LIFE IN MADINA

571-584 AD

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 Starting point of Muslim calendar.
 Hijrat saved Islam from becoming just another small sect in Makkah.
 Starting point of Islamic consolidation and expansion.
 Madina became a center around which all the tribes of Arabia were
united into a nation.
 Hijrat gave Muslims a chance to learn and develop their religion.
 Hijrat revealed the moral and physical strength of the Muslims.
 Put an end to the vicious rivalry between Aus and Khazraj.
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 An opportunity to practically establish an Islamic state based on
the principles of equality, fraternity, brotherhood, justice, fair-play
and welfare of all citizens.
 Muslims were now able to defend Islam effectively and proclaim
its teachings to everyone around.
 it enabled them to take necessary steps to keep Madina strong and
stable on solid foundations.
 Muslims were able to invite people to the fold of Islam in other
parts of the inhabited world.
 The presence of Muslims at Madina posed a direct threat to the trade
caravans which used to ply from Makkah to the northern regions of
Arabia.
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 The land for the mosque was bought from two orphans
 Holy prophet with his companions worked very hard to complete
the construction of the mosque.
 The walls of mosque were made of unbaked bricks and the roof of
mud and date palm leaves, trunks of date palm trees were used as
pillars.
 large platform was made in the corner with thatched roof. This is
known as Suffah. It became a training center of Islamic education
and also shelter for poor Muslims

5
 Muslims now had a place of worship in congregation
 this mosque became center of education
 mosque was also social community center where Muslims would
gather
 it was also a military center as all disscusion were made here
 it also initially served as a court as the legal matters were also
decided there
 the mosque had house of holy prophet attached to it
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 Holy prophet established brotherhood between these two groups,
ansar and muhajirins.
 He told ansar that muhajirins are in need of help and they should help
them,
 The Ansars shared all their wealth and property with the emigrants
 The emigrants, on the other hand, did not become a burden on
the Ansar and soon started living independently.

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 it was to help the people who had migrated
 it was an attempt to increase unity among muslims
 it was to avoid growth in ecnomic class system in Islamic state
 it was also to set an example for the leaders that how they should
rule their people by binding then in bond of brotherhood
 it was also to convey the universal concept of brother hood

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 There were three major tribes of Jews: Banu Qainaiqa, Banu nazir and
Banu Quraiza.
 Holy prophet realized that foundation of Islamic empire would be very
weak without the support of all people of madinah.
 Particularly Muslims had threat from Quraish.
 Then holy prophet called Muslims and Jewish tribes for a consultation. He
invited them to consider any system for safety of madinah.
 After exchange of views agreement reached equal rights. It stated that
the Muslims and Jews were allies

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 It is a landmark document, not only in Muslim history but also in
the constitutional history of the world.
 This charter transformed all aspects of life in Madinah
including political, religious and social life.
 It created a state where equal rights and responsibilities were truly
provided for all citizens.
 The charter of Madinah replaced the traditional tribal kinship with a
new social order and created a nation state with a new social fabric.

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 the holy prophet was able to prevent the rise of hostility between
Muslims and Jews the way it had been in Makkah between Muslims
and quraish.
 this set an example for Muslims that how they can set peace between
non muslims under their rule
 the treaty gave Muslims hope as both Muslims and Jews would defend
madinah if any attack was done on madinah
 the status of holy prophet was raised quiet high as he was recognized
as undispute leader by the people of Madinah
 This Charter also bound the Muslims tightly into a single
community, who would live and die together.

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 In the beginning Muslims gathered himself at the time of prayer in
congregation with Prophet.
 Number of Muslims increased.
 They felt a need of a sign for prayer time.
 Hazrat Umar suggestion, someone should called loudly for prayer,
was accepted.
 Hazrat Abdullah bin Zaid and Hazrat Umar saw the same dream
about the words of Azan.
 Regular calls for the prayer began to be observed.
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 Prophets marriage with Hazrat Ayesha was solemnised after
seven months of hijra.
 Room of Ayesha was next to prophets mosque

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 Allah Almighty commanded the Muslims to change their direction
of prayer from Jerusalem to the Ka'bah in Makkah.
 During Zuhar prayer order of change of Qibla came on the request
of prophet.
 Prophet changed the direction so was companion
 Jerusalem was in North and Ka’bah was in South.

