being entrapped and
drawn into the heart of the desert.
➔They stopped the pursuit and did not
advance to fight so Khalid bin Waleed,
according to his plan, tactically withdrew the
army from Mu’tah and brought it back safely.
➔The Muslims managed to return to Madinah
with only the slightest of losses.
Significance of the Battle of Mu’tah:

★ The Prophet and the Companions were in
great sorrow at the loss of so many brave
men; especially their 3 generals.
★ Though the battle did not satisfy the
Muslims’ objective of avenging Harith bin
Umair’s murder, it resulted in a far-ranging
impact and attached to the Muslims, a great
reputation in the battlefields.
★ This battle proved that the Muslims were
strong and determined people who would
fight their oppressors in every way.
★ Moreover, it gave evidence that Allah
backed them and that Muhammad, was truly
the Messenger of Allah.
★ In light of these new strategic changes, the
Bedouins began to reconcile themselves with
the new, uprising faith and several
headstrong tribes like the Banu Sulaim,
Ashja, Ghatfan, Dhubyan, Fazarah and others
came to profess Islam of their own free will.
Treaty of Hudaibiya Dissolved:

● According to the Terms of the Treaty, the Arab
tribes were given the option to join either of
two parties, Muslims or Quraish into an
alliance.
● If any of these tribes suffer aggression, then
the party to which it was allied would have the
right to retaliate.
● The Banu Bakr joined the Quraish and the
Banu Khuza joined the Muslims.
● Though there was peace for some time, the
Quraish eventually told the Banu Bakr to
attack the Banu Khuza.
● Therefore in 8AH, without caring about the
clauses of the Treaty, the Banu Bakr attacked
the Banu Khuza in the darkness of the night.
● The Quraish helped them with men and arms
taking advantage of the darkness.
● Pressed by the enemies, the Banu Khuza took
shelter in the Kaabah, but there too their
lives were not spared.
● Nawfal, the chief of the Banu Bakr, chased
them inside the Haram of the Kaabah where
bloodshed was forbidden.
● The Banu Khuza complained to the Quraish
but got no redress so then a deputation of
Banu Khuza met the Holy Prophet asking the
Muslims to rise in their defence.
● The Prophet sent a message to the Quraish
with 3 conditions asking them to accept any
one of them.
● The first one was to pay blood money for the
victims of Khuza, second to terminate their
alliance with Banu Bakr or consider the
Treaty of Hudaibiya nullified.
● The Quraish rejected the first 2 conditions
and instead accepted the third one which
was that the Treaty of Hudaibiya was nullified.
● This act of the Quraish was obviously one of
hostility against the allies of the Muslims ie.
the Banu Khuza.
● The Quraish immediately realized the grave
situation and feared the horrible
consequences.
● They immediately called for an emergency
meeting and decided to delegate their chief
Abu Sufyan for a renewal of the Treaty.
● Abu Sufyan immediately went to see the Holy
Prophet, but the latter was well aware of his
tricks and did not give him any assurance.
● He then approached Abu Bakr and Umar but
they too refused to interfere.
● At last, he went to see Ali but he also
regretted his inability to do anything for him.
● Thus, Abu Sufyan returned to Makkah in a
state of bitter disappointment and submitted
a report of his meeting.
● Although the Makkans were dismayed, they
did not expect any more danger.
The Conquest of Makkah
Reasons:
➔For over 20 years, the Quraish had been a
constant source of trouble and misery to the
Muslims.
➔They had attacked Madinah thrice with the
hope of completely crushing the strength of
Islam but failed.
➔Now, it was a great chance to punish the
Quraish for their treachery and misconduct.
➔Therefore, the Holy Prophet asked his
followers to prepare for war but he kept his
plans secret so that the common man in
Madinah would not find out about them.
Events:
➔After making full preparations, on the 10th of
Ramadan 8AH, the Holy Prophet proceeded
to Makkah with 10,000 soldiers.
➔The Quraish were quite unaware of this
development of affairs, but the Holy Prophet
did not wish to take them by surprise.
➔Therefore, on reaching the outskirts of
Makkah, he ordered every soldier to light a
separate fire for himself, at night.
➔The idea behind this was that the Quraish
would be impressed by the might of the
Muslims.
➔In the meantime, Abu Sufyan went out to
survey, when he met Abbas the Holy Prophet’s
uncle.
➔He informed Abu Sufyan of the situation and
advised him to accept Islam.
➔Abu Sufyan went along with Abbas to meet
the Prophet and there he embraced Islam
and became his Companion.
➔Abbas urged Abu Sufyan to warn the Quraish
against any aggressive behaviour towards
the Muslims.
➔Thus he hastened to Makkah, and there he
shouted at the top of his voice warning the
Quraish against any hostilities.
➔He advised them to seek safety either in the
vicinity of the Kaabah, in their own houses or
in his house.
➔Meanwhile the Holy Prophet in the company
of the Muhajireen and Ansaar, proceeded
towards the Kaabah which was infested with
360 idols.
➔One by one he knocked them down with his
bow, while reciting Surah Bani Israil Verse 81,
“And say, Truth has come and Batil has
vanished.Surely! Batil is ever bound to
vanish.”
➔Then he returned to the doorway of the
Kaabah and asked the Quraish, “O you
people of Quraish! What do you think of the
treatment that I am about to accord to you?”
➔They replied, “O noble brother and son of
noble brother! We expect nothing but
goodness from you.”
➔Upon this the Holy Prophet said, “I speak to
you in the same words as Prophet Yousuf
spoke unto his brothers; He said, ‘No
reproach on you this day,’ Go your way, for
you are freed ones.”
➔On the day of the Conquest of Makkah,
Habbar bin Al Aswad who had caused a fatal
injury to Zainab, the Prophet’s daughter,
Wahshi who killed Hamza, the Holy Prophet’s
uncle and Hind, the wife of Abu Sufyan who
chewed Hamza’s liver all repented and the
Prophet forgave them all showing the
historical significance of the Prophet as a
victor who showed such an act of mercy for
the fallen enemy.
➔Regarding the triumph of the Conquest of
Makkah, Allah revealed Verses 1 and 2 of
Surah-Al-Nasr, “When there comes the Help of
Allah(to you O Muhammad against your
enemies) and the conquest(of Makkah).And
you see that the people enter Allah’s
religion(Islam) in crowds.”
➔When the time for prayer approached, the
Prophet ordered Hazrat Bilal to call out the
Azaan.
➔He called out the Azaan from the roof of the
Kaabah and the Prophet led the prayer.
➔The Holy Prophet stayed in Makkah for 19
days and during that period he defined the
ways of Islam and guided people to success.
➔The Conquest of Makkah was a decisive event
that destroyed paganism completely and as a
result, the Arabs were able to differentiate
between the truth and falsehood and
hastened to embrace Islam.
Significance of the Conquest of Makkah:

★ Whole of Makkah embraces Islam.
★ The Holy Prophet (PBUH) became the ruler
of Makkah and Madina.
★ Power of the Muslim’s army was recognised
by the surrounding tribes.
★ The importance of Ansar was shown as the
Holy Prophet(PBUH) went back to Madinah.
★ This event is unparalleled in the history of
mankind as the most merciful and forgiving
event.
★ Kabah was cleansed of 360 idols.
The Battle of Hunain
Reasons:
➔The Conquest of Makkah astonished both the
Arabs and the other tribes.
➔The ruling tribe of Taif, Banu Saqif and the
warrior tribe of Banu Hawazin, who were still
enemies of Islam were disturbed by the fall of
Makkah at the hands of the Muslims.
Events:
➔Malik bin Awf, the general leader, decided to
march and fight the Muslims.
➔Allied forces were prepared in the valley of
Hunain and posted their archers on the path
the Prophet was expected to take.
➔As soon as the Prophet got the news about
this military expedition, he told the Muslims
to get ready for Jihad.
➔An army of 12,000 men was gathered including
2,000 new converts from Makkah.
➔Some of the Muslims seeing their number
said, “We shall not be defeated” but Allah did
not like this.
➔The Prophet marched with his army towards
the valley of Hunain and as they advanced
they were showered by arrows from all sides.
➔Hawazin’s army attacked them from the front
and this fierce attack was too much for the
Muslims and they fell back and caused
disorder.
➔They fled from the battlefield except for a few
followers who firmly stood with the Holy
Prophet.
➔Hazrat Abbas was there and he called out to
the Muslims, “O you Ansaar! Who sheltered
and helped the Muslims.O you Muhajireen!
Who took pledge under the tree, Muhammad
is alive and here he is on this side.”
➔This statement boosted the morale of the
Muslims and they shouted Labbaik Labbaik
and fought with all their might.
➔Both armies fought fiercely and Allah helped
the Muslims with unseen forces of angels who
fought with the Muslims side by side.
➔The Prophet threw a handful of dust at the
enemy saying, “May your faces be shameful.”
(Al-Tabaqat-al-Kubra)
➔As a result, their eyes were thick with dust
and the enemy began to retreat in utter
confusion.
➔They fled leaving their women, children and
cattle behind.
➔The Muslims got a large amount of war booty
consisting of 24,000 camels, 40,000 sheep and
40,000 Auqiya(ounces) of silver.
➔About 70 men of the Banu Saqif had been
killed and 6,000 were taken captive.
➔The prisoners and booty were sent to
Wadi-Al-Jiranah while the Muslim army
chased the fleeing enemy.
The Siege of Taif:

➢Malik bin Awf fled to Taif with his men so the
Prophet lay siege to Taif which continued for
a month but to no avail.
➢The enemy did not come out and showered
arrows and hurled rocks at the Muslims from
inside the fort.
➢A number of Muslims were wounded and 12
were martyred so the Holy Prophet left but
prayed for them, “O Allah! Give guidance to
the tribe of Saqif and send them to me.”
(Ibn-Qayyim, Zad Al-Maad)
➢Soon a delegation of Hawazin arrived and
asked the Holy Prophet to return their
captives.
➢The Muslims were requested to give the
prisoners independence and so they were set
free.
➢A delegation of Banu Saqif came to the Holy
Prophet and embraced Islam fulfilling the
prayer of the Holy Prophet.
Historical Speech of the Prophet: Reading to be

done from the Textbook Page 130-131.
The Tabuk Expedition
Reasons:
➔With the Conquest of Makkah, Islam had
started to spread throughout Arabia which
agitated the Byzantines.
➔They watched their success with anxiety and
thought that a consolidated attack would
hamper the growth of Islam.
➔For this purpose, the Romans, under the
leadership of Heracleus, started preparing a
huge army.
Events:
➔The weather was extremely hot and it was
time to harvest the crops so the Holy Prophet
encouraged the Muslims to get ready for
Jihad and pay charity in the way of Allah.
➔The Muslims had a great desire to obey the
Prophet’s command and began to get ready
for the war.
➔Everyone except the hypocrites donated with
great zeal including those who were only
labourers and did not earn so much.
➔Uthman presented his best share consisting
of 300 saddled camels, 50 horses and 1,000
Dinars as charity for war leading the Prophet
to say, “From this day onward, nothing will
harm Uthman, regardless of what he does.”
(Tirmizi)
➔Abu Bakr brought all of his property and
Umar gave half of his property.
➔Abdur Rehman bin Awf gave 200 ounces of
silver and Abu Aqeel Ansari gave half a kilo of
dates which he had earned after working in a
Jew’s garden all night.
➔Women also donated by giving away their
jewellery.
➔The hypocrites desired to stay back in
Madinah and many did not join the Prophet,
complained about the intense heat, and even
tried to stop other Muslims from
participating in the war.(Quote on Textbook
Page 132)
➔The Holy Prophet appointed Muhammad bin
Maslamah Al-Ansari as the governor in
Madinah in his absence and ordered Hazrat
Ali to stay with his family for safety.
➔On Thursday, the month of Rajab, the
Prophet marched northwards to Tabuk with
an army of 30,000.
➔Despite all the charity donated by the
Muslims, the army was not fully equipped.
➔There was such a great shortage of
provisions and mounts that 18,000 men
mounted one camel alternately.
➔After about a fortnight’s journey under the
blazing sun, the Muslim army encamped at
Tabuk that lay between Madinah and
Damascus.
➔The Romans had spies all over the country
and had been informed about the Holy
Prophet’s preparations for war.
➔They and their allies were so terrified that
none of them dared set out to fight.
➔During their stay at Tabuk, the head of the
Ailah made a peace treaty with the Prophet
and agreed to pay Jizya.
➔The Christian tribes like the Jarba and the
Azruh paid him tribute as well so the Prophet
gave them a letter that guaranteed their
peace and safety.
➔After staying for 20 days at Tabuk, the Holy
Prophet returned to Madinah victorious
without having to confront anyone.
➔The hypocrites came to the Prophet with lame
excuses so the Prophet invoked Allah’s
forgiveness for them but entrusted their
intentions and faith to Allah.
➔As for the 3 Companions, Kaab bin Malik,
Murrah bin Ar-Rabi and Hilal bin Umiyyah
who had stayed back for procrastination and
after they had admitted their fault the
Prophet told the Muslims to not speak to
them and boycott them.
➔These 3 Companions wept and repented
because they felt as if the whole land had
become constrained to them.
➔After 50 days, Allah revealed Verse 102 of
Surah Taubah(Page 133) and consequently
they were forgiven.
Significance of the Tabuk Expedition:

★ The impact of this expedition was such that
it confirmed the influence and domination of
the Muslims in the Arabian Peninsula.
★ During their stay at Tabuk, the Muslims
achieved great political benefits which were
far better than having a military
confrontation with the Romans.
★ The hypocrites who used to conspire
against the Muslims gave up their attempts
after realising that their attempts were in
vain.

The Farewell Pilgrimage(Hajjat-ul-Wida):
➢As the Holy Prophet announced his intention
to go for Hajj, crowds of people came to
Madinah, as they all wished to accompany
him.
➢Thus on the 26th of Zil Qadah 10AH, the
Prophet proceeded with 10,000 followers and
reached Makkah after 8 days.
➢As soon as he entered Masjid-Al-Haram, he
performed Umrah by doing Tawaf and the
Saee.
➢On the 8th of Zil Hajj, he left for Mina where
he performed all 5 prayers.
➢The next morning after Fajr prayer, he
reached Arafat where a tent was erected for
him, at Nimrah.
➢Then he mounted his camel and reached
Jabal-e-Rahmah, a hill in the plain of Arafat,
where 100,000 people gathered around him.
➢There he stood up and delivered his
historical speech to all the people present.
The Farewell Sermon(Khutba Hajjat-ul-Wida):O

people! Listen to my words.I don’t know whether,
after this year, I shall be amongst you
again.Therefore listen to what I am saying to you
carefully, and take these words to those who
could not be present here today.
Topics that the Prophet discussed in

his Speech
Protection of life Property and Honour:
❖Regard the life and property of every Muslim
as a sacred trust.
❖Return the goods entrusted to you to their
rightful owners.
❖Hurt no one so that no one may hurt you.
❖Remember you will meet your Lord and He will
reckon your deeds.
Usury Prohibited:
❖Allah has forbidden you to take
usury(interest) so all interest obligations
should be waived.
❖Your capital is yours to keep.
❖You will neither inflict nor suffer in any equity.
❖Allah has judged that there will be no interest
and Abbas ibn Mutallib’s interest may be
waived.
❖Beware of Shaitan for the safety of religion.
❖Shaitan has lost hope in leading you astray in
big things so beware of him even in small
things.
Rights of Women:
❖You men have rights over your women but
they have rights over you as well.
❖Remember you have taken them as wives
under Allah’s trust and permission.
❖If they abide by you, then they should be
treated with kindness and fed.
❖Do treat your women well and be kind to them
for they are your partners and committed
helpers.
❖It is your right that your women never make
friends with those you do not approve of as
well as never to commit adultery.
Performance of the Pillars of Islam:

❖Listen to me in earnest, worship Allah and say
your Salah.
❖Fast during the month of Ramadan and give
Zakat.
❖Perform Hajj if you can afford to.
Brotherhood and Equality:

❖All mankind is from Adam and Hawwa.
❖No Arab has superiority over a Non-Arab and
vice versa.
❖A white has no superiority over a black except
by piety and good action and vice versa.
Rights of Slaves:
❖See that you feed them such food as you eat.
❖Cloth them with what you wear.
❖If they commit a fault which you cannot
forgive apart from them but do not treat
them harshly.
Day of Judgement:
❖Remember one day you will appear before
Allah and answer for your deeds.
❖Do not stray from the path of righteousness
after I am gone.
Finality of the Prophet:
❖No prophet or apostle will come after me and
no new faith will be born.
❖Reason well, therefore, O people and
understand my words.
Adherence to Quraan and Sunnah:

❖I leave behind the Quraan and Sunnah.
❖If you follow the Quraan and Sunnah, you will
never go astray.
Message to be Conveyed:
❖All those who listen to me shall pass on my
words to others.
❖May the last ones understand my words
better than the ones who listen to me directly.
❖Be my witness O Allah, That I have conveyed
Your message to them.
The Prophet said, “And if you were asked about
me, what would you say?”
The pilgrims replied, “We bear witness that you

have conveyed the message and discharged your
ministry.”
The Prophet raised his forefinger skywards and

moved it towards the people saying, “O Allah,
Bear witness.”
After the Prophet’s sermon, Surah-Al-Maidah

Verse 13 was revealed, “... This day have I
perfected your religion for you, completed My
favour upon you, and have chosen for you Islam
as your religion.”
Significance of the Farewell Sermon:

★ The historic sermon which the Prophet
delivered on the plain of Arafat can, without
any doubt, be termed as a ‘Universal Charter
of Human Rights’. Though short and concise
in nature, it contains a sublime message of
rights and obligations, and of peace and
prosperity for the whole of humanity.Its
contents are exactly in accordance with the
reaching of the Quraan and every word of
this sermon emphasises at establishing a
society where peace and righteousness
prevail.
★ By emphasising on the protection of life,
property and honour of others, the Prophet
envisioned a society free from lawlessness
and disorder.By abolishing the practice of
usury(interest), he made sure that rich will not
devour the hard earned money of the masses
and develop a lust for wealth.Regarding the
rights of women, the Prophet made it clear
that both men and women, have equal rights
on each other and that women are not to be
victimised in any way.He emphasised on the
rights of slaves(and servants) by instructing
the Muslims to be kind to them.
★ Regarding the retribution of murder, by
waiving of his claim of blood for Rabia bin
Harith bin Abdul Muttalib’s unjust killing, the
Prophet taught the people to forgive the
wrongs done to them by their enemies.Yet the
Quraan stresses on
Qisas(retaliation/revenge) since the law of
Qisas has always reduced the number of
crimes to the minimum.
The Holy Prophet started to show certain signs

which bespoke of his departure from this world:
● In Ramadan 10AH, he performed Aitikaaf for
20 days instead of 10 like normal and reviewed
the Quraan twice with Angel Jibraeel.
● His words in the Farewell Sermon, “I do not
know whether after this year, I shall be
amongst you again” indicated it was his last
Hajj.
● The revelation of Surah-An-Nasr was a clear
indication that the Holy Prophet’s mission
and life were nearing their end.
● On Sunday, a day before he died, the Prophet
set his slaves free, paid as a charity the seven
Dinars he owned and gave his weapons, as a
present to the Muslims.
Death of the Holy Prophet:Finally on Monday 12th

Rabi-ul-Awwal 11AH, Prophet Muhammad’s soul
departed from this earthly home to its heavenly
abode.He was 63 years and 4 days old when he
died.Peace and blessings of Allah may eternally
descend upon him, his pious family and
Companions.
The Companions Reactions to the Death of the
Holy Prophet:
1. Anas bin Malik-Said that the day the Prophet
came was the brightest but the day he died
was the darkest he had ever experienced.
2. Abu Bakr-Said that the Prophet was dead like
any other mortal but Allah is a mortal and
that He is alive and would live forever.
3. Umar-Drew out his sword and said that
whoever said the Prophet had passed away
would be killed and was only convinced after
Abu Bakr’s speech
The Finality of the Holy

Prophet(PBUH)
Proof that he is the last Prophet:

● Verse 40 of Surah-Al-Ahzaab, “Muhammad is
not the father of any man among you, but he
is the Messenger of Allah and the Seal of the
Prophets.”
● The Prophet himself spoke of him being the
last link in the chain of Prophets and said,
“Every Prophet who preceded me was sent
especially to his own people, but I have been
sent as a Prophet to all mankind.” (Sahih
Bukhari)
Significance of the Holy Prophet as the Seal of
Prophets:
★ Abu Bakr fought against those
societies(apostates) who claimed
prophethood is a historical evidence to the
issue of Seal of the Prophets.If the coming of
a new prophet had not been against Quraan
and Sunnah, those pious people would have
not fought and killed those arriving with such
false claims.Islamic scholars agree with the
fate of these people who falsely claimed to be
prophets and that their followers would not
be Muslims.
★ Allah’s revelations of Surah-Al-Maidah
Verse 3 and Surah-Al-Saba Verse 28 clearly
indicate that Prophet Muhammad was the
seal of Prophets.
★ The prophethood of Prophet Muhammad is
universal and the revelations he received will
never be corrupted so there is no need for a
new prophet.
★ The fact that no prophet has come after
the demise of Prophet Muhammad is one of
the evidence affirming the closure of
Prophethood and those who claimed to be
prophets are deemed as false prophets
throughout history like Musailmah, Tulayha
and Sajjah.
The Character of the Holy

Prophet(PBUH)
The Holy Prophet said, “The most perfect believer
in faith is the one who is best in moral
character.The best of you are those who are the
best to their spouses in manners.” (Tirmizi)
The Quraan has assured the Prophet’s moral

character in Surah-Al-Ahzaab Verse 21, “You have
indeed in the Messenger of Allah, a beautiful
pattern of conduct…” Hazrat Ayesha would say
that the Quraan was the Prophet’s character as
he was a living demonstration of it.
Qualities of the Holy Prophet:
Love of Allah:
● Prophet Muhammad was the chosen and the
exalted one regarding whom the Quraan
says, “Indeed you stand on an exalted
standard of character.” (Surah-Al-Qalam
Verse 4)
● Yet he was the most eager and earnest in
paying homage to Allah.
● Al-Mughira once reported that the Prophet
got up at night and prayed for such a long
time that his feet got swollen and when he
was asked the reason for this he said, “Should
I not be a grateful servant(of Allah)?”
● Ayesha said that the Holy Prophet once kept
awake throughout the night till morning
reciting only one verse.
● The Prophet was never at ease except when
he performed prayers and after his prayers it
seemed he was eager for the next time he
would pay homage to Allah as the Prophet
often remarked, “The comfort of my eyes lies
in prayers.”
● The Companions said that whenever he had
any trouble, he used to prostrate in
supplication to Allah.
Honesty and Fair Dealings:

● Unlike the other businessmen at the time, the
Prophet was extremely honest and fair in his
dealings and he was a truthful merchant who
never made a wrong statement which is why
Hazrat Khadijah proposed to him.
● He had strict adherence to truth and an
unfailing sense of duty which awarded him
the titles of Al-Ameen(The Trustworthy) and
As-Sadiq(The Truthful).
● The enemies of the Prophet also trusted him
for his honesty and fair dealings and
entrusted their valuables with him.
● Abu Jahl, one of the worst enemies of Islam,
said that the Prophet was not a liar and there
were other reasons why he did not convert to
Islam.
● When the Holy Prophet decided to migrate to
Madinah, he left his cousin Hazrat Ali behind
to return all the deposits to their owners.
● Once he waited for 3 days at the corner of a
street for a man who had promised to show
up and when that person came on the 4th
day he said, “I have been waiting here for you
for three days to keep my word” And the man
understood his mistake and apologised to
the Prophet.
● Once the Prophet sold some camels to a man
but later remembered that one of them was
lame so he searched for the man and when
he found him, he returned the price of that
camel and took it back.
● These qualities of honesty were unparalleled
in Arabia and a business partner of the
Prophet, Saib, said, “My parents be sacrificed
upon him.I was a partner of Muhammad in
business.I always found him very honest in his
dealings;he never picked up quarrels, nor
gave any false statement.
Hospitality:
● Even before the affirmation of Prophethood,
the Holy Prophet was known for his
hospitality.
● He would feed the poor, the needy, the widows
and the orphans and his house was open to
people of any creed, caste, colour or status.
● Everyone came to him and were treated very
generously but also never went back without
having received something from him.
● His hospitality was not confined to the
Muslims but also the Polytheists and the
Jews.
● He laid great stress on the treatment of
guests, “Those who believe in Allah and the
Last Day should show hospitality to their
guests.” (Sahih Bukhari, Sahih Muslim)
Forgiveness:
● The Holy Prophet never took revenge on
anyone for personal reasons and forgave
even his most staunch enemies like Wahshi.
● According to Ayesha, the Prophet never took
revenge under any circumstances and always
repelled evil with forgiveness and kindness.
● He believed and taught that love could foil
hatred and aggression could be won over by
forgiveness.
● He overcame the ignorance of people with
the knowledge of Islam and the folly and evil
of people with his kindness and forgiveness.
● With his forgiveness, he freed people from the
bondage of sin and made them great friends
of Islam.
● Anas bin Malik said that 80 men came down
from Mount Taneem to assassinate the Holy
Prophet at the time of Fajr and the men were
captured but the Prophet forgave all of them.
● He even forgave the two people who killed
Zainab his daughter and Hamza his uncle.
● The Quraan says, “We sent you not but as a
mercy for the ‘Alamin.’ (Surah Al-Anbiya Verse
107)
Self Reliance and Bravery:
● In the Battle of Hunain everyone fled when
the Muslim army was showered with arrows,
but the Prophet and a few other men
remained steadfast on the battlefield,
spurred his mule and declared, “Verily, I am
the true Prophet.I am the son of Abdul
Mutallib.”
● Abu Ishaq reported from Ali who said, “In the
Battle of Badr, we took protection behind
Allah’s Messenger against the idolaters.He
was the bravest of all.”
Generosity:
● Prophet Muhammad was by nature a very
generous person and Jabir bin Abdullah
reported that the Prophet never said ‘No’ to a
request.
● Once a bedouin came to him and saw his
herd of goats and he requested for all of
them and the Prophet gave the whole herd to
him.
● He took them to his people and said, “O
people! Embrace Islam.See how much
Muhammad gives.He does not think of
poverty and his own need.” (Musnad Ahmed,
Sahih Muslim)
● In the Battle of Hunain, the Muslims captured
24,000 camels, 40,000 goats and 40,000 Auqiya
as booty but the Prophet did not touch a
single thing and distributed it all and
returned home empty handed.
● The Holy Prophet also gave away everything
he had, all his possessions, on Sunday 11th
Rabi-ul-Awwal a day before his death.
Justice:
● This quality of the Prophet is recognised even
by his enemies.
● Once a woman named Fatima, who belonged
to a reputable tribe, was arrested on charge
of theft so her hand was cut off as
punishment prescribed in the Quraan.
● Uthama bin Zaid, whom the Holy Prophet
loved very much, interceded on her behalf.
● The Prophet was very displeased with him
and said, “... Look here! If my daughter Fatima
would have committed this crime, I would
have passed the same order as I pass against
this woman.”
Humility:
● The Holy Prophet kept himself occupied at
home like a common man and Ayesha said
that he would wash his clothes, milk the sheep
and do his odd jobs himself.
● When asked how the Holy Prophet was
occupied at home Ayesha replied, “He used to
keep himself busy in household chores and
went out when the time for prayer came.”
● Anas bin Malik remarked that he had not
seen a man who was more clement and nice
to his household members than the Holy
Prophet.
● Ayesha said that the Prophet said, “The best
of you is once who is most nice to his wife and
children and I am the nicest among you.”
(Sahih Muslim)
His Behaviour
His Behaviour Towards Women:

● The Holy Prophet was very kind towards
women and women were very badly treated
during those times.
● He gave them honour and dignity equal to
men in the community.
● Anas bin Malik narrated that once a woman
who was mentally weak said, “O Prophet, I
need something” and when the Prophet
replied what she needed, he listened to her
response while she whispered whatever she
wished.
● In Musnad Ahmed it is reported from the
daughter of Khabbab bin Al-Aratt that during
the days her father had gone for Jihad, the
Prophet visited their house and milked the
goat.
● As women are usually of a tender and weak
nature, he took special care of them and
treated them with kindness.
● Usually it was men who were around the
Prophet and women did not get any time to
listen to him or enquire from him about their
problems.
● Therefore, the women requested him to
appoint one day to them for this purpose.
● The Prophet accepted their request and
appointed one day for them and so the
women inquired about their problems freely
and without fear.
His Behaviour Towards Slaves:

● The Holy Prophet would say about slaves,
“They are your brothers;give them to eat what
you eat;give them to wear what you wear.”
(Sahih Bukhari)
● The Prophet always freed slaves upon
receiving them and treated them with
immense kindness and generosity.
● They left their parents, relatives and family
and regarded it an honour to live with him.
● Zaid bin Haritha was one of such slaves but
the Prophet freed him and gave him the
choice to either go home with his father or
stay with him and he chose to stay with the
Prophet.
● Anas bin Malik also served him as a slave and
once out of love he refused to go on an
errand and said by Allah he would not go but
he was later stopped by some children who
were playing and suddenly the Holy Prophet
gently held him by the neck and said, “O
Anas! Did you go where I sent you?” He
replied, “Yes, Allah’s Messenger, I am going
there” and he served the Prophet for 9 years
but was never scolded.
His Behaviour Towards Sick People:

● The Holy Prophet went to the sick people to
enquire about their health and advised the
Muslims to follow his practice.
● Abu Musa reported that the Prophet ordered
us, “Walk after the Janaza(bier), visit the sick
and greet the people with Salam.” (Sahih
Bukhari)
● Abdullah, son of Abbas said, “Sitting for a
short while and not making noise, while
inquiring after a patient is the practice of the
Holy Prophet.”
His Behaviour Towards Animals:

● The Prophet forbade his Companions to keep
animals hungry or thirsty, to disturb or
overburden them.
● He commanded kindness towards animals
and taught that putting them at ease was a
meritorious act tending to bring people
nearer to Allah.
● He said, “Allah has commanded you to show
kindness to everyone, so if you have to kill, kill
nicely and if you slaughter an animal,
slaughter it gently.If anyone of you has to slay
an animal, he should sharpen the blade first
and treat the animal well.” (Sahih Muslim)
● The Prophet has prohibited the killing of
animals for mere sport as well according to
Sahih Muslim.
His Behaviour Towards Companions:

● The Prophet loved all his Companions very
much and used to have deep feelings of
affection for all of them.
● Each one of them thought that the Prophet
loved him more than anyone else.
● Amr bin Al-Aas said that, “The Holy Prophet
used to talk with me with such deep attention
and sincerity and bestow such affection on
me that I came to believe myself to be the
best person among my people.”
His Behaviour Towards Non-Muslims:

● The Holy Prophet treated the Non-Muslims
with the best of conduct and despite their
harsh and hateful behaviour, he never cursed
them or complained about their attitude and
his conduct won the heart of his enemies.
● When a Christian deputation came from
Abyssinia, he kept them in his house and
served them personally throughout their
stay.
● Once a polytheist was his guest and he gave
him the milk of one goat and he drank it all,
he was then given the milk of a second goat
and he drank that too and he was eventually
given the milk of 7 goats to drink but he was
continuously offered till he felt satisfied.
● Once of the best examples of the Holy
Prophet’s behaviour towards Non-Muslims
was his attitude towards the Banu Saqif
during the Visit to Taif when the people
refused to listen to him and they abused him
and pelted him with stones so much that due
to his wounds, his sandals were filled with
blood and at that moment Angel Jibraeel
descended and asked whether he should
crush the people of Taif between two
mountains but he prayed to Allah to show the
people of Taif the right path and in 9AH all of
Taif had accepted Islam.(Read Du’a al
Mustad’afin from the Textbook Page 147)
Topic 2:The First Islamic Community

● Biographies of the distinguished
companions of Prophet Muhammad
(P.B.U.H.); Hazrat Khalid Bin Waleed, Hazrat
Salman Farsi, Hazrat Bilal and Jaffar bin
Abu Talib
● Descendants of the Prophet (P.B.U.H.)
● Ummahatul Momineen - Wives of the Holy
Prophet (P.B.U.H.)
The Biographies of the Distinguished

Companions of the Holy
Prophet(PBUH)
GENERAL FORMAT:
Introduction-Title, Tribe, Overall
Background
Body-Contributions to Islam
Conclusion-Death
Hazrat Khalid bin Waleed:

Introduction:Khalid bin Waleed was born around
592 CE in Makkah before the rise of Islam.He
belonged to the Banu Makhzum branch of
Quraish.His father Waleed, was one of the most
powerful men among the chiefs of the Quraish.He
was very rich and known for his deep respect for
the Kaabah.As he belonged to a rich family,
Khalid bin Waleed did not need to learn a trade
or to work for the family’s earnings and this
carefree lifestyle gave him a good opportunity to
follow his own interests.He not only learned how
to read and write but also got a chance to excel
in horse riding, swordsmanship and archery.He
took special pride in leading his comrades and
his training along with native ability made him a
young man with daring abilities.
Body:In his early youth, Khalid became one of the

leaders of the Quraish.The Quraish were at the
time angry about their defeat at Badr.Therefore,
Khalid marched with the Quraish to Uhud to
regain their lost pride and prestige.During the
Battle of Uhud, Khalid bin Waleed saw the Muslim
archers leaving their posts so he quickly charged
with his cavalry and struck the Muslims from
behind dealing heavy loss to them.The Muslims
who were victors a few moments ago, were now
hemmed in from all sides and great confusion
followed.This military genius of Khalid, changed
the course of the Battle of Uhud and made the
Quraish victorious making him a leading figure in
Makkah.In the Battle of Ahzaab, he was one of the
commanders of the army and commanded the
party that made the camp of the Holy Prophet its
target.From morning till midnight, Khalid bin
Waleed’s attacks went on and the attacks were so
fierce that the Muslims got no time to even say
Zuhr or Isha prayers.In 6AH the Treaty of
Hudaibiya opened the gateway to new
conversions and Khalid bin Waleed was one of
those men who came into Islam.In the Battle of
Mu’tah, the Holy Prophet appointed Zaid bin
Haritha, Jafar bin Abi Talib and Abdullah bin
Rawaha as the commanders however they were
all martyred.Khalid bin Waleed was now made the
commander and it was the first time he was
fighting for Islam.With his amazing military
tactics, he kept the enemy at bay and maintained
his army of 3,000 men against the 200,000 Roman
troops.He saved the Muslim army from defeat
and fought valiantly breaking 9 swords during
the battle.After this day, Khalid bin Waleed got
the title of Saifullah(The Sword of Allah) by the
Holy Prophet.After the death of the Holy Prophet,
Khalid bin Waleed also was made the commander
of armies during the Caliphate of Abu Bakr and
Umar in the battles against the Romans and the
Persians.During the Caliphate of Abu Bakr, Khalid
bin Waleed led battles against the false prophets
and defeated Tulaiha, Malik bin Nuwayrah and
Musalilima.Khalid bin Waleed led the Muslim
army against the Persians in campaigns to
conquer Iraq and defeated the enemy in the
Battle of Sallasil(Chains), the Battle of
Jasr(Bridge), the Battle of Walaja and Ullais in 633
CE.He captured Hira, the capital of Iraq and the
city of Anbar.Khalid bin Waleed then moved
towards the South, and conquered the city of
Ein-ul-Tamr and defeated the enemy in the Battle
of Firad.After the Conquest of Iraq, Abu Bakr
asked him to proceed to Syria and command the
Muslim army there.After occupying the
surrounding area and a number of forts, he
marched on Halab and this important military
base was also conquered.Khalid bin Waleed
defeated the Romans in the Battle of Ajnadeen
and conquered Damascus in September 634
CE.When Umar became the new caliph, he
dismissed Khalid bin Waleed from the command
and appointed Abu Ubaidah bin Jarrah as the
new commander of the Muslim army as he did
not want the people to think that all their
victories were because of Khalid bin
Waleed.Therefore, Khalid fought under the
command of Abu Ubaidah against the Romans in
the Battle of Yarmouk.Khalid bin Waleed was
made the military governor of Iraq from 632-633
CE.Abu Ubaidah bin Jarrah also appointed him
as the governor of Qinnasrin city.
Conclusion:At the end of the Syrian campaign,

Khalid bin Waleed settled in Syria at Emesa.In
21AH he fell ill and this illness proved fatal
becoming the reason for his death.He was buried
there.The greatest Muslim general of all time had
wished to die by the rank of martyrdom but he
was disappointed when he knew he would die in
bed.He said at the time of his death, “I have
fought in so many battles seeking martyrdom
that there is no spot in my body left without a
scar or a wound made by a spear or sword.And
yet here I am, dying on my bed like an old
camel.May the eyes of the cowards never rest.”
Hazrat Salman Farsi

Introduction:Salman Farsi was born in
Persia(Iran).He belonged to a Zoroastrian religion
who worship fire.When yet a young boy, he
became the keeper of the fire.It was his duty to
see that the fire never went out.Once passing by
a church, he looked in and saw people praying.He
walked in and started making inquiries about the
Christian faith.When he was not home till sunset,
his father felt uneasy and sent out men to look
for him.When he returned and his father asked
him where he was, he told him the reason and
expressed his interest in Christianity.His father
was disturbed by this and thought that if he
continued his contact with the Christians, he
would lose faith in the religion of his forefathers
so he shut him up in a room.
Body:Salman Farsi left his home secretly and