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 nd
 In 2 year after hijrah in the month of sha’baan the order of fasting
reviled.
 Fasting in the month of Ramadan was made compulsory

 Marriage of Hazrta Fatima with Hazrat Ali was solemnised

16
 nd
 Order for Zakat was also reviled in 2 year after hijrah.

 First battle with Quresh took place at Badar.

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 Abu Sufiyan – Leader of Caravan
 Goods mounted on 1000 camels,
worth 50 thousand Gold
Dinars/250,000 £
 Guarded by only 40 Men

 Prophet marched out of Madina on 12

Ramadan (2Hijri) with little more than 300
men

 Consultation at Valley of Zafran

 Prophet heads towards Badr

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Army of Believers
 300-317 Men
 82-86 Muhaajiroon, 61 Aws &
170 Khazraj
 Only 2 Horses
 70 Camels (1/2-3 Men, even
Rasoolullah)
 Gen. Leadership/White
Standard (flag) given to
Mus’ab ibn ‘Umair
 Army divided into two battalions,
Muhaajirs with a standard raised
by ‘Ali ibn Abi Talib, and Ansar
with the standard raised by Sa’d
ibn
Mu+92’adh32253484 28MALIKSAEED,
 Army of Non-Believers
 1300 Soldiers
 100 horsemen
 600 mailed soldiers with a
large number of camels
 Banu Zahrah break away
from Kuffar Army (on the
advice of AKHNAS). Army
reduced to 1000 soldiers
 Slaughtered 9-10
camels/day to feed
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 To Madinah
N

Ali

Al-Walid ‘Ubaydah
‘Utbah
Hamza
Shaybah

21
To Makkah
 On the Believers Side  On the Non-Believers side
 22 Sahaba martyred  70 Killed
 The Prophet (pbuh) and believers  70 Captured as PoW
stayed for 3 days in Badr
 Leaders of Quraish Killed
 Buried the Martyrs  Shaiba
 Buried the Killed Enemies  Utba
 Gathered the Booty  Abu Jahal
 Abu Bakhtari
 Aas bin Hisham
 Ummaiyah bin Kahalf etc…
 Loss of more than 2.5Lakh
Dirham

22
 Muslims captured booty of 114 camels,
 15 horses
 a large amount of clothes,
 carpets,
 articles of fine leather
and
 a large amount of arms and armor.

(This was distributed among the soldiers, after

deducting a royal fifth for the Holy Prophet (PBUH).)

23
 Only Uqba and an-Nazr were executed for their cruel treatment
of the Muslims before they migrated to Madina.
 Those who could afford it ransomed themselves by giving money to
the Muslims or buying arms and equipment for them.
 Those who were too poor to ransom themselves were set free
without any payment.
 Those who could read and write were set free after they taught a
number of Muslim boys and girls for a specific length of time.
 Prisoners were treated kindly on the strict orders that they were not
to be hurt.
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 The veterans of Badr proudly bore the title of ‘Badri’.
 Later on, they were given first rank in the Register of Pensions
during the reign of the Second Caliph, Umar.
 “Allah had helped you at Badr, when you were a
contemptible little force.” – (3:123)

25
1: VICTORY OF THE FORCES OF GOOD OVER THE
FORCES OF EVIL:
 This battle was a struggle between the forces of the old
paganism of the Jahiliya period and the new social and
political order of Islam.
 If the Quraish had won the battle, they would have destroyed
Islam and left Arabia in the Jahiliya period. As a result, Arabia
could not have flourished as a center of culture for the world as
it did under the Muslims

26
2: A DECISIVE BATTLE:
 This battle was one of the most important and decisive in the world.
Never before had such a small band of men brought about such a
change in history.
 This was the first time when superior strategy held back the brute force
of sheer mass and numbers.

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3: CONSOLIDATION OF ISLAM:
 This battle gave Islam a glory and prestige that it had formerly lacked.
In a way, Islam had proven itself against the Makkans (the infidels)
that it could not be browbeaten into submission.
 In Madina, the apostleship of the Holy Prophet (PBUH) was
confirmed, as only God’s Hand could have held back such a strong
force of the pagans of Makkah.
 Muhammad (PBUH)’s rule was finally absolute.
 Many nomadic tribes sensed the changing winds and flocked
under the banner of Islam.

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4: DECIMATION OF THE QURAISHITE LEADERSHIP:
 Some eleven leaders were killed.
 Abu Lahab, who did not participate in the battle, died of a grief-
induced fever a week later.
 Since the ruling clan, Bani Makhzum, had lost so many leaders, the
leadership of Makkah temporarily passed on to the Bani Umayya.
 Bani Umayya’s surviving chief, Abu Sufyan, was now the leader
of the Quraish.

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 This was the most decisive battle in the history of Islam.
 Power of the Quraish was crushed while Muslims got
encouraged and strengthened.
 Many important leaders of Quraish were killed.
 Effect on Jews and Bedouin tribes.
 This Battle helped the Muslims to consolidate the power of Islam in
Madinah

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 Separating right from wrong On the day when
 Separating Iman from Kufr the true was
 Separating passiveness from distinguished
engaging in defending and
spreading Islam from the false –
 Separating true loyalty to Islam the day when the
from tribe and family two groups met
 Separating true sincere sacrifice for
Allah from earthly gains in battle

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3 AH

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 The Quraish had suffered in men, material and prestige.
Abu Sufyan’s strategy of keeping the Makkans’grief
bottled was a tactful move. This sorrow and grief turned
into bitter and acrid hatred.
 The Quraish could not stand the fact that the Muslims were
prospering while they were taking a beating.
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 Trying to somewhat compensate for Badr, Abu Sufyan
led an expedition against Madina.
 Going as near to Madina as he dared, he ravaged the date
groves in the vicinity.
 When the Holy Prophet (PBUH) arrived with a small force,
the Quraish fled, leaving behind bags full of grain meal.
 This raid, however, did nothing to appease the whipped
Quraishite prestige.

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 Safwan bin Umayya tried to send a caravan to the north.
 Even though he used a route well to the east of Madina
to avoid the western blockade, the caravan was captured.
 A raiding party of 100 men, headed by Hazrat Zaid bin
Harris, captured the caravan.
 The caravan was worth 100,000 dirhams.

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 Mount Uhud
‫دحأ لبج‬
North
Muslim Army Camp

Archers

Ali bin Abu Talib

Talha bin Abi Talha

To Madina

Mushrik Army Camp

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 Muslims lost 74 men, and many
wereseriously injured including Hazrat Ali.
Quraish lost only 20 men.
Muhammad (PBUH) forbade
themutilation of the Quraishite corpses.
They were buried in a single grave.
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Several Muslim leaders
hadfallen on the battlefield:
Hazrat Hamza,
HazratMus’ab bin
Umair and others.
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The Quraish roused Bedouin tribes against Muslims. As a result,
some canceled their alliances with Madina and defected to
Makkah.
The Quraish offered lucrative rewards to those whowould
kill Muslims. As a result, many resorted to treachery:

a) The tribes of Banu Amir and Banu Sulaim invited 70

Muslim teachers to preach among them and then
murdered them near the well of Bir Ma’una.
b) The tribe of Banu Lihyan killed or captured 7
Muslim teachers at ar-Raji.
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If Badr had enhanced
theconfidence of Muslims, Uhad
sobered and chastened them.
It taught them that the inherentArab
love of plunder was less important
than the Holy Prophet (PBUH)’s
orders.
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 Even though their personal motives of revenge were satisfied,
they had not assaulted Madina and destroyed Islam from the
roots.
A lot of the money spent on preparing for the battlewas wasted
because their primary objective, capture of Madina, was not
completed.
 The post-Badr anger and hatred of the Makkan population for
the Muslims was spent and they could never be roused up into
such a furor again.
Madina could still deny them passage for
theircaravans.
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5th Year after Hijra