went to Syria with a caravan.He became a
Christian and attached himself to a bishop.When
the bishop was on his death-bed, he requested
him to suggest the name of another person who
could guide him and he gave the suggestion of a
man in Mosul.Soon Salman Farsi shifted to Mosul
but soon this man died too and told him to go
look for a man in Amuriyya.Salman Farsi followed
the advice however after some time this man also
passed away saying, “I know of no man who
follows today the true religion of the
Christ(Isa).But the day of the Last Prophet is at
hand.He will revive the true religion of Abraham
and will make his appearance in the oasis to
which Abraham migrated.Attack yourself to the
Prophet, if you can.” Salman Farsi now began his
search for Prophet Muhammad and joined a
caravan bound for Arabia.These men sold him to
a Jew of Alqura and after some time his master
sold him to a Jew of Madinah.One day while he
was working in his master’s garden, his master’s
cousin burst out saying, “Woe to the tribes of Aws
and Khazraj! They are gathered round a man
from Makkah who claims to be the last Prophet.I
passed by that crowd.” Salman Farsi was
pleasantly surprised at this and he went to Quba
in the evening with some dates where the Holy
Prophet was staying.Salman Farsi greeted him
and said he had brought the dates for the
Companions of the Prophet.The Prophet told the
Companions to eat the dates but he did not eat
any making this the first sign of
prophethood.After this day, Salman again visited
the Prophet with some dates saying, “This is a gift
for you, this is not alms.” The Prophet held out his
hand and ate some dates along with the
Companions and Salman observed this second
sign of prophethood.After a few days, Salman
paid a third visit and greeted the Holy Prophet
then turned around to look over his shoulder.The
Prophet immediately knew what Salman wanted
so he pulled down the cloth over his
shoulder.Salman saw the seal of Prophethood on
his back and he kissed it and began to weep.Then
he told the Prophet and his Companions the
story of his long quest which amazed
them.Salman Farsi’s sincerity and zest soon won
him the love and regard of the Holy Prophet
however he was still a slave and could not take
part in the Battles of Badr and Uhud which
deeply saddened him.The Holy Prophet came to
his help and told him to negotiate with his master
a price for his freedom.His master demanded the
planting of 300 date-palm trees and 40 ounces of
gold as the price for his freedom.The
Companions helped Salman Farsi to dig the
holes for planting them.The Prophet went to each
hole and while Salman handed him the plant, he
planted it with his own hand.The 300 plants all
took root on the same night but the gold still
remained to be paid.One day a man came to the
Holy Prophet and placed a handful of gold
before him and said he found some gold in the
mines and the Prophet can use it.The Holy
Prophet called out, “Call poor Salman! Let him
pay off his master with this gold.” Therefore,
Salman Farsi once a Persian, now was a freed
slave and rose to a high position among the
Companions.The Battle of Ahzaab gave Salman
Farsi his first chance to fight by the side of the
Holy Prophet.The Prophet got to know about the
enemy’s plan but was unsure about how to
defend the city.The Prophet consulted his
Companions and Salman Farsi suggested
building a trench along the northern fringe of
Madinah.The Holy Prophet liked this suggestion
and the trench was dug.It proved to be an
excellent and unknown war strategy which put
Madinah beyond the reach of the enemy.
Conclusion:Salman Farsi’s talents played a

crucial role in Islam.He lived to be an old man of
about 80.He was greatly loved and deeply
respected.He passed away quietly and was
mourned throughout the world of Islam.
Hazrat Bilal bin Rabah

Introduction:Bilal bin Rabah was the first Muezzin
of Islam and one of the most loyal Companions of
the Holy Prophet.He was the slave of Abyssinian
origin and was persecuted badly by his master
Umaiyyah bin Khalaf who would make Bilal lie on
the scorching sand of the desert with a huge
stone on his chest so he could not even
move.Upon receiving such torture, he kept
repeating Ahad Ahad.Once when Abu Bakr saw
Bilal being persecuted, he purchased him from
his master and set him free.
Body:After the Migration to Madinah, when it was

decided that the call for prayer would be Azaan,
Bilal was appointed as the first Muezzin of
Masjid-E-Nabwi and Islam giving him the title of
Muezzin-E-Rasool.He was a very courageous
warrior and in the Battle of Badr he fought
valiantly and killed his former master, Umaiyyah
bin Khalaf.After the Conquest of Makkah, he had
the honour of calling out the Azaan from the roof
of the Kaabah.He was entrusted with the public
treasury by the Prophet because of his honesty
and integrity.He was one of those people who
performed the funeral rites of the Holy
Prophet.Bilal stopped giving Azaan after the
death of the Holy Prophet due to his grief.During
the Caliphate of Umar, he accompanied Abu
Ubaidah bin Al-Jarrah on the campaign to
Syria.When Umar visited the conquered land he
asked Bilal to call out the Azaan.He agreed and
this was the last Azaan he called out.
Conclusion:During the last phase of his life, he

detached himself from public life and passed his
days in isolation.He passed away at the age of 60
in Damascus where he is said to have been
buried.
Hazrat Jaffar bin Abi Talib
https://peoplepill.com/i/jafar-ibn-abi-talib
Descendants of the Holy

Prophet(PBUH)
Descendant Description
Qasim Eldest son and passed away
in infancy.
Abdullah He was born during the
period of Prophethood and
was called Tayab and Tahir.He
also passed away in infancy.
Zainab She was the eldest
daughter.She was married to
Abul Aas who accepted Islam
a year after her death in
8AH.She had a daughter
Umaimah and a son Ali who
died at a young age.She
passed away from a wound
that she received
Ruqaiyyah She was first married to Utba,
son of Abu Lahab.She did not
live with him as he divorced
her on the insistence of his
father.She then married
Uthman and migrated with
him to Abyssinia and finally
settled in Madinah.They had
one son Abdullah who passed
away at the age of 6.At the
time of the Battle of Badr, she
was very sick and died on the
day that the people of
Madinah received the news of
the Muslims victory in the
battle.
Umme-E-Kulthum She was first married to
Utaibah, another son of Abu
Lahab.He also divorced her.In
3AH she married Uthman,
when his first wife Ruqaiyyah
passed away.She passed away
in Sha’aban 9AH.
Fatima She was the youngest
daughter of the Prophet.She
married Ali in 2AH.They had 3
sons and 2 daughters;Hassan,
Hussain, Mohsin,
Umm-E-Kulthum and
Zainab.She passed away a few
months after the Holy Prophet
left this world.Fatima is
considered to be
Sayyida-tun-Nisa min Ahlil
Jannah(Leader of the Women
of Paradise).
Ibrahim Ibrahim was the son of the
Holy Prophet from his wife
Maria Qibtiya.He died while
he was 18 months old.The Holy
Prophet was very sad on his
death.It is reported that he
said in sorrow, “The eyes weep
and the heart is sad, but we
do not say anything to incur
the anger of Allah.We are sad,
O Ibrahim!” (Sahih Bukhari)
Wives of the Holy

Prophet(PBUH)/Ummahatul
Momineen/Mother of the
Believers/Mothers of the Faithful
Reasons for the Marriages:

● To protect the widows and their children by
setting a personal example.
● Education for Muslims.
● Political Reasons.
● To present the best of characters
Graphic Organizer:Biographical Accounts of

Ummahatul Momineen
Name of the Background Marriages Biographical
Wife Details
Hazrat Khadijah ● Daughter ● Married ● Took the

Bint of twice Prophet to
Khuwaliyd(RA) Khuwaliyd before her cousin
Ibn Asad marriage Waraqah
● Came from to the bin Naufal
a rich Prophet to affirm
family of ● Had Prophetho
merchants children od
● “Mary, the from her ● She and
daughter first two her
of Imran, husbands husband
was the ● She asked faced
best the severe
among the Prophet to persecutio
women (of take her n
the world goods ● First
of her when she person to
time) and was a convert to
Khadijah is merchant Islam
the best and that is ● Abu Lahab
amongst how they forced his
the women met two sons
(of this ● The to divorce
nation).” Prophet their wives
● Noble and returned who were
known as with daughters
Tahirah(Th surplus of
e pure profits and Khadijah
one) Khadijah and the
was Prophet
impressed ● Saw her
at his husband
honesty being
and called
married madman,
him poet,
through soothsayer
her slave affecting
Maisarah her mental
● Prophet stability
was 25 and ● Faced
Khadijah severe
was 40 hunger
when they and other
got hardships
married due to the
● This was a boycott
blessed from years
marriage 7-9 of
and they Prophetho
had six od
children ● Remained
together loyal to the
namely Prophet
Zainab, and her
Ruqayyah, faith and
Qasim, spent
Abdullah, money to
Umm e propagate
Kulsoom it
and ● Died at the
Fatima, age of 55
Both sons in 10th
died in Year of
infancy. Prophetho
● Marriage od known
freed the as
Prophet Aamul-Huz
from n or Year
financial of Grief
burden due to
and severe
focused hardships
more on faced
community during the
service boycott of
rather Banu
than Hashim
meditation and was
at Cave of buried at
Hira Jannat-Al-
Mualla in
Makkah
Hazrat Sawdah ● Became ● Was first ● Simple