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 After the battle of Uhad Abu Sufyan had threatened the Prophet (SAWS)
and the Muslims that he would attack Madinah the following year.
According to this challenge the Holy Prophet (SAWS) took fifteen hundred
men the next year and went to Badr and waited for the Quraish for eight
days. This humiliated the Quraish who then began to prepare themselves for
the next war.
 The growing power and influence of the Muslims frightened the Quraish
and threatened their trade.
 The loss of the Muslims at Uhad also encouraged the Quraish to
attack Madinah.
 Role of the Jews was an important factor which led to the war because
They not only invited the Makkans to attack Madina but also provoked other
tribes to fight against the Muslims
 The role of Ghatafan and Banu Nazir was one of the cause. These two tribes
played a negative role and supported the Makkans against the Muslims.
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It was clear that:
 Success in wars does not merely depend on numbers.
 After this battle the people of Madinah recognized the Holy
Prophet (SAWS), as the absolute ruler of the city.
 Islam spread rapidly among the neighbouring tribes.
 After the battle of Trench the Holy Prophet (SAWS) had to lead
seventeen expeditions against the Bedouin tribes because the Quraish
had made agreements with them before the war.
 Battle of trench proved to be a great blow to the prestige of the Quraish
because they had tried their best to defeat the Muslims but failed.
 The Influence of the Quraish amongst the Arab tribes received a
serious blow.
 The trade of the Quraish with Syria stopped and their position
was damaged beyond repair.
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 The Holy Prophet (SAWS) took action against Banu Quraizah who
had helped the enemy in the battle. Saad bin Muaz decided their fate
according to their religious book Torah.
 After this war the Holy Prophet (SAWS) received the glad news that
the enemy would not attack the Muslims in future.
 The Holy Prophet (SAWS) and the Muslims had displayed great
military skill by digging the trench.
 lt was clear that if the Muslims would remain firm on faith nobody
could harm / defeat them.
 For the first time, spying was used during the war and Abu
Naheem played a vital role to disunite the enemies.

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Al-Hudaybiah
 Makkah is an open sanctuary since
the time of Ibrahim PBUH
 For six years Muslims were banned from Makkah
 The Prophet PBUH had a dream, that he and his
companions are performing Umrah in Makkah

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Al-Hudaybiah
 The Prophet and 1400 companions moved
to Makkah for the purpose of Umrah
 Armed only with travelers’ protection,
not war equipment.
 Many allied tribes and new Muslims of
Arabia did not join.

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Al-Hudaybiah
 At The Al-Hulayfa the Prophet PBUH makes
his Ihram. (Today’s Wells of Ali)
 Seventy sacrifices (hadi) are marked and
led with the caravan.
 A companion hunted while he was not in Ihram
state. Some companions ate some of the prey
meat. The Prophet PBUH concurs.

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 Holy Prophetdecides
Mushriks camp in Baldah and
for negotiations control water in the area

Al-Hudaybiah
Muslims camp in
Al-Hudaybiah

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Uthman the Ambassador
TheProphet PBUH asks Uthman based
on Omar'sadvice and he accepts
Uthman is hosted in Mecca for three
days andrefuses to perform Umrah.
Rumor spreads that Uthman is killed

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Bay’at Al-Radhwan ‫ناوضرال ةعيب‬

In response to the rumors

aboutUthman’smurder, the Prophet calls for
allegiance oath by Muslims:
 To fight until death
 To not escape the battle field
Allah SWT was pleased with the believers.
Also called: The Pledge of the Tree, The
Pledgeof the Pleasure, and The Pledge of
Death.
56
 The Negotiations
The
: Negotiators of Quraish and Allies
َ
‫بديل بن ورقاء الخزاعي‬
Budayl Bin Warquaa
’ ُ

 Al-Hulays Bin Alkama ‫الحليس بن علقمة الكناني‬

Mikraz ‫مكرز بن حفص‬

Bin Hafs

Finally, Suhail Bin Amr ‫سهيل بن عمرو‬

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The Treaty
1. The Prophet PBUH returns to
Madina that year without Umrah.
Muslims will be allowed in Mecca the
next year for three days. Armed only
with the travelers weapons. Quraish
will not prevent them or harm them.
2. No war for ten years.

58
The Treaty
3. Any tribe that want to join the alliance of
Muhammad PBUH will be allowed to do so and
recognized by Quraish as allies to
Muslims. Vice versa for Quraish
4. Whomever, a man, comes to Muhammad PBUH
from Quraish, without permission, will be
retuned back to Quraish. Whomever leave
Muslims and go to Quraish, will not be returned.

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Immediate Results
Based on article #1: The Prophet orders
Muslims to undotheir Ihram.
Based on article #3:Khuza’ajoined the alliance of
Muslims. Bakr joined Quraish.
Based on article #4: The Prophet returns Abou
Jandal(son of Suhail bin Amr) to Quraish.
Based on article #4: Women are not returned to
QuraishMuslims grow very resentful and distraught
about the
Treaty. Omar expressed this to the Prophet PBUH.

Muslims did not shave their heads until the Prophet

PBUH did. 60
The Real Results of the Treaty
1. The Prophet PBUH returns to Madina that
year without Umrah. Muslims will be allowed
in Mecca the next year for three days. Armed
only with the travelers weapons. Quraish will
not prevent them or harm them.
The Prophet PBUH did not promise that Umrah
willhappen that particular year.
Muslims did obtain unchallenged access to Mecca for
Umrah
Quraish failed in obstructing Muslims from practicing
Islam in Mecca.
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The Real Results of the Treaty
2. Muslims and Quraish wouldn’t fight for 10 years

Clear recognition of Muslims as “state”

and apower to be reckoned with.
Muslims would not fight Quraish anyway at
thatstage as long as they let them practice Islam
freely.
62
The Real Results of the Treaty
3. Any tribe that want to join the alliance
of Muhammad PBUH will be allowed to
do so and recognized by Quraish as
allies to Muslims. Vice versa for Quraish

 Quraish can no longer control the rest of

Arab tribes in their political allegiance.

 By acknowledging that the alliance with Muslims is

respected and recognized, they have forfeited their
status of political and religious leadership in Arabia
63
 The Real Results of the Treaty
4. Whomever, a man, comes to Muhammad PBUH from Quraish,
without permission, will be retuned back to Quraish. Whomever
leave Muslims and go to Quraish, will not be returned.

 Quraish’s only “advantage” in the treaty, in return for all

above mentioned gains.
 Muslims who escape to Quraish are not wanted in the Muslim
solid community anyway.
 New Muslims of Mecca can immigrate to other places (not Madina)
 Eventually, this becomes a burden on Quraish .

64
This treaty lasted
only 2 years, and
was broken by the
Quraish.
65
More Blessings from the Treaty
 Abou Basir ‫ريصب وبأ‬ and his Group:
 Joined by Abou Jandal and others, they become a threat to Quraish’s trade.

 Quraish asks the Prophet to accept the escapees and cancel

the fourth unfair article of the Treaty

 The Best of Quraish enter Islam:

Khalid bin Al-Walid ‫ديلوال نب دالخ‬

Amr bin Al-Aas ‫صاعال نب ورمع‬

Uthman bin Talha ‫ةحلط نب نامثع‬

66
Effect
For the first time the people of Makkah had
acceptedIslam as a heavenly religion because they
allowed Muslims to perform Umrah the next year.
The Muslims were assured of peace from the side
ofthe Quraish so now they could preach Islam in
Arabia especially in Makkah.
The Quraish showed their weakness when
theyaccepted the condition that the Muslims would
come next year without weapons.
67
Many tribes joined the treaty so the Muslims
got anopportunity to tell them about Islam.

Those who fled from Makkah and according to the

treaty couldnot stay at Madinah settled on the route
to Syria which was the Makkan trade route therefore
creating problems for the people of Makkah.
Two great Muslim Generals accepted Islam:
1) Khalid bin Waleed (RA)
2) Amr bin A'as (RA)
68
Allah declared the treaty of Hudaibiyah a clear
victoryfor the Muslims. Allah (SWT) says:
"Verily we have granted you a
manifest victory“ (AI-Qur'an, 48:1)
The Muslims not only got an opportunity to perform
Umra but also to visit their native homeland.