Bint Zam’aa(RA) first wife of married to and pious
the her cousin women
Prophet Sukran Bin ● Simplicity
after Amoro-Al- was an
Khadijah’s Qarshira admirable
demise who was a perspectiv
● Father was Companio e of her
Zam’ah Bin n and character
Qais from migrated ● Would act
a Quraish to fast on
clan Abyssinia demands
● Mother in the 5th from the
was Year of Prophet
Shammus Prophetho ● When the
Bint Qais od Prophet
who ● He passed gave his
belonged away on speech
to Banu the return during the
Najjar from Farewell
tribe Abyssinia Pilgrimage,
● She Hazrat
earned the Sawdah
distinction having
of simplicity
becoming took it
the widow literally
of a ● Did not
Companio perform
n who was Umrah
a ● Died 23
Muhajir(Mi years after
grant) Hijra and
● Hazrat is buried
Sawdah at
was Jannat-Ul-
married in Baqi
the Cemetery
Makkan
period and
so she
joined the
household
of the
Prophet
● She was 30
and the
Prophet
was 50
years old
● The
Prophet
fixed her
dowry at 5
Dinars
● When her
brother
Abd bin
Zamahra
heard the
news he
threw dust
on his hair
and
grieved
● Later, after
converting
to Islam he
said, “How
foolish was
I when I
mourned
and threw
dust over
my head
when my
sister
married
the Holy
Prophet
(sa); little
did I know
how great
an honour
this was!”
Hazrat Ayesha ● Born in ● Hazrat ● Spread

Bint Abu Makkah in Khawla knowledge
Bakr(RA) 614 CE gave the of Quraan
● Born a suggestion and
Muslim of Islamic
● Daughter marrying practices
of Abu the ● Courageou
Bakr Sadiq Prophet s and
● Mother ● She brave and
was Umm married would go
Roman the to battles
● Very Prophet at like Uhud
intelligent a young carrying
and had a age in water in
thirst for Makkah leather
knowledge but the bags on
● Great role marriage her back
model for was to quench
women consumma the thirst
● Great ted in of the
Islamic Madinah soldiers
scholar after ● During the
Hijrah Battle of
● Blessed Ahzaab,
with an she
astonishin attempted
g memory to fix the
and would blockades
never ● She even
forget sought
things permission
to fight in
battles
actively
but was
refused
● Delicate
and fear of
Allah never
left her
heart
● Enjoyed
superiority
over all
women
and
Prophet
loved her
company
the most
● Regular in
prayers
and very
charitable
● Sharp,
intelligent
and had
an
extensive
knowledge
on history
and
medicine
● She and
her room
were the
eyewitness
es of many
revelations
to the Holy
Prophet
● She was
scandalize
d by a
group of
hypocrites
but due to
her
chastity
she was
awarded
the title of
As-Sadiqa
● Accompani
ed the
Prophet in
his farewell
pilgrimage
● Prophet
spent his
last days
in her
apartment
and rested
on her lap
● Softened
Miswak
and
recited
supplicati
ons for the
Prophet
● The
Prophet
was buried
in her
chambers
● She
outlived
the
Prophet
(PBUH).
She was a
lively
woman
who stood
for truth
and
justice.
She was a
fountain of
knowledge
to all who
met her
and
remains so
to those of
us
learning
today
about the
religion
Islam.
Hazrat
Aisha (RA)
is a role
model for
women
today and
an
excellent
example to
those who
wish to use
their
vibrant
personaliti
es to
better
the umma
h. As she
grew older,
she
became a
scholar,
stateswom
an and a
major
resource
to all
Muslims,
even
today,
because
she knew
all of the
Hadiths of
the
Prophet
Muhamma
d (SAW).
● One of the
figures to
learn Deen
ie. Quraan,
Fiqah and
Hadith
from
● Companio
ns learned
from her
and
Caliphs
consulted
her
● Gave
speeches
on
companio
ns
● Hazrat Ibn
Masood
and
Hazrat
Abu Musa
consulted
her on
difficult
rulings
● Learned
the
Quraan
● Narrated
2,210
Hadith
● Taught 200
students
and many
senior
companio
ns
● Took part
in social
and
political
matters
● Had a
disagreem
ent with
Hazrat Ali
and
therefore
went
against
him in
Battle of
Basra
● She
regretted
going
against Ali
and
stepped
out of
political
matters
after this
● Was buried
in
Jannat-Ul-
Baqi
cemetery
Topic 3:Life of the Holy Prophet(PBUH) in
Makkah-First Term Revision
● Migration to Abyssinia
● Boycott of Banu Hashim
Migration to Abyssinia
Years 5 of Prophethood-614 CE
Reasons for the Migration to Abyssinia(Habasha):

1:Persecution had become excessively intolerable
for the people.
2:The Muslims had to escape the torture quickly.
3:They realised that the King Negus of Abyssinia
did not allow persecution in his land.
4:Hence in Rajab during Year 5 of Prophethood a
group of 12 men and 4 women migrated to
Abyssinia.
Events of the First Migration:

1:They travelled in groups to ensure that they
were not spotted by the Quraish as well as to
examine the conditions of the area before going
there.
2:Among the first people who migrated were
Uthman,his wife Ruqaiyyah and Jafar Bin Abu
Talib.
3:They sneaked out of Makkah during the night
and headed for the sea as they would travel by
boat.
4:When the news reached the Quraish,the
immigrants had already left.
5:They were treated with hospitality in Abyssinia
and the immigrants found refuge and settled
there until they received misinformation that the
Quraish had all converted to Islam.
6:They started going back to Makkah however
when they were only an hour away they got the
news that the situation was the same as before.
7:Some immigrants returned to Abyssinia however
some sneaked back into the city of Makkah.
Events of the Second Migration:

1:The Polytheists were furious by the first
migration and intensified their persecutions for
Muslims still in Makkah.
2:Therefore the Holy Prophet allowed another
migration this time consisting of 82-83 men and
18 women.
3:This time the migration was not easy as the
Quraish were alert of suspicious movements.
Reaction of the Quraish:
1:They could not tolerate the prospect of a secure
place for Muslims.
2:They dispatched two envoys Amr and Abi
Rabiah to demand their extradition.
3:They took valuable gifts for the king and were
able to win some courtesies.
4:The envoys told the king that the Muslims
should be expelled from Abyssinia as they had
abandoned their forefathers teachings and their
religion.
Conversation with King Negus:

1:After hearing the envoys,the king summoned the
Muslims to the court and asked them to explain
their religion and its teachings.
2:Jafar Bin Abi Talib spoke on behalf of the
Muslims and gave a long speech.(Quote on
Textbook Page 80)
3:Negus was so impressed by this he asked Jafar
to recite some portion of the Quraan.
4:The recitation touched the hearts of Negus and
Christian priests.
5:Negus said that he had accepted Islam and told
the envoys he cannot give back the
refugees.(Quotes on Textbook Page 81)
Importance of the Migration:

● First important political move by the Prophet
● More uniformity between Muslims
● Muslims felt stronger against Quraish
● Quraish realised how serious Muslims were
about their faith
● Muslims learned to guide their life with
Quraan and Sunnah
● The migration trained them for the bigger
migration to Madinah
Actions taken by the Quraish:

1:They approached Abu Talib again and insisted
he put a stop to his nephew’s activities.
2:Abu Talib was distressed by this open threat.
3:He did not stop the Prophet.
4:The Quraish increased the brutality of
persecution.
5:They started to form the idea of killing the Holy
Prophet.
Dialogues between Abu Talib and the

Prophet:Read from the Textbook Page 81.
The Boycott of Banu Hashim
Year 7-10 of Prophethood-616-619 CE

Impact of Isolation of Muslims:
● Scarcity of food
● Less resources
● High price for buying different commodities
● Poor health
● Shortage of water
Reasons for the Boycott:

1. The Quraish wanted to show how powerful
they were.
2. They wanted to put social pressure on Banu
Hashim.
3. They wanted to isolate and confine the
Muslims to one place.
4. They wanted to unite all of Arabia against
Muslims.
5. They wanted Banu Hashim to stop
supporting the Holy Prophet.
Terms of the Boycott:
1. No intermarriages.
2. No conversations.
3. No peace treaties.
4. No trade.
5. No business deals.
TERMS WERE HUNG ON THE KAABAH AND
WOULD NOT BE REMOVED UNTIL THE PROPHET
WAS HANDED OVER TO BE KILLED.
Problems faced by the people:
1. Hunger and starvation.
2. Thirst and dehydration.
3. Sickness and disease causing death.
4. Cries of children.
5. Forced to eat boiled leather and leaves.
6. Inflation.
7. The Quraish offered outside merchants to
buy their goods so the Muslims could not buy
anything for themselves.
Lifting of the Boycott:
➢Disputes erupted about the deplorable
conditions for refugees.
➢Some Nobles of Quraish put pressure on
Abu Jahal and said they have had
enough.
➢Abu Jahal was shocked when Abu Talib
told him that termites have eaten the
terms of the Boycott except the part
where the word Allah was written.
➢Abu Jahal said he would lift the Boycott if
the news was true.
➢When he reached the Kaabah the
situation was exactly that.
➢Abu Jahal was forced to lift the Boycott.
Positive Impacts of the Boycott:
★ Arabs felt sorry for the women and children
of Banu Hashim.
★ People began to dislike the cruelty of the
Quraish.
★ Muslims started to gain sympathy from the
other Quraish leaders.
★ Muslims were now united and the Quraish
were disunited.
★ Muslims faith was strengthened and they
learned to persevere.
Negative Impacts of the Boycott:
★ Old and weak people even died such as
Khadija and Abu Talib.
★ People became weak due to the hardships
they faced.
★ Very few people accepted Islam in these
years.
★ Businesses were also affected.
Lessons we learn from the story:Reflective Answer
Ans:We learn to be strong at times of difficulty
and not give up our values.We learn to keep our
promises.We learn that Muslims and
Non-Muslims should unite in peaceful
protests.We learn leadership skills.Finally we
learn to manage our impulsivity in times of
adversity and be patient as well as forget what
has happened in the past and look with
enthusiasm at the future.
10 Marks Format:Boycott of Banu Hashim

Background
● The Quraysh demanded Abu Talib to hand

over Muhammad but he refused so they
decided to boycott the Banu Hashim and
Banu Muttalib.
Main:
● A social and economic boycott was put on

the two tribes.
● Terms: no conversation, no business, no
inter-marriages, no peace overtures until
Muhammad is handed over. Terms were hung
in Kaaba.
● Abu Talib took everyone and settled in the

valley of Abu Talib.
● The refugees faced hunger, and starvation
during the three years
● Some kind-hearted people smuggled food to
them
● Quraysh would increase the price of the
goods so that refugees would not be able to
buy
● After three years some nobles from Quraysh
forced Abu Jahal to lift the boycott but he
was adamant. During this time the Holy
Prophet received a revelation that termites
have eaten the terms. Abu Jahal after finding
out this to be true lifted the boycott
Conclusion:The Quraish were desperate to find a
solution to this growing problem in Islam.In their
effort to reach a compromise, they decided that
both religions should be followed.Before the
Prophet could respond the Verses of Surah
Kafiroon were revealed, “Say:O disbelievers,I shall
not worship that which you worship,Nor will you
worship that I worship….. To you,be your way and
to be mine.
READ INFOSHEET ON GC FOR ADDITIONAL
CONTENT.
THE EXAM SYLLABUS: CHECK IF YOU HAVE
MISSED ANYTHING
ISLAMIYAT SYLLABUS GRADE IX FINAL TERM
2023-34
1. Learn the main events, significance and lessons

of the following:
● 5th to 11th year of Hijrah
● Migration to Abyssinia
● Boycott of Banu Hashim and Banu Muttalib

2. Identify the character traits of the Holy
Prophet (PBUH) and how
to apply them in daily life today.
3. Describe why the Holy Prophet is known as the
Seal of Prophets.
4. Write about the following companions, their
role in the life of the
Holy Prophet, their services for Islam after the
Prophet’s death,
and evaluate lessons from their lives for Muslims
today.
● Hazrat Khalid bin Waleed (RA)
● Hazrat Bilal ibn Rabah (RA)
● Hazrat Ja’far bin Abi Talib (RA)
● Hazrat Salman Farsi (RA)
● Descendants of the Holy Prophet ( Three sons
and four
daughters)

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Topic 1:Life of the Holy Prophet(PBUH) in Madinah

Year of Hijra Events/Timeline

Year 1 of Hijra(622 CE)

The Communities of Madinah:

Importance/Significance and benefits back then:

Significance/Importance and benefits

Charter of Madinah(Treaty with the Jews):

In the name of Allah, the Compassionate, the

IMMEDIATE IMPACT:Madinah became the capital

10 mark format 1st A.H. ( all points to be

Main body: Construction of Mosque - plot bought

Azaan: Suggestions of ringing bells, blowing

Brotherhood: Reasons, Anas bin Malik’s house,

Charter of Madinah: Treaty signed with all

10 mark format brotherhood (only focus is

Brotherhood: Reasons, Anas bin Malik’s house,

Conclusion: 2 to 3 points about the importance

Hostility of the Quraish:

Change of Qiblah:The Holy Prophet had a desire

Obligation of Fasting in Ramadan:In the second

Obligation of Zakat:In the same year, Zakat was

Jihad(Permission to fight for Allah against

Baitul Maal:Also known as the public treasury, it

The Battle of Badr

Impact on the Believers Impact on the

Significance of the Battle of Badr:

Expulsion of Banu Qainuqa:

Year 3 of Hijra(624 CE)

Significance of the Battle of Uhud:

Expulsion of Banu Nadeer:

Lessons learned from the Battle of Uhud:

● Importance of Dialogue: The Prophet tried to

● Fair Treatment: People should be treated

Year 5 of Hijra(626 CE)

The Battle of Ahzaab/The Battle of

Significance of the Battle of Ahzaab:

End of the Banu Quraizah:

Year 6 of Hijra(627 CE)

Background:The Holy Prophet had a dream that

Quraish Encounter with the Muslims:As the

Background of Bait-Al-Rizwan:The Quraish held a

Terms of the Treaty of Hudaibiya:

Allah called the treaty open victory in the

Suhail bin Amr and Abu Jandal:When the Holy

Short-Term Impacts of the Treaty of Hudaibiya:

Long-Term Impact of the Treaty of Hudaibiya:

Benefits of the Treaty of Hudaibiya:

Significance of the Treaty of Hudaibiya:

Reasons for the Letters to Kings and Emperors:

Ambassador Receiver of Letter Reaction

The Battle of Khyber

Significance of the Battle of Khyber:

The Holy Prophet Performs Umrah:

Year 8 of Hijra(629 CE)

The Battle of Mu’tah

Significance of the Battle of Mu’tah:

Treaty of Hudaibiya Dissolved:

The Conquest of Makkah

Significance of the Conquest of Makkah:

The Battle of Hunain

The Siege of Taif:

Historical Speech of the Prophet: Reading to be

Year 9 of Hijra(630 CE)