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Before the treaty the Muslims made a pledge on the
handsof the Prophet to take revenge for the murder of
Usman (RA) which was liked by Allah as Allah says:
“Allah was pleased with the believers as they were
swearing allegiance to you under the tree. He knew what
was in their hearts. So He sent down tranquility upon
them. He regarded that as a victory for them.“ (AI-
Qur'an,48:18 )
10: For the first time since the prophethood of
HazratMuhammad (SAWS) Makkah had become a place
of peace for the Muslims
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Post-Hudaybiah Phase

The Political
Gains
71
The Messages
The Prophet PBUH
startedcorresponding with The
Rulers and Kings of the world
around Arabia

The Seventh year after Hijra

72
 Al-Najashi of Al-Habasha
Carried
by Amr bin
Umayah Al-Hadrami

Al-Najash
respondspositivel
y and becomes a
Muslim
73
 Al-Mukawkes of Egypt
Hateb bin Abi Balta’a

Sends the Prophet Maria

(mother of Ibrahim) and
Sirin (given to Hasan bin
Thabet) and a mule.

Respected the
messagebut did not
accept Islam
74
Kisra of Persia
Abdu-Allah bin Huthafa As-Sahmi

Kisra tore the letter and sends to Bathan (King

ofYemen) to bring the Prophet PBUH as a
prisoner.

Bathan send two of his men and was told by

themiracle that Kisra was dead.

Bathan and Yemen accept Islam

75
 Kaiser of Byzantium
Duhia bin Khalifa Al-
Kalbi
Kaiser calls upon
AbouSufian and
questions him about the
Prophet PBUH
Kaiser shows belief,
thenrejects fearing that
he will lose power
Kaiser sends gifts
and presents to the Prophet

PBUH. (stolen by Tribe

Jutham on the way) 76
 Al-Munther bin Sawa of Bahrain
Al-Alaa’ bin Al-Hadhrami
Accepted Islam
accordingto some
narrations, allowed his
people to accept Islam in
other.
Wrote back to the
Prophetregarding non-
Muslims in his kingdom
and was told about Jiziah.
He Kept his Kingdom
77
Hawtha bin Ali of Yamama
Sulayt bin Amr Al-Ameri

Conditionally accepted Islam, wanted a

positionamong Muslims to be given to
him or to be a successor.

TheProphet rejected the offer. Hawtha died non-

Muslim.
78
Al-Harith bin Abi Shumar of
Gassan
Shuga’bin Wahab
Rejected and threatened war

Kings of Oman: Jayfar and

Abedsons of Al-Julanda
Amr bin Al-Aas
Accepted Islam after multiple discussions with Amr
79
7 A.H

80
 “Khyber” means “fortified”.
 Khyber was 70 miles to the north of Madina.
 It was a cluster of some 20 fortresses, around which lay farms
and palm groves.
 The renowned ‘invulnerable’ fortress of al-Qamus was situated
in the heart of Khyber.
 This was the seat of Kinana, the chief of Khyber.
 As long as Khyber stood unconquered, it could support the pagan
tribes of Najd against Madina.
 Khyber was the seat of the Jewish power in Arabia. If it fell, other
Jewish settlements like Fadak, Ayala etc. would also capitulate.

81
 The Jews of Khyber contacted the people of the Ghatafan tribe, they
were offered a percentage againt fight with Muslims.
 They entered into alliances with the tribes of Fadak, Taima and Wadi Al-
Qura, together they were to launch a surprise attack on Madina.
 They sent special messengers to the Quraish of Makkah and other tribes
asking them to prepare for a full-fledged attack on Medina
 They held secret negotiations with Abdullah bin Ubbay, against
the Muslims.
 The Battle of Khandaq was mainly caused by the intrigues and financial
assistance of the Jews of Khayber.

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 Having been informed of their secret plan, the Holy Prophet (PBUH) traveled to
Khyber two months after treaty of Hudaibiya with 1600 men and 200 cavalry and
laid siege to different fortresses.
 Out of a number of forts which were spread over Khyber in clusters, Na’im was the first
fortress to be over taken by Muslims, while Al -Qamus was the greatest and most
formidable of Khyber ’s fortresses which was conqurred under the command of Hazrat Ali
who killed the famous Jewish warrior, Marhab, in this battle.
 As for other fortresses such as Al-Watih and As-Sulalim, they were
surrendered peacefully.
 During this entire period, no one came to the help of the Jews of Khyber.
 According to the pact which was agreed upon, Khyber was allowed to remain in the
hands of the local inhabitants, on the condition that half of the annual harvest of all
planting and date trees would be paid as Jizya.

All other Jewish settlements and cities around Khyber also agreed to the same terms.

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1 Jumada al-awwal 8 A.H

84
85
 In the year 7 A.H. the Holy Prophet (PBUH) sent letters to the kings and leaders
around Arabia inviting them to embrace Islam.
 Among those who carried these letters was Hazrat Haris bin Umair who was deputed
to go to the king of Bursa Ash-Sham.
 When Hazrat Haris stopped at Mu’tah, he was kjilled by shurahbil bin Amr Ghassani,
Caesar’s governor of Ash-Sham.
 So, the purpose of Mu’tah expedition was to teach Shruabil a lesson and to tell all such
rulers that Muslims were now a force to be reckoned with which could not be dealt with
in a derogatory manner.
 The Holy Prophet (PBUH) assembled a fighting force of 3000 and he appointed
Hazrat Zaid bin Haris to be their leader.
 The Holy Prophet (PBUH) knew that the Muslims were to confront Romans and not any
weak or insignificant tribe, so he explained that if Hazrat Zaid were to die, then the
command be taken over by Hazrat Jafar bin Abi Talib, and in case he too dies, then Hazrat
Abdullah bin Rawahah should lead the troops.

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 As the Muslim fighting force of 3000 was no match to the
formidable strength of the Romans numbering 100,000,
 All the three commanders died one after the other and ultimately
the banner of leadership was handover to Hazrat Khalid bin Walid,
the Sword of Allah,
 Hazrat Khalid bin Walid was able to manage a tactical withdrawal
without suffering any more losses.
 When the force reached Madina, the hypocrites said to them: “O
you have taken flight: you have fled (when it was time to fight) in
the way of Allah.”

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 Coming to their defense, the Holy Prophet (PBUH) said:
“Rather, you are ones who have retreated, and I am you troop (referring
to the following verse: “And whoever turns his back to them on such a
day, unless it be a stratagem of war, or to retreat to a troop of his own.”
 It is reported that Hazrat Jaffer bin Abu Talib aged thirty three who had
recently returned from Abyssinia had more than ninety wounds on his
body from spears and arrows.
 It is also reported that Hazrat Khalid bin Walid broke nine swords in this
battle. · No doubt, the Muslims had to retreat but it did show that they were
now a fast coming-up force which could no longer be ignored even by the
mighty enemies like the Romans.

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8 A.H

89
1. The Prophet PBUH returns to Madina that
year without Umrah. Muslims will be allowed
in Mecca the next year for three days.

2. No war for ten years.

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3. Any tribe that want to join the alliance of Muhammad PBUH
will be allowed to do so and recognized by Quraish as allies to
Muslims. Vice versa for Quraish
4. Whomever, a man, comes to Muhammad PBUH from
Quraish, without permission, will be retuned back to Quraish.
Whomever leave Muslims and go to Quraish, will not be
returned.

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Quraysh MUSLIMS
Bakr Khuza’a
Wateer Incident
92
 Khuza’a wants retaliation

 Quraysh realizes the problem, tries to avoid just

punishment

93
 Meets Budayl on the way to Madina
 Meets his daughter, Um Habibah
 Rejected by the Prophet PBUH
 Rejected by the Abou Bakr
 Rejected by the Omar
 Rejected but advised by Ali
 Claims protection and safety from retaliation on his own and
leaves.

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 Complete Secrecy

 Sends fake Sariyah for distraction

 The Story of Hatib ‫هعتلب يبأ نب بطاح‬

95
10,000 Fighters.
 Ramadhan 10, 8th year after Hijra
 January 610 A.D.

 Meets Al-Abbas coming in Hijra

Camps in Mar Al-Zahran ‫نارهظال رم‬

 Moves to Mecca on Tuesday Ramadhan 17th, 8th after Hijra

96
The Prophet prays in Kaaba

 The Prophet gathers Quraysh and speaks to them

Equality
Pardon

97
 Start of Muslim southern expansion.
 Start of the ultimate goal of unification of Arabia and outward expansion.
 Addition of fearless and completely loyal Quraish to the Muslim
State of Madina.
 Since Muhammad (PBUH) had converted his own people (Quraish),
most Arabs now admitted that he was a true prophet.
 Conversion of the Quraish led to the end of polytheism in the Arabian
eninsula as in the following year (9 A.H.), delegates came from all over to
announce their conversion to Islam, so much so that the year had its name
as “The year of Delegates”.
 The victory was significant militaryily, to be sure, but was also
significant on another level as well: the Holy Prophet (PBUH) now won
over the hearts of Quraish’s leaders and citizens.
98
8 A.H

99
 When they heard of Muhammad (PBUH)’s march towards Makkah, they
started preparations for war. They expected a long struggle between
Makkah and adina, both of which were their enemies. They would strike
when both parties were weakened by war.
 At the news of the conquest of Makkah, they quickly dispatched
20,000 men to advance towards the city.
 Muhammad (PBUH) left with 12,000 men (10,000 original force, 2,000
Quraish) to intercept the Hawazin army.
 Rich Quraishite men served the army with supplies and money.
 After a 3-day march, Muslims camped near the narrow pass of Hunain in
the evening of 30th January.

100
 The Hawazin were skilled in archery. They secretly posted archers
in the pass before the battle.
 Next morning, 31st January, the Muslims advanced. They were
caught unawares by the enemy archers and were put to rout with
heavy casualties.
 Muhammad (PBUH) was left alone with his devout
Companions in an extremely prone position, with the enemy
advancing towards him.

101
 Hawazen and Thaqif refuse to give up the fight
against Islam and prepare for war

 Malek bin Awf takes command of the Pagan army ‫فوع نب‬
‫كالم‬

 Malek drives Hawazen and Thaqif with all their

properties to valley of Awtaas‫ساطوأ‬

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 The Hawazin suffered heavy casualties. Similarly, two
Bedouin Muslim tribes were almost wiped out.
 Booty captured by Muslims:
1. 6,000 prisoners (including the Hawazin women and
children).
2. 28,000 camels.
3. 4,000 sheep.
4. 4,000 pieces of silver.

103
 Put an end to the power of the hostile tribe of Hawazin, the last
obstacle on the road to southern expansion.
 Like Khyber, other tribes in the area submitted to Islam, mostly
without a fight.
 This was the last of the Great Battles of Muhammad (PBUH). A
period of consolidation started after this war.

104
9 A.H

105
106
 When Muhammad (PBUH) returned from Makkah, news reached him
of the buildup of a large number of Christian troops near the Syrian
border, commanded by Emperor Heraclius.
 In dealing with the threat, the Holy Prophet (PBUH) had all but two
choices:
1. Wait for them to launch an attack on Al-Madinah.
2. Go to them in what would be a preventive war.

107
 For Madina, this was a difficult time to wage war
because:
I. There was drought and famine in Hijaz.
II. Summer was exceptionally hot.
III It was time for the picking of dates.
. Bedouins were reluctant to fight the Byzantine troops after the
IV defeat of Muslim forces at the Battle of Mu’tah.
.
V. The hypocrites were spreading seeds of dissension and fear
within Madina.

108
 Muslims did not have enough supplies and arms,
 Muhammad (PBUH) asked everyone to contribute.
 Hazrat Abu Bakr, Hazrat Umar and Hazrat Usman
contributed the greatest share.
 The Muslim army (30,000 total) consisted of:
I. 20,000 foot.
II. 10,000 cavalry.
 At the start of the march, Abdullah bin Obay once again abandoned
the Muslim army.
109
 When they reached the massing point
 Christian army had melted away when they heard of the Muslim
advance.
 After the gathered forces of the Romans became scattered
and divided,
 Muhammad (PBUH) stayed at Tabuk for 20 days.

110
1. Muhammad (PBUH) made new allies in the region.
2. When Muhammad (PBUH) returned to Madina
successfully
3. Muhammad (PBUH) proved that Muslims were now a power to
be reckoned with as they had mustered the courage to challenge
the Romans far away from Madina right on their own borders.

111
 The Farewell Pilgrimage.
 The Farewell Sermon.
 Revelation of last verse of Quran
 Beginning of the rise of false prophets.
 Revision of Holy Quran with Zaid bin Thabit and Jibrail
 Tribal deputations for embracing Islam.
 Expedition to Syria in command of Usama bin Zaid
 Illness of prophet.
 Prophet shifted to Hazrat Ayesha’s apartment.
 Appointment of Abubakar as Imam of Congregational prayer.
